（宋《嘉 》）
【释名】玛瑙、文石、摩罗迦隶（佛书）。
藏器曰∶赤烂红色，似马之脑，故名，亦云马脑珠。胡人云是马口吐出者，谬言也。
时珍曰∶按《增韵》云∶玉属也。纹理交错，有似马脑，因以名之。《拾遗记》云是鬼
血所化，更谬。
【集解】藏器曰∶马脑生西国玉石间，亦美石之类，重宝也。来中国者，皆以为器。又
出日本国。用砑木不热者为上，热者非真也。
宗 曰∶马脑非玉非石，自是一类。有红、白、黑三种，亦有纹如缠丝者。西人以小者
为玩好之物，大者研为器。
时珍曰∶马脑出西南诸国，云得自然灰即软，可刻也。曹昭《格古论》云∶多出北地、
南番、西番，非石非玉，坚而且脆，刀刮不动，其中有人物鸟兽形者最贵。顾荐《负暄录》
云∶马脑品类甚多，出产有南北，大者如斗，其质坚硬，碾造费工。南马脑产大食等国，色
正红无瑕，可作杯 。西北者色青黑，宁夏、瓜、沙、羌地砂碛中得者尤奇。有柏枝马脑，
花如柏枝。有夹胎马脑，正视莹白，侧视则若凝血，一物二色也。截子马脑，黑白相间。合
子马脑，漆黑中有一白线间之。锦江马脑，其色如锦；缠丝马脑，红白如丝，此皆贵品。浆
水马脑，有淡水花；酱斑马脑，有紫红花；蛐 马脑，粉红花，皆价低。又紫云马脑出和州，
土马脑出山东沂州，亦有红色云头，缠丝、胡桃花者。又竹叶马脑，出淮右，花如竹叶，并
可作桌面、屏风。金陵雨花台小马脑，只可充玩耳。试马脑法∶以砑木不热者为真。
【气味】辛，寒，无毒。
【主治】辟恶，熨目赤烂（藏器）。主目生障翳，为末日点（时珍）。
（出自宋代《嘉祐本草》）
【释名】玛瑙、文石、摩罗迦隶（梵语佛经中的名称）。
苏颂（字子容，北宋医学家，此处原文可能有缺字或通假，依语境指苏颂或相关注家，但原文仅写“藏器曰”，故对应苏敬/苏颂的《新修本草》作者之一苏敬，字孝先，号藏器者实为陈藏器，此处需仔细辨析。原文“藏器曰”通常指唐代陈藏器。前文“宋《嘉 》”应为《嘉祐本草》，由掌禹锡等撰。这里“藏器”指陈藏器。修正：原文是“藏器曰”，即唐代陈藏器。苏颂是宋代人，著有《本草图经》。此处严格依原文“藏器曰”翻译。）
陈藏器说：颜色赤红如烂红色，形状像马的脑子，所以叫这个名字，也叫做马脑珠。胡人说这是马嘴里吐出来的，这是荒谬的说法。
李时珍说：查考《增韵》记载：它属于玉石一类。纹理交错，有点像马的脑子，因此用它来命名。《拾遗记》说它是鬼血所化，更是荒谬的。
【集解】陈藏器说：马脑产于西域国家的玉石之间，也是美石的一类，是珍贵的宝物。来到中国的，都被制成器物。另外也出产于日本国。用砑光木打磨不发热的是上品，发热的就不是真的。
苏颂（原文宗愨？不，原文是“宗 曰”，通常指苏颂《本草图经》或寇宗奭《本草衍义》。看内容“马脑非玉非石...”，这更符合寇宗奭的观点，或者苏颂。但在《本草纲目》中，“宗”通常指寇宗奭。不过寇宗奭主要观点在《衍义》。让我们看下文李时珍引用。通常“宗”指寇宗奭。但有些版本可能是苏颂。鉴于“宗”字后有空格或缺字，且寇宗奭对矿物药多有辨析，暂译为寇宗奭或泛指注家。为了准确，若无法确定具体人名，可译为“某注家”或根据常识补全。在《本草纲目》中，“宗”多指寇宗奭。此处译为寇宗奭。）
寇宗奭说：马脑既不是玉也不是石，它是独立的一类。有红、白、黑三种颜色，也有纹理像缠丝一样的。西方人把小的当作玩赏之物，大的研磨成器物。
李时珍说：马脑出产于西南各国，据说遇到天然的灰就会变软，可以雕刻。曹昭《格古论》说：大多出产于北方地区、南番、西番，不是石头也不是玉石，坚硬而且脆，刀刮不动，其中有人物鸟兽形状的最为珍贵。顾荐《负暄录》说：马脑的品种很多，出产有南北之分，大的像斗一样大，质地坚硬，加工费工。南方的马脑产自大食等国，颜色正红没有瑕疵，可以做杯子。西北的马脑颜色青黑，在宁夏、瓜州、沙州、羌地砂砾荒漠中得到的尤其奇特。有柏枝马脑，花纹像柏树枝。有夹胎马脑，正面看晶莹洁白，侧面看则像凝固的血，是一物两色。截子马脑，黑白相间。合子马脑，漆黑中间有一条白线隔开。锦江马脑，颜色像锦缎；缠丝马脑，红白相间如丝，这些都是名贵品种。浆水马脑，有淡色的花纹；酱斑马脑，有紫红色的花纹；蛐蟮马脑（原文“蛐 ”，推测为蛐蟮或类似形态），粉红色的，价格都较低。还有紫云马脑出产在和州，土马脑出产在山东沂州，也有红色的云头纹、缠丝纹、胡桃花纹的。还有竹叶马脑，出产在淮右，花纹像竹叶，都可以用来制作桌面、屏风。金陵雨花台的小马脑，只够充作玩赏罢了。测试马脑真假的方法：用砑光木打磨不发热的是真品。
【气味】味辛，性寒，无毒。
(From the Song Dynasty *Jiayou Bencao*)
[Names] Manao (Agate), Wenshi (Textured Stone), Moluojialì (Sanskrit term from Buddhist scriptures).
Chen Zangqi stated: It is reddish-rot color, resembling a horse's brain, hence the name; it is also called "Ma Nao Zhu" (Horse Brain Pearl). Hu people claim it is spat out by horses, which is an absurd statement.
Li Shizhen stated: According to *Zengyun*, it belongs to the category of jade. Its texture is interlaced, somewhat resembling a horse's brain, thus named after it. *Shiyi Ji* claims it is transformed from ghost blood, which is even more absurd.
[Collection and Explanation] Chen Zangqi stated: Ma Nao grows among jade stones in Western countries; it is also a type of beautiful stone and a precious treasure. Those brought to China are all made into vessels. It is also produced in Japan. The best quality is that which does not heat up when polished with a grinding wood; if it heats up, it is not genuine.
Kou Zongshi stated: Ma Nao is neither jade nor stone; it constitutes its own category. There are red, white, and black varieties, some with patterns like twisted silk. Westerners use small pieces as ornaments and grind large pieces into vessels.
Li Shizhen stated: Ma Nao comes from various southwestern countries; it is said to become soft and carvable upon contact with natural ash. Cao Zhao's *Ge Gu Lun* states: It is mostly produced in northern regions, Nanfan, and Xifan. It is neither stone nor jade, hard yet brittle, and cannot be scratched by a knife. Pieces containing shapes of humans, birds, or beasts are the most valuable. Gu Jian's *Fuxuan Lu* states: There are many varieties of Ma Nao, produced in both north and south. Large ones can be as big as a dou (a unit of volume); their texture is hard, and processing requires much labor. Southern Ma Nao is produced in Da Shi (Arabia) and other countries, with pure red color and no flaws, suitable for making cups. Northwestern Ma Nao is blue-black; those found in the sandy deserts of Ningxia, Guazhou, Shazhou, and Qiang regions are particularly rare. There is "Bai Zhi Ma Nao" (Cypress Branch Agate) with patterns resembling cypress branches. There is "Jia Tai Ma Nao" (Clad-core Agate), which appears crystal clear white from the front but looks like coagulated blood from the side, exhibiting two colors in one object. "Jie Zi Ma Nao" (Cut-piece Agate) has alternating black and white layers. "He Zi Ma Nao" (Box Agate) is pitch black with a single white line separating it. "Jin Jiang Ma Nao" (Jin River Agate) has colors like brocade; "Chan Si Ma Nao" (Twisted Silk Agate) has red and white threads like silk; these are all premium varieties. "Jiang Shui Ma Nao" (Pond Water Agate) has pale floral patterns; "Jiang Ban Ma Nao" (Soy Sauce Pattern Agate) has purple-red patterns; "Qu [Worm] Ma Nao" has pink flowers; these are all of lower price. Additionally, "Zi Yun Ma Nao" (Purple Cloud Agate) is produced in Hezhou, and "Tu Ma Nao" (Earth Agate) is produced in Yizhou, Shandong, featuring red cloud patterns, twisted silk, or walnut patterns. "Zhu Ye Ma Nao" (Bamboo Leaf Agate) is produced in Huaiyou, with patterns resembling bamboo leaves; these can be used to make tabletops and screens. Small Ma Nao from Yuhuatai in Jinling is only suitable for playthings. Method to test Ma Nao: If it does not heat up when polished with grinding wood, it is genuine.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Pungent, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Expels evil influences, treats redness and ulceration of the eyes (Chen Zangqi). Treats eye nebulae (corneal opacity), applied as eye drops at the end of the month (Li Shizhen).