味甘，寒，无毒。主治小儿赤气，肌疮，脐伤，止痛，气不足。一名长股。生水中，取
无
凡蜂、蚁、蛙、蝉，其类最多。大而青脊者，俗名土鸭，其鸣甚壮。又一种黑色，南人
名
四五三页）
味咸，寒，有毒。主治五癃，破石淋，堕胎。肉∶解结气，利水道，除热。一名沙虱。
生江汉池泽。
李云江左无识此者，谓为草根，其实类虫，形如老、蚕，生附石。伧人得而食之，味咸
而微辛。李之所言有理，但江汉非伧地尔。大都应是生气物，犹如海中蛎蛤辈，附石生不动，
亦皆活物也。今世用草根黑色多角节，亦似蚕，恐未是实。方家不用沙虱，自是东间水中细
虫。人入水浴，着人略不可见，痛如针刺，挑亦得之。今此名或同尔，非其所称也。（《大观
》卷二十二，《政和》四四九页）
味甘、苦，寒，有小毒。主治心腹 痛，下部 疮，目肿痛。膏∶平，有小毒。主皮肤
风毒，妇人产后腹痛余疾。
此蛇出晋安，大者三、二围。在地行往不举头者，是真；举头者，非真。形多相似，彼
土人以此别之。膏、胆又相乱也。真膏累累如梨豆子相着，他蛇膏皆大如梅、李子。真胆狭
长通黑，皮膜极薄，舐之甜苦，摩以注水即沉而不散；其伪者并不尔。此物最难得真，真膏
多所入药用，亦云能治伯牛疾。（《大观》卷二十二，《政和》四四三页）
味甘，性寒，无毒。主治小儿赤气（皮肤发红发热之症），肌疮（肌肤生疮），脐伤（肚脐受伤），止痛，补益气不足。又名长股。生长于水中。
大凡蜂、蚁、蛙、蝉这类生物，种类最多。其中体型较大且背部呈青色的，俗名叫土鸭，叫声非常洪亮。又有一种黑色的，南方人称之为……（原文此处有缺漏或断句，依文意推测为对黑色种类的称呼，后接页码信息）
味咸，性寒，有毒。主治五种淋证（小便不利诸症），破除石淋（尿路结石），堕胎。其肉：能解结气（气机郁结），通利水道，清热。又名沙虱。生长于江汉地区的池塘沼泽中。
李云说江东地区无人认识此物，将其误认为是草根，其实它属于虫类，形状像老蚕，生长在附着于石头的地方。粗鄙之人采集食用它，味道咸而略带辛辣。李氏所说的话有理，只是江汉地区并非粗鄙之人居住的地方罢了。大体上这应该是活体生物，就像海中的牡蛎蛤蜊之类，附着在石头上生长不动，也都是活物。如今市面上使用的黑色多节角的草根，也类似蚕，恐怕不是真实的沙虱。医家不用的沙虱，其实是东部地区水中的细小虫子。人进入水中沐浴时，这种虫子附着在人身上几乎看不见，疼痛如针刺，挑破也能发现它。如今这个名称或许与此相同，但并非李氏所描述的那种。（《大观本草》卷二十二，《政和本草》四四九页）
味甘、苦，性寒，有小毒。主治心腹疼痛，下部（下阴部位）疮疡，眼睛肿痛。其膏：性平，有小毒。主治皮肤风毒，妇人产后腹痛等余疾。
这种蛇出产于晋安地区，大的直径有三、二围。在地面爬行时头不抬起的，才是真品；头抬起的，就不是真品。外形大多相似，当地百姓以此加以区别。膏和胆也容易混淆。真正的膏颗粒累累，像梨豆子一样相连，其他蛇的膏都大如梅子、李子。真正的胆狭长且通体漆黑，皮膜极薄，舔起来甜中带苦，摩擦后注入水中会下沉而不散开；伪品则不是这样。这种物品最难获得真品，真膏多被入药使用，据说也能治疗牛瘟（伯牛疾）。（《大观本草》卷二十二，《政和本草》四四三页）
Taste is sweet, nature is cold, non-toxic. It treats pediatric chi qi (redness and heat in the skin), ji chuang (skin sores), umbilical injury, relieves pain, and supplements deficiency of qi. Also known as Changgu. Grows in water.
Generally speaking, among insects such as bees, ants, frogs, and cicadas, there are the most species. Those that are large with a green back are commonly called Tuduck (Earth Duck), and their calls are very loud. There is another type that is black, which people in the south call... [text fragment missing] (Page 453).
Taste is salty, nature is cold, toxic. It treats five types of long (dysuria/obstructive urinary syndromes), breaks down stone long (urinary calculi), and induces abortion. The meat: resolves stagnant qi, promotes urination, and clears heat. Also known as Shashi (Sand Louse). Grows in ponds and marshes of the Jianghan region.
Li Yun stated that people in Jiangzuo (East of the Yangtze) do not recognize this substance, mistaking it for a root, but it is actually an insect, resembling an old silkworm, growing attached to stones. Crude people harvest and eat it; its taste is salty and slightly pungent. Li's statement has merit, although the Jianghan region is not the habitat of crude people. Generally, it should be a living organism, similar to oysters and clams in the sea, which grow attached to rocks without moving, and are all living things. Nowadays, the black, multi-jointed roots used in the market also resemble silkworms, but they are likely not the real Shashi. The Shashi not used by physicians is actually a tiny insect in the waters of the eastern regions. When people bathe in water, these insects attach to the body, barely visible, causing pain like needle pricks, and can be extracted by picking. The current name might be the same, but it does not refer to what Li described. (Da Guan Ben Cao, Vol. 22; Zheng He Ben Cao, p. 449)
Taste is sweet and bitter, nature is cold, slightly toxic. It treats heart and abdominal pain, lower body sores, and swollen and painful eyes. The bile/gall: nature is neutral, slightly toxic. It treats wind-toxin on the skin and residual ailments of postpartum abdominal pain in women.
This snake originates from Jin'an. Large specimens have a girth of three or two cun. Those that crawl on the ground without raising their heads are genuine; those that raise their heads are not genuine. Their appearances are mostly similar, and locals distinguish them by this trait. The bile and gall are often confused. Genuine bile forms clusters like pear seeds stuck together, whereas the bile of other snakes is as large as plums or apricots. Genuine gall is narrow, long, completely black, with extremely thin membranes; when licked, it tastes sweet and bitter, and when rubbed into water, it sinks and does not disperse; fake ones do not behave this way. This item is hardest to obtain in its genuine form. Genuine bile is widely used in medicine and is said to treat Boniu disease (bovine plague/rinderpest). (Da Guan Ben Cao, Vol. 22; Zheng He Ben Cao, p. 443)