（《纲目》）
【集解】时珍曰∶龙舌，生南方池泽湖泊中。叶如大叶菘菜及 状。根生水底，抽
茎出水，开白花。根似胡萝卜根而香，杵汁能软鹅鸭卵，方家用煮丹砂， 白矾，制三黄。
【气味】甘、咸，寒，无毒。
【主治】痈疽，汤火灼伤，捣涂之（时珍）。
【附方】新一。
乳痈肿毒∶龙舌草、忍冬藤，研烂，蜜和敷之。（《多能鄙事》）
（《本经》上品）
【释名】昌阳（《本经》）、尧韭（普）、水剑草。
时珍曰∶菖蒲，乃蒲类之昌盛者，故曰菖蒲。又《吕氏春秋》云∶冬至后五十七日，菖
始生。菖者百草之先生者，于是始耕。则菖蒲、昌阳又取此义也。《典术》云∶尧时天降精
于庭为韭，感百阴之气为菖蒲。故曰尧韭。方士隐为水剑，因叶形也。
【集解】《别录》曰∶菖蒲生上洛池泽及蜀郡严道。一寸九节者良。露根不可用。五
月、十二月采根，阴干。
弘景曰∶上洛郡属梁州，严道县在蜀郡，今乃处处有。生石碛上， 节为好。在下湿地，
大根者名昌阳，不堪服食。真菖蒲叶有脊，一如剑刃，四月、五月亦作小厘花也。东间溪
泽又有名溪荪者，根形气色极似石上菖蒲，而叶正如蒲，无脊。俗人多呼此为石上菖蒲者，
谬矣。此止主咳逆，断蚤虱，不入服食用。诗咏多云兰荪，正谓此也。
大明曰∶菖蒲，石涧所生坚小，一寸九节者上。出宣州。二月、八月采。
颂曰∶处处有之，而池州、戎州者佳。春生青叶，长一、二尺许，其叶中心有脊，状如
剑。无花实。今以五月五日收之。其根盘屈有节，状如马鞭大。一根旁引三、四根，旁根节
尤密，亦有一寸十二节者。采之初虚软，曝干方坚实。折之中心色微赤，嚼之辛香少滓。人
多植于干燥砂石土中，腊月移之尤易活。黔蜀蛮人常将随行，以治卒患心痛。其生蛮谷中者
尤佳。人家移种者亦堪用，但干后辛香坚实不及蛮人持来者。此皆医方所用石菖蒲也。又有
水菖蒲，生溪涧水泽中，不堪入药。今药肆所货，多以二种相杂，尤难辨也。
承曰∶今阳羡山中生水石间者，其叶逆水而生，根须络石，略无少泥土，根叶极紧细，
一寸不啻九节，入药极佳。二浙人家，以瓦石器种之，旦暮易水则茂，水浊及有泥滓则萎。
近方多用石菖蒲，必此类也。其池泽所生，肥大节疏粗慢，恐不可入药。唯可作果盘，气味
不烈而和淡尔。
时珍曰∶菖蒲凡五种∶生于池泽，蒲叶肥，根高二、三尺者，泥菖蒲，白菖也；生于溪
涧，蒲叶瘦，根高二、三尺者，水菖蒲，溪荪也；生于水石之间，叶有剑脊，瘦根密节，高
尺余者，石菖蒲也；人家以砂栽之一年，至春剪洗，愈剪愈细，高四、五寸，叶如韭，根如
匙柄粗者，亦石菖蒲也；甚则根长二、三分，叶长寸许，谓之钱蒲是矣。服食入药须用二
种石菖蒲，余皆不堪。此草新旧相代，四时常青。《罗浮山记》言∶山中菖蒲一寸二十节。
《抱朴子》言∶服食以一寸九节紫花者尤善。苏颂言∶无花实。然今菖蒲，二、三月间抽茎
开细黄花成穗，而昔人言菖蒲难得见花，非无花也。应劭《风俗通》云∶菖蒲放花，人得食
之长年。是矣。
根
【修治】 曰∶凡使勿用泥菖、夏菖二件，如竹根鞭，形黑、气秽味腥。惟石上生者，
根条嫩黄，紧硬节稠，一寸九节者，是真也。采得以铜刀刮去黄黑硬节皮一重，以嫩桑枝条
相拌蒸熟，曝干锉用。
时珍曰∶服食须如上法制。若常用，但去毛微炒耳。
【气味】辛，温，无毒。权曰∶苦、辛，平。
之才曰∶秦皮、秦艽为之使。恶地胆、麻黄。
大明曰∶忌饴糖、羊肉。勿犯铁器，令人吐逆。
【主治】风寒湿痹，咳逆上气，开心孔，补五脏，通九窃，明耳目，出音声。主耳聋痈
疮，温肠胃，止小便利。久服轻身，不忘不迷惑，延年。益心智，高志不老（《本经》）。四
肢湿痹，不得屈伸，小儿温疟，身积热不解，可作浴汤（《别录》）。治耳鸣头风泪下，鬼气，
杀诸虫，恶疮疥瘙（甄权）。除风下气，丈夫水脏，女人血海冷败，多忘，除烦闷，止心腹
痛，
霍乱转筋，及耳痛者，作末炒，乘热裹 ，甚验（大明）。心积伏梁（好古）。治中恶卒死，
客忤癫痫，下血崩中，安胎漏，散痈肿。捣汁服，解巴豆、大戟毒（时珍）。
【发明】颂曰∶古方有单服菖蒲法。蜀人治心腹冷气 痛者，取一、二寸捶碎，同吴茱
萸煎汤饮之。亦将随行，卒患心痛，嚼一、二寸，热汤或酒送下，亦效。
时珍曰∶国初周颠仙对太祖高皇帝常嚼菖蒲饮水。问其故。云服之无腹痛之疾。高皇御
制碑中载之。菖蒲气温味辛，乃手少阴、足厥阴之药。心气不足者用之，虚则补其母也。肝
苦急以辛补之，是矣。《道藏经》有《菖蒲传》一卷，其语粗陋。今略节其要云∶菖蒲者，
水草之精英，神仙之灵药也。其法采紧小似鱼鳞者一斤，以水及米泔浸各一宿，刮去皮切，
曝干捣筛，以糯米粥和匀，更入熟蜜搜和，丸如梧子大，稀葛袋盛，置当风处令干。每旦酒、
饮任下三十丸，临卧更服三十丸。服至一月，消食；二月，痰除；服至五年，骨髓充，颜色
泽，白发黑，落齿更生。其药以五德配五行∶叶青，花赤，节白，心黄，根黑。能治一切诸
风，手足顽痹，瘫缓不遂，五劳七伤，填血补脑，坚骨髓，长精神，润五脏，裨六腑，开胃
口，和血脉，益口齿，明耳目，泽皮肤，去寒热，除三尸九虫，天行时疾，瘴疫瘦病，泻痢
痔漏，妇人带下，产后血运。并以酒服。河内叶敬母中风，服之一年而百病愈。寇天师服之
得道，至今庙前犹生菖蒲。郑鱼、曾原等，皆以服此得道也。
又按∶葛洪《抱朴子》云∶韩众服菖蒲十三年，身上生毛，冬袒不寒，日记万言。商丘
子不娶，惟食菖蒲根，不饥不老，不知所终。《神仙传》云∶咸阳王典食菖蒲得长生。安期
生采一寸九节菖蒲服，仙去。又按∶ 仙《神隐书》云∶石菖蒲置一盆于几上，夜间观书，
则收烟无害目之患。或置星露之下，至旦取叶尖露水洗目，大能明视，久则白昼见星。端午
日以酒服，尤妙。苏东坡云∶凡草生石上，必须微土以附其根。惟石菖蒲濯去泥土，渍以清
水，置盆中，可数十年不枯。节叶坚瘦，根须联系，苍然于几案间，久更可喜。其延年轻身
之功，既非昌阳可比；至于忍寒淡泊，不待泥土而生，又岂昌阳所能仿佛哉？
杨士瀛曰∶下痢噤口，虽是脾虚，亦热气闭隔心胸所致。俗用木香失之温，用山药失之
闭。惟参苓白术散加石菖蒲，粳米饮调下。或用参、苓、石莲肉，少入菖蒲服。胸次一开，
自然思食。
【附方】旧十，新一十七。
服食法∶甲子日，取菖蒲一寸九节者，阴干百日，为末。每酒服方寸匕，日三服。久服
耳
健忘益智∶七月七日，取菖蒲为末，酒服方寸匕，饮酒不醉，好事者服而验之。久服聪
明
三十六风有不治者，服之悉效菖蒲（薄切日干）三斤，盛以绢袋，玄水一斛，即清酒也，
悬浸之，密封一百日，视之如菜绿色，以一斗熟黍米纳中，封十四日，取出日饮。（夏禹《神
仙经》）
癫痫风疾∶九节菖蒲不闻鸡犬声者，去毛，木臼捣末。以黑 猪心一个批开，砂罐煮汤。
调服三钱，日一服。（《医学正传》）
尸厥魇死，尸厥之病，卒死脉犹动，听其耳中如微语声，股间暖者，是也。魇死之病，
卧忽不寤。勿以火照，但痛啮其踵及足拇趾甲际，唾其面即苏。仍以菖蒲末吹鼻中，桂末纳
舌下，并以菖蒲根汁灌之。（《肘后方》）。
卒中客忤∶菖蒲生根捣汁灌之，立瘥。（《肘后方》）。
除一切恶∶端午日，切菖蒲渍酒饮之。或加雄黄少许。（《洞天保生录》）。
喉痹肿痛∶菖蒲根嚼汁，烧铁秤锤淬酒一杯，饮之。（《圣济总录》）。
霍乱胀痛∶生菖蒲（锉）四两，水和捣汁，分温四服。（《圣惠方》）。
诸积鼓胀，食积、气积、血积之类∶石菖蒲八两（锉），斑蝥四两（去翅足），同炒黄，
去
斑蝥不用。以布袋盛，拽去蝥末，为末，醋糊丸梧子大。每服三、五十丸，温白汤下。治肿
胀尤妙。或入香附末二钱。（《奇效方》）。
肺损吐血∶九节菖蒲末、白面等分。每服三钱，新汲水下，一日一服。（《圣济录》）。
解一切毒∶石菖蒲、白矾等分，为末，新汲水下。（《事林广记》）。
赤白带下∶石菖蒲、破故纸等分，炒为末。每服二钱，更以菖蒲浸酒调服，日一。（《妇
人良方》）。
胎动半产卒动不安，或腰痛胎转抢心，下血不止，或日月未足而欲产。并以菖蒲根捣
汁一、二升，服之。（《千金》）。
产后崩中，下血不止。菖蒲一两半，酒二盏，煎取一盏，去滓分三服，食前温服。（《
千金方》）。
耳卒聋闭∶菖蒲根一寸，巴豆一粒（去心），同捣作七丸。绵裹一丸，塞耳，日一换。
一方不用巴豆，用蓖麻仁。（《肘后方》）。
病后耳聋∶生菖蒲汁，滴之。（《圣惠方》）
蚤虱入耳∶菖蒲末炒热，袋盛，枕之即愈。（《圣济录》）。
诸般赤眼，攀睛云翳。菖蒲擂自然汁，文武火熬作膏，日点之效。（《圣济录》）。
眼睑挑针∶独生菖蒲根，同盐研敷。（《寿域神方》）。
飞丝入目∶石菖蒲捶碎。左目塞右鼻，右目塞左鼻。百发百中。（危氏《得效方》）。
头疮不瘥∶菖蒲末，油调敷之，日三、夜二次。（《法天生意》）。
痈疽发背∶生菖蒲，捣贴之。疮干者，为末，水调涂之。（孙用和《秘宝方》）。
露岐便毒∶生菖蒲根捣敷之。（《证治要诀》）。
热毒湿疮∶宗 曰∶有人遍身生疮，痛而不痒，手足尤甚，粘着衣被，晓夕不得睡。有
人教以菖蒲三斗，日干为末，布席上卧之，仍以衣被覆之。既不粘衣，又复得睡，不五、七
日，其疮如失。后以治人，应手神验。（《本草衍义》）。
风癣有虫∶菖蒲末五斤。以酒三升渍，釜中蒸之，使味出。先绝酒一日，每服一升或半
升
阴汗湿痒∶石菖蒲、蛇床子等分。为末。日搽二、三次。（《济急仙方》）。
叶
【主治】洗疥、大风疮（时珍）。
【《本草纲目》】
【集解】李时珍说：龙舌草，生长在南方池塘、沼泽和湖泊中。叶子像大叶白菜及菘菜的样子。根生长在水底，抽出茎秆伸出水面，开白花。根部形状像胡萝卜根但有香气，捣碎取汁能使鹅鸭卵变软，医家用它来煮丹砂、白矾，以制衡黄连、黄芩、黄柏（三黄）的药性。
【气味】味甘、咸，性寒，无毒。
【附方】新收录一方。
乳痈肿毒：用龙舌草、忍冬藤，研烂，加蜂蜜调和后敷贴。（出自《多能鄙事》）
（《神农本草经》列为上品）
【释名】昌阳（出自《本经》）、尧韭（普称）、水剑草。
李时珍说：菖蒲，是蒲类中生长旺盛的，所以叫菖蒲。又《吕氏春秋》说：冬至后五十七天，菖开始生长。菖是百草中先生长的，于是开始耕种。那么菖蒲、昌阳也是取这个含义。《典术》说：尧时期天降精华于庭院变成韭菜，感应百阴之气变成菖蒲。所以叫尧韭。方士将其隐称为水剑，是因为它的叶子形状像剑。
【集解】《名医别录》说：菖蒲生长在上洛郡的池泽以及蜀郡严道县。一寸长有九节的品质好。露出地面的根不可用。五月、十二月采挖根部，阴干。
陶弘景说：上洛郡属于梁州，严道县在蜀郡，现在到处都有。生长在石砾上的，节短为好。生长在低湿地的，根大的名叫昌阳，不堪服用食用。真正的菖蒲叶子中间有脊，就像剑刃一样，四月、五月也会开小花。东间溪泽还有一种名叫溪荪的，根的形状气色极像石上菖蒲，但叶子正像蒲草，没有脊。俗人多将此称为石上菖蒲，这是错误的。这种只主治咳嗽气逆，杀蚤虱，不入药食用。诗歌咏叹的多兰荪，正是指这个。
孟诜（大明）说：菖蒲，石涧所生的坚硬细小的，一寸九节的是上品。产自宣州。二月、八月采收。
苏颂说：到处都有，但池州、戎州的最好。春天生青叶，长一、二尺左右，叶子中心有脊，形状像剑。不开花结果。现在以五月五日采收。其根盘曲有节，形状像马鞭大小。一根旁边引出三、四根旁根，旁根的节特别密，也有一寸十二节的。刚采挖时虚软，晒干后才坚实。折断后中心颜色微红，咀嚼有辛辣香味且渣少。人们多种植在干燥砂石土中，腊月移栽更容易成活。黔蜀蛮人常随身携带，用来治疗突发心痛。生长在蛮谷中的尤其好。人家移种的也可以用，但晒干后辛辣香味和坚实程度不及蛮人带来的。这些都是医方所用的石菖蒲。又有水菖蒲，生长在溪涧水泽中，不堪入药。现在药店售卖的，多以这两种混杂，尤其难以辨别。
寇宗奭（承）说：现在阳羡山中生长在水石间的，叶子逆水而生，根须缠绕石头，几乎没有泥土，根叶极其紧细，一寸不止九节，入药极佳。江浙人家，用瓦石器种植，早晚换水则茂盛，水浑浊及有泥滓则枯萎。近方多用石菖蒲，必定是这类。那些池泽所生的，肥大节疏粗慢，恐怕不可入药。只能做果盘，气味不烈而和淡罢了。
李时珍说：菖蒲共有五种：生长在池泽，蒲叶肥厚，根高二、三尺的，是泥菖蒲，也叫白菖；生长在溪涧，蒲叶瘦削，根高二、三尺的，是水菖蒲，也叫溪荪；生长在水石之间，叶子有剑脊，瘦根密节，高一尺多的，是石菖蒲；人家以沙栽种一年，到春天修剪清洗，越剪越细，高四、五寸，叶如韭菜，根如匙柄粗的，也是石菖蒲；更甚的根长二、三分，叶长寸许，这就叫钱蒲了。服食入药必须使用两种石菖蒲，其余都不堪用。这种草新旧交替，四季常青。《罗浮山记》说：山中菖蒲一寸二十节。《抱朴子》说：服食以一寸九节紫花的尤为好。苏颂说：无花实。然而现在的菖蒲，二、三月间抽茎开细黄花成穗，而古人说菖蒲难得见花，并非无花。应劭《风俗通》说：菖蒲开花，人吃了可以长寿。这是对的。
根
【修治】雷敩说：凡使用时不要用泥菖、夏菖两件，像竹根鞭，形状黑、气味秽浊味道腥。只有石上生长的，根条嫩黄，紧硬节稠，一寸九节的，才是真的。采得后用铜刀刮去黄黑硬节皮一层，用嫩桑枝条相伴蒸熟，晒干锉碎使用。
李时珍说：服食须按上述方法制作。若常用，只需去毛微炒即可。
【气味】味辛，性温，无毒。徐之才说：味苦、辛，性平。
徐之才说：秦皮、秦艽作为使药。畏恶地胆、麻黄。
孟诜（大明）说：忌饴糖、羊肉。勿接触铁器，令人呕吐逆乱。
【主治】风寒湿痹，咳嗽气逆，开心窍，补五脏，通九窍，明耳目，发声音。主治耳聋痈疮，温肠胃，止小便频数。久服轻身，不忘事不迷惑，延年益寿。益心智，增高志向不老（《本经》）。四肢湿痹，不能屈伸，小儿温疟，身体积热不解，可作浴汤（《别录》）。治疗耳鸣头风泪下，鬼气，杀诸虫，恶疮疥瘙（甄权）。除风下气，治疗男子水脏病，女子血海冷败，健忘，除烦闷，止心腹痛，霍乱转筋，以及耳痛者，研末炒热，乘热包裹熨贴，非常有效（大明）。心积伏梁（好古）。治疗中恶卒死，客忤癫痫，下血崩中，安胎漏，散痈肿。捣汁服，解巴豆、大戟毒（李时珍）。
【发明】苏颂说：古方有单服菖蒲法。蜀人治疗心腹冷气刺痛，取一、二寸捶碎，同吴茱萸煎汤饮用。也随身携带，突发心痛，嚼一、二寸，热汤或酒送下，也有效。
李时珍说：国初周颠仙对太祖高皇帝常说嚼菖蒲饮水。问其原因。回答说服用它没有腹痛之疾。高皇御制碑中有记载。菖蒲气温味辛，是手少阴、足厥阴经的药物。心气不足者用它，虚则补其母也。肝苦急以辛补之，是对的。《道藏经》有《菖蒲传》一卷，其语言粗陋。现在略节其要点说：菖蒲，是水草的精英，神仙的灵药。其法采集紧小似鱼鳞的一斤，用水及米泔浸泡各一夜，刮去皮切，晒干捣筛，用糯米粥和匀，再加入熟蜜揉和，丸如梧桐子大，用稀葛袋盛装，放在通风处令其干燥。每天早晨酒或饮任下三十丸，临睡再服三十丸。服用至一个月，消食；两个月，痰除；服用至五年，骨髓充盈，面色润泽，白发变黑，落齿再生。此药以五德配五行：叶青，花赤，节白，心黄，根黑。能治一切诸风，手足顽痹，瘫缓不遂，五劳七伤，填血补脑，坚骨髓，长精神，润五脏，裨六腑，开胃口，和血脉，益口齿，明耳目，泽皮肤，去寒热，除三尸九虫，天行时疾，瘴疫瘦病，泻痢痔漏，妇人带下，产后血运。均以酒送服。河内叶敬之母中风，服用一年而百病愈。寇天师服用得道，至今庙前犹生菖蒲。郑鱼、曾原等，皆因服用此药得道。
又按：葛洪《抱朴子》说：韩众服用菖蒲十三年，身上生毛，冬天袒露不寒冷，日记万言。商丘子不娶妻，只吃菖蒲根，不饥不老，不知所终。《神仙传》说：咸阳王典吃菖蒲得长生。安期生采一寸九节菖蒲服用，成仙而去。又按：陈抟《神隐书》说：石菖蒲放一盆在几案上，夜间看书，则收烟无害眼之患。或置于星露之下，至早晨取叶尖露水洗手洗目，大能明目，久了则白昼见星。端午日以酒送服，尤其妙。苏东坡说：凡是草生在石上，必须微土以附着其根。惟独石菖蒲濯去泥土，渍以清水，置盆中，可数十年不枯。节叶坚瘦，根须联系，苍然于几案间，久了更可喜。其延年轻身之功，既非昌阳可比；至于忍寒淡泊，不待泥土而生，又岂昌阳所能仿佛哉？
杨士瀛说：下痢噤口，虽是脾虚，亦热气闭隔心胸所致。俗用木香失之温，用山药失之闭。惟参苓白术散加石菖蒲，粳米饮调下。或用参、苓、石莲肉，少入菖蒲服。胸次一开，自然思食。
【附方】旧方十首，新方十七首。
服食法：甲子日，取菖蒲一寸九节者，阴干百日，为末。每酒服方寸匕，日三服。久服耳聪。
健忘益智：七月七日，取菖蒲为末，酒服方寸匕，饮酒不醉，好事者服而验之。久服聪明。
三十六风有不治者，服之悉效菖蒲（薄切日干）三斤，盛以绢袋，玄水一斛，即清酒也，悬浸之，密封一百日，视之如菜绿色，以一斗熟黍米纳中，封十四日，取出日饮。（夏禹《神仙经》）
癫痫风疾：九节菖蒲不闻鸡犬声者，去毛，木臼捣末。以黑猪心一个批开，砂罐煮汤。调服三钱，日一服。（《医学正传》）
尸厥魇死，尸厥之病，卒死脉犹动，听其耳中如微语声，股间暖者，是也。魇死之病，卧忽不寤。勿以火照，但痛啮其踵及足拇趾甲际，唾其面即苏。仍以菖蒲末吹鼻中，桂末纳舌下，并以菖蒲根汁灌之。（《肘后方》）。
卒中客忤：菖蒲生根捣汁灌之，立瘥。（《肘后方》）。
除一切恶：端午日，切菖蒲渍酒饮之。或加雄黄少许。（《洞天保生录》）。
喉痹肿痛：菖蒲根嚼汁，烧铁秤锤淬酒一杯，饮之。（《圣济总录》）。
霍乱胀痛：生菖蒲（锉）四两，水和捣汁，分温四服。（《圣惠方》）。
诸积鼓胀，食积、气积、血积之类：石菖蒲八两（锉），斑蝥四两（去翅足），同炒黄，去斑蝥不用。以布袋盛，拽去蝥末，为末，醋糊丸梧子大。每服三、五十丸，温白汤下。治肿胀尤妙。或入香附末二钱。（《奇效方》）。
肺损吐血：九节菖蒲末、白面等分。每服三钱，新汲水下，一日一服。（《圣济录》）。
解一切毒：石菖蒲、白矾等分，为末，新汲水下。（《事林广记》）。
赤白带下：石菖蒲、破故纸等分，炒为末。每服二钱，更以菖蒲浸酒调服，日一。（《妇人良方》）。
胎动半产卒动不安，或腰痛胎转抢心，下血不止，或日月未足而欲产。并以菖蒲根捣汁一、二升，服之。（《千金》）。
产后崩中，下血不止。菖蒲一两半，酒二盏，煎取一盏，去滓分三服，食前温服。（《千金方》）。
耳卒聋闭：菖蒲根一寸，巴豆一粒（去心），同捣作七丸。绵裹一丸，塞耳，日一换。一方不用巴豆，用蓖麻仁。（《肘后方》）。
病后耳聋：生菖蒲汁，滴之。（《圣惠方》）
蚤虱入耳：菖蒲末炒热，袋盛，枕之即愈。（《圣济录》）。
诸般赤眼，攀睛云翳。菖蒲擂自然汁，文武火熬作膏，日点之效。（《圣济录》）。
眼睑挑针：独生菖蒲根，同盐研敷。（《寿域神方》）。
飞丝入目：石菖蒲捶碎。左目塞右鼻，右目塞左鼻。百发百中。（危氏《得效方》）。
头疮不瘥：菖蒲末，油调敷之，日三、夜二次。（《法天生意》）。
痈疽发背：生菖蒲，捣贴之。疮干者，为末，水调涂之。（孙用和《秘宝方》）。
露岐便毒：生菖蒲根捣敷之。（《证治要诀》）。
热毒湿疮：宗奭曰：有人遍身生疮，痛而不痒，手足尤甚，粘着衣被，晓夕不得睡。有人教以菖蒲三斗，日干为末，布席上卧之，仍以衣被覆之。既不粘衣，又复得睡，不五、七日，其疮如失。后以治人，应手神验。（《本草衍义》）。
风癣有虫：菖蒲末五斤。以酒三升渍，釜中蒸之，使味出。先绝酒一日，每服一升或半升。
阴汗湿痒：石菖蒲、蛇床子等分。为末。日搽二、三次。（《济急仙方》）。
叶
【主治】洗疥、大风疮（李时珍）。
[Compendium of Materia Medica]
[Ji Jie (Collected Explanations)] Li Shizhen said: Longshe (Dragon Tongue Herb) grows in ponds, swamps, and lakes in the southern regions. The leaves resemble those of large-leaf Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). The roots grow at the bottom of the water, sending up stems above the surface, producing white flowers. The root resembles that of a carrot but has an aroma; its crushed juice can soften goose or duck eggs. Medical practitioners use it to decoct Cinnabaris (Dansha), Alum (Baifan), and to process the "Three Yellows" (Sanhuang: Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Phellodendri, Radix Scutellariae).
[Qi Wei (Flavor and Nature)] Sweet, salty, cold, non-toxic.
[Zhu Zhi (Main Indications)] Carbuncles, sores, scalds, and burns; apply externally after crushing (Li Shizhen).
[Fu Fang (Attached Prescriptions)] One new prescription.
Ru Yong Zhong Du (Breast Abscess with Toxic Swelling): Crush Longshe Cao and Hengdong Teng (Lonicerae Caulis), mix with honey, and apply topically. (From *Duoneng Bishi*)
(Shennong Bencao Jing, Upper Grade)
[Shi Ming (Explanation of Names)] Changyang (from *Benjing*), Yaojiu (common name), Shuijiancao (Water Sword Grass).
Li Shizhen said: Changpu is the vigorous variety of Pu-lei, hence named Changpu. Furthermore, *Lüshi Chunqiu* states: Fifty-seven days after the Winter Solstice, Chang begins to sprout. Chang is the first among hundred herbs to grow, marking the beginning of plowing. Thus, Changpu and Changyang derive their meaning from this. *Dianshu* says: In the time of Emperor Yao, celestial essence descended into the courtyard to become Jiucui (Allium tuberosum), which, sensing the qi of a hundred yins, transformed into Changpu. Hence called Yaojiu. Alchemists secretly referred to it as "Water Sword" due to its leaf shape resembling a sword.
[Ji Jie (Collected Explanations)] *Bielu* states: Changpu grows in the pools and marshes of Shangluo Commandery and Yandao County in Shu Commandery. Those with nine nodes per cun are superior. Roots exposed to dew should not be used. Harvest roots in May and December, and dry in the shade.
Tao Hongjing said: Shangluo Commandery belongs to Liangzhou, and Yandao County is in Shu Commandery; now it is found everywhere. Those growing on rocky gravel with short nodes are good. Those growing in low, wet areas have large roots and are named Changyang, unsuitable for consumption or medicinal use. True Changpu leaves have a central ridge, like a sword blade, and produce small flowers in April and May. In the streams and marshes of the East, there is another herb named Xisun. Its root shape and color closely resemble Stone Changpu, but its leaves are exactly like Pu grass without a ridge. Common people often mistakenly call this Stone Changpu. This herb mainly treats cough and rebellious qi, kills fleas and lice, and is not used in food or medicine. Poems praising Lansun refer to this.
Meng Shen (Da Ming) said: Changpu grown in stone creeks that is hard and small, with nine nodes per cun, is superior. It comes from Xuanzhou. Harvest in February and August.
Su Song said: It grows everywhere, but those from Chizhou and Rongzhou are best. Green leaves emerge in spring, about one to two chi long, with a central ridge in the leaf, shaped like a sword. It does not flower or bear fruit. Now harvested on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The roots are coiled and jointed, resembling horse whips in size. One main root branches into three or four lateral roots, which have particularly dense nodes; some have twelve nodes per cun. Freshly dug roots are soft and hollow, becoming firm only after sun-drying. When broken, the center is slightly reddish; chewing yields a pungent aroma with little residue. People often plant it in dry sandy soil; transplanting in the twelfth lunar month ensures high survival rates. Barbarians in Qian and Shu often carry it with them to treat sudden heart pain. Those growing in barbarian valleys are especially good. Home-grown varieties are usable but lack the pungency and firmness of those brought by barbarians. These are all the Shi Changpu used in medical prescriptions. There is also Shui Changpu (Water Changpu), growing in streams and marshes, unsuitable for medicine. What is sold in pharmacies today is often a mixture of these two types, making them difficult to distinguish.
Kou Zongshi (Cheng) said: Those growing between water and stones in Yangxian mountains have leaves growing against the current, with roots clinging to rocks, having almost no soil. The roots and leaves are extremely tight and fine, with more than nine nodes per cun, excellent for medicine. Families in Zhejiang plant them in pottery or stone vessels; frequent water changes promote lush growth, while turbid water or mud causes wilting. Recent prescriptions mostly use Shi Changpu, which must be this type. Those from pools and marshes are fat, sparse in nodes, coarse, and slow-growing, likely unsuitable for medicine. They can only be used as fruit platters, with mild and bland flavors.
Li Shizhen said: There are five types of Changpu: Those growing in pools/marshes with thick leaves and roots two to three chi high are Ni Changpu (Mud Changpu), also called Bai Changpu; those growing in streams with thin leaves and roots two to three chi high are Shui Changpu (Water Changpu), also called Xisun; those growing between water and stones with sword-like ridged leaves, thin roots, dense nodes, and height over one chi are Shi Changpu (Stone Changpu); those planted in sand by families, pruned annually until spring, becoming finer with each pruning, reaching four to five cun high, with leaves like leeks and roots as thick as a spoon handle, are also Shi Changpu; even smaller ones with roots two to three fen long and leaves one cun long are called Qianpu (Coin Pu). For consumption and medicine, only the two types of Shi Changpu are suitable; others are unusable. This herb replaces old with new, staying green year-round. *Luofushan Ji* states: Changpu in the mountains has twenty nodes per cun. *Baopuzi* states: For consumption, those with nine nodes per cun and purple flowers are best. Su Song stated: No flowers or fruits. However, current Changpu produces slender yellow flower spikes in February and March. Ancient texts saying Changpu rarely flowers is incorrect; it does flower. Ying Shao's *Fengtong* says: Eating Changpu when it flowers extends life. This is correct.
Root
[Xiu Zhi (Processing)] Lei Xiao said: Do not use Ni Chang or Xia Chang. They resemble bamboo root whips, are black in color, foul-smelling, and fishy-tasting. Only those growing on stones, with tender yellow, tight, hard, densely jointed roots (nine nodes per cun), are true. After harvesting, scrape off the yellow-black hard skin with a copper knife, steam with young mulberry branches until cooked, sun-dry, and slice for use.
Li Shizhen said: For consumption, follow the above method. For common use, simply remove hairs and stir-fry lightly.
[Qi Wei (Flavor and Nature)] Pungent, warm, non-toxic. Xu Zhicai said: Bitter, pungent, neutral.
Xu Zhicai said: Qinpi and Qinjiao act as assistants. Averse to Didan and Mahuang.
Meng Shen (Da Ming) said: Avoid Yitang (Maltose) and mutton. Do not contact iron vessels, as it induces vomiting.
[Zhu Zhi (Main Indications)] Wind-cold-damp Bi syndrome, cough and rebellious qi, opens the heart orifices, tonifies the Five Zang organs, unblocks the Nine Orifices, brightens eyes and ears, promotes voice. Treats deafness, carbuncles and sores, warms the stomach and intestines, stops frequent urination. Long-term use lightens the body, prevents forgetfulness and confusion, and prolongs life. Enhances mind and intelligence, raises aspirations, and prevents aging (*Benjing*). Treats damp-Bi in limbs preventing flexion and extension, pediatric warm malaria with persistent heat, can be used as a bath decoction (*Bielu*). Treats tinnitus, wind-headache, tearing, "ghost qi," kills parasites, and treats malignant sores and scabies (Zhen Quan). Disperses wind and directs Qi downward, treats male "water organ" diseases, female "blood sea" cold stagnation, forgetfulness, relieves irritability, stops abdominal pain, cholera with muscle cramps, and ear pain. Grind into powder, stir-fry hot, wrap in cloth, and apply warm; highly effective (Da Ming). Treats Xin Ji Fu Liang (Heart accumulation) (Haogu). Treats sudden death from evil invasion, Ke Wu epilepsy, bleeding and metrorrhagia, calms fetal movement, disperses carbuncle swelling. Crush and take juice to resolve Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang) and Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix (Daji) toxicity (Li Shizhen).
[Fa Ming (Elucidation)] Su Song said: Ancient prescriptions include single-herb Changpu usage. People in Shu treat cold qi stabbing pain in the chest/abdomen by crushing one to two cun of Changpu, decocting with Wuzhuyu, and drinking the soup. It is also carried for sudden heart pain: chew one to two cun and swallow with hot water or wine; also effective.
Li Shizhen said: At the beginning of the dynasty, Zhou Jianxian told Emperor Taizu that he often chewed Changpu and drank water. When asked why, he replied it prevented abdominal pain. This is recorded in the stele commissioned by the Emperor. Changpu is warm in nature and pungent in flavor, entering the Hand-Shaoyin and Foot-Jueyin meridians. It is used for Heart Qi deficiency because "tonify the mother when deficient." Liver suffers from urgency and is tonified with pungency; this is correct. The *Daozang* contains a volume titled *Changpu Zhuan*, though the language is crude. Summarizing the essentials: Changpu is the essence of aquatic plants and a spiritual medicine of immortals. The method: Collect one jin of tight, small, scale-like roots. Soak in water and rice wash overnight each. Scrape skin, slice, sun-dry, grind, and sieve. Mix with glutinous rice porridge and refined honey, roll into pills the size of wheat seeds. Store in a fine linen bag and dry in a ventilated place. Take thirty pills morning and evening with wine or water. After one month, digestion improves; after two months, phlegm clears; after five years, marrow fills, complexion glows, white hair turns black, and fallen teeth regrow. The herb corresponds to the Five Virtues and Five Elements: Leaves green, flowers red, nodes white, heart yellow, roots black. It treats all wind disorders, limb numbness and paralysis, five excesses and seven injuries, fills blood and tonifies brain, strengthens marrow, boosts spirit, moistens Zang, benefits Fu, opens appetite, harmonizes blood vessels, strengthens gums, brightens eyes and ears, nourishes skin, dispels cold and heat, removes Three Corpses and Nine Worms, epidemic fevers, miasma, dysentery, hemorrhoids and fistulas, leukorrhea, and postpartum blood stasis. All taken with wine. Ye Jing’s mother in Hebei recovered from stroke after one year of use. Daoist Master Kou attained enlightenment through its use; Changpu still grows before his temple. Zheng Yu and Zeng Yuan also attained enlightenment through it.
Furthermore: Ge Hong’s *Baopuzi* states: Han Zhong took Changpu for thirteen years, grew hair on his body, felt no cold in winter despite being bare-chested, and could write ten thousand characters daily. Shangqi Zi never married, ate only Changpu roots, remained neither hungry nor aged, and his end is unknown. *Shenxian Zhuan* states: Wang Dian of Xianyang attained longevity by eating Changpu. An Qisheng took nine-node-per-cun Changpu and ascended to immortality. Chen Tuan’s *Shenyin Shu* states: Placing a pot of Shi Changpu on a desk allows night reading without eye strain from smoke. Or place under starlight/dew; use the dew from leaf tips to wash eyes in the morning greatly improves vision; eventually, stars can be seen during the day. Taking with wine on Dragon Boat Festival is especially wonderful. Su Dongpo said: Most herbs growing on rocks need slight soil for roots. Only Shi Changpu, washed clean of soil and soaked in clear water in a pot, can survive decades without drying. Nodes and leaves are tough and thin, roots connected, looking verdant on desks, increasingly pleasing over time. Its anti-aging and lightening effects surpass Changyang; its ability to endure cold and live without soil far exceeds Changyang.
Yang Shiying said: Dysentery with inability to eat, though due to Spleen deficiency, is also caused by heat closing the chest and heart. Using Muxiang is too warming; using Shanyao is too astringent. Use Shenling Baizhu San plus Shi Changpu, mixed with rice gruel. Or use Ginseng, Poria, and Nelumbinis Semen with a little Changpu. Once the chest opens, appetite returns naturally.
[Fu Fang (Attached Prescriptions)] Ten old, seventeen new.
Consumption Method: On Jiazi day, take nine-node-per-cun Changpu, dry in shade for 100 days, grind to powder. Take one fangcun bi with wine, three times daily. Long-term use improves hearing.
Forgetfulness and Intelligence Enhancement: On July 7th, take Changpu powder, one fangcun bi with wine. Prevents drunkenness; verified by enthusiasts. Long-term use enhances wisdom.
Thirty-six Wind Disorders: If untreatable, this formula works. Thinly slice and sun-dry Changpu (3 jin), put in silk bag, suspend in one hu of Xuan Shui (clear wine), seal for 100 days until green like vegetables. Add one dou of cooked millet, seal for 14 days, drink daily. (Xia Yu *Shenxian Jing*)
Epilepsy and Wind Disease: Use nine-node Changpu not exposed to rooster/dog sounds, remove hairs, grind in wooden mortar. Slice one black pig heart, boil in clay pot. Mix powder with decoction, take 3 qian, once daily. (*Yixue Zhengzhuan*)
Shi Jue (Corpse Collapse) and Nightmare Death: Shi Jue is sudden death with pulse still moving, faint whispering sound in ears, warmth in thighs. Nightmare death is sudden unconsciousness during sleep. Do not use fire. Bite heel and big toe nail bed painfully, spit on face to revive. Then blow Changpu powder into nose, place Cinnamon Twig powder under tongue, and灌 Changpu root juice. (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*)
Sudden Ke Wu Invasion: Crush fresh Changpu root, take juice, administer immediately. (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*)
Expel All Evil: On Dragon Boat Festival, cut Changpu, soak in wine, drink. Add a little Xionghuang if desired. (*Dongtian Baosheng Lu*)
Hou Bi (Throat Obstruction) Swelling/Pain: Chew Changpu root for juice, quench a heated iron scale weight in one cup of wine, drink. (*Shengji Zonglu*)
Huoluan (Cholera) Pain/Bloating: Crush fresh Changpu (4 liang), mix with water, crush to juice, divide into four warm doses. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Accumulation and Drum Distension (Food, Qi, Blood Accumulation): Shi Changpu (8 liang, sliced), Banmao (4 liang, wings/legs removed), stir-fry together until yellow, remove Banmao. Put remaining material in cloth bag, rub to remove Banmao powder, grind to powder, make pills with vinegar paste, size of wheat seeds. Take 30-50 pills with warm white soup. Excellent for swelling. Can add 2 qian of Xiangfu powder. (*Qixiao Fang*)
Lung Damage and Hemoptysis: Nine-node Changpu powder and white flour in equal parts. Take 3 qian with fresh well water, once daily. (*Shengji Lu*)
Resolve All Toxins: Shi Changpu and Baifan in equal parts, grind to powder, take with fresh well water. (*Shilin Guangji*)
Red and White Leukorrhea: Shi Changpu and Pao Gu Zhi in equal parts, stir-fry and grind. Take 2 qian, additionally take Changpu-infused wine, once daily. (*Furen Liangfang*)
Fetal Movement, Spontaneous Abortion, Sudden Instability, Lower Back Pain, Fetal Rotation to Heart, Unceasing Bleeding, or Premature Labor: Crush Changpu root, take 1-2 sheng of juice. (*Qianjin*)
Postpartum Metrorrhagia with Unceasing Bleeding: Changpu (1.5 liang), wine (2 zhan), decoct to one zhan, filter, divide into three doses, take warm before meals. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Sudden Deafness and Ear Blockage: Changpu root (1 cun), Badou (1 grain, core removed), crush together into seven pills. Wrap one pill in silk, insert into ear, change daily. Alternative: use Castor Seed instead of Badou. (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*)
Deafness After Illness: Drip fresh Changpu juice. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Fleas/Lice Entering Ear: Stir-fry Changpu powder until hot, put in bag, use as pillow; heals immediately. (*Shengji Lu*)
Various Red Eyes, Pterygium, and Cloudy Cornea: Grind Changpu to natural juice, simmer gently to make ointment, apply daily. (*Shengji Lu*)
Hordeolum (Stye): Crush solitary Changpu root with salt, apply. (*Shouyu Shenfang*)
Flying Thread in Eye: Crush Shi Changpu. Plug right nostril for left eye, left nostril for right eye. Highly effective. (Wei Shi *Defang*)
Persistent Head Sores: Mix Changpu powder with oil, apply, three times day, twice night. (*Fatian Shengyi*)
Carbuncles and Back Sores: Crush fresh Changpu and apply. If sore is dry, use powder mixed with water. (Sun Yonghe *Mibao Fang*)
Luanqi Groin Abscess: Crush fresh Changpu root and apply. (*Zhengzhi Yaojue*)
Heat-Toxin Damp Sores: Zongshi said: Someone had body-wide sores, painful not itchy, worse on hands/feet, sticking to clothes/bedding, unable to sleep day or night. Taught to use three dou of sun-dried Changpu powder, spread on mat, lie on it, cover with bedding. Does not stick, allows sleep, sores disappear in 5-7 days. Later used successfully on others. (*Bencao Yan Yi*)
Wind Tinea with Parasites: Changpu powder (5 jin). Soak in three sheng of wine, steam in pot until flavor extracts. Abstain from wine for one day prior. Take one sheng or half sheng.
Genital Sweating and Itching: Shi Changpu and Chuangzi in equal parts. Grind to powder. Apply 2-3 times daily. (*Jiji Xianfang*)
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[Zhu Zhi (Main Indications)] Wash Scabies and Leprosy sores (Li Shizhen).