\r秦皮\pj291.bmp\r
味苦，气寒。沉也，阴也。无毒。产陕西郡州，及庐江川谷。木类檀木，根同槐根。
叶如匙头少光，皮多白点不糙。（不粗糙也。）俗因呼为白 木，又呼石檀树、苦树，咸取像
焉。秋末采皮，阴干待用。渍水水色侵碧，书纸纸面略青。此验才真，凡求勿误。使大戟，
恶吴茱瓠葵；（苦瓠、防葵。）专眼科，去肝中久热。煎汁澄净，点洗无时。白膜遮明，视物
不见者旋效；赤肿作痛，流泪无休者殊功。益男子精衰，止妇人带下。小儿发热痫搐，亦可
作汤浴身。风寒湿痹兼驱，热痢后重且却。经云∶以苦坚之，故用白头翁、黄 、秦皮之苦
剂也。久服发黑，亦使身轻。 木皮，多出产江南；作汤末，可洗敷蛇咬。
\r海桐皮\pj292.bmp\r
味苦、气平。无毒。出雷州（属广东）及近海州郡，似桐皮而坚韧白黄。收采无时，
任煎汤液。主霍乱赤白久痢，除疳 疥癣牙虫。渍酒治风蹶殊功，渍水洗赤眼神效。堪作绳
索，入水常存。（浸不烂也。）
\r山栀子\pj293.bmp\r
味苦，气寒。味浓气薄，气浮味降，阴中阳也。无毒。一名越桃，霜后收采。家园
栽者，肥大且长（此号伏尸栀子。）只供染色之需，五棱六棱弗计。山谷产者，圆小又薄。
堪
为入药之用，七棱九棱方良。析梗乃须，研碎才炒。（止血用，须炒黑色；去热用，但燥而
已。）留皮除热于肌表，去皮却热于心胸。（一说∶去皮泻心火，留皮泻肺火。）其所入之经
，手太阴一脏。因轻浮象肺，色赤象火，故治至高之分，而泻肺中之火也。本不能作吐，仲
景用为吐药者，为邪气在上，拒而不纳，食令上吐，邪因得出。经曰∶在高者，因而越之。
此之谓也。易不能利小便，易老用利小便者，实非利小便，乃清肺也。肺气清而化，则小便
从此气化而出。经曰∶膀胱为津液之府，气化则能出者，此之谓也。《本经》又谓∶治大小
肠热及胃中热者，此因辛与庚合，又与丙合，又能泄戊，其先于中州故焉。加生姜橘皮，治
呕哕不止；加浓朴枳实，除腹满而烦。加茵陈，治湿热发黄；加甘草，治少气虚满。倘除烦
燥于心内，须加香豉而建功。盖烦者，气也；燥者，（懊 不眠之谓。）血也。气主肺，血主
肾。故用栀子治肺烦，用香豉治肾燥也。若加生姜绞汁，尤治心腹久疼。上焦客热善驱，五
种黄病竟解。去赤目作障，止霍乱转筋。赤白癞疮，酒 鼻。五内邪气，悉能除之。丹溪
又曰∶解热郁，行结气。其性屈曲下行，大能降火从小便泄去，人所不知也。
秦皮
味苦，气寒。性质沉降，属阴。无毒。产于陕西郡州，以及庐江的川谷地带。树木类似檀木，根部与槐树根相同。
叶子像匙头一样，表面稍显光亮，树皮上有很多白点，不粗糙。（即不粗糙的意思。）俗人因此称它为白木，又称石檀树、苦树，都是取它的形象来命名的。秋末采集树皮，阴干后备用。浸泡在水中，水色呈现碧绿色；用来写字纸，纸面略显青色。这是检验真伪的真实方法，凡是寻求此药的人不要弄错。与大戟相使，厌恶吴茱萸、苦瓠和防葵。（苦瓠、防葵。）专门用于眼科，去除肝脏中的久热。煎煮汁液澄清后，随时滴眼或清洗。对于白膜遮蔽视力、视物不见的情况，立即见效；对于红肿疼痛、流泪不止的情况，有显著功效。有助于改善男子精衰，止住妇人带下。小儿发热惊风抽搐，也可以煎汤洗澡。能兼驱风寒湿痹，消除热痢后的里急后重。经书说：“用苦味来坚固（正气），”所以使用白头翁、黄柏、秦皮的苦剂。长期服用能使头发变黑，也能使身体轻盈。杜仲皮，多出产于江南地区；煎汤或研末，可以洗涤敷治蛇咬伤。
海桐皮
味苦，气平。无毒。出自雷州（属于广东）及沿海州郡，形状像桐树皮但坚韧，颜色白黄。采收没有固定时间，任意煎煮成汤液。主治霍乱、赤白久痢，去除疳积、疥癣和牙虫。浸泡在酒中治疗风邪厥逆有殊效，浸泡水洗治疗红眼病有效。可以做绳索，入水常存。（浸泡不腐烂的意思。）
山栀子
味苦，气寒。气味浓厚而轻浮，气升味降，属于阴中之阳。无毒。又名越桃，霜降后采收。家园种植的，肥大且长（这种称为伏尸栀子）。只供染色之用，不论五棱还是六棱。山谷出产的，圆小又薄。可以作为入药使用，七棱九棱的才是良材。折断梗茎是必须的，研碎后才可炒制。（止血用，必须炒至黑色；去热用，只需干燥即可。）保留果皮能清除肌表的热，去掉果皮能清除心胸的热。（一说：去皮泻心火，留皮泻肺火。）它进入的经络，只有手太阴肺脏一脏。因为质地轻浮象肺，颜色赤色象火，所以治疗人体最高部位的分野，而清泻肺中的火。本来不能引起呕吐，张仲景用它作为吐药，是因为邪气在上焦，拒绝接纳药物，让食物向上吐出，邪气随之排出。经书说：“病位在高处的，顺势使其涌吐。”说的就是这种情况。其实它不能通利小便，易老（指刘完素等医家或泛指善用者）用它来利小便，实际上并非直接利小便，而是清肺。肺气清肃则气化功能正常，小便便由此气化而出。经书说：“膀胱是津液的府库，气化才能排出”，说的就是这种情况。《本经》又说：治疗大小肠热及胃中热，这是因为辛金与庚金相合，又与丙火相合，又能泄戊土，因为它先作用于中州（脾胃）的缘故。加入生姜、橘皮，治疗呕吐呃逆不止；加入厚朴、枳实，消除腹满烦闷。加入茵陈，治疗湿热发黄；加入甘草，治疗少气虚满。如果在心中除烦燥，必须加入香豉才能建功。大概烦，是指气的问题；燥，（指懊恼不眠的状态。）是指血的问题。气主肺，血主肾。所以用栀子治疗肺烦，用香豉治疗肾燥。如果加入生姜绞汁，尤其治疗心腹久痛。能驱散上焦客热，解除五种黄病。去除赤目障翳，止住霍乱转筋。赤白癞疮、酒齄鼻，五脏内的邪气，都能清除。朱丹溪又说：解热郁，行结气。它的性质屈曲下行，大能降火从小便泄出，这是人们所不知道的。
Qinpi (Cortex Fraxini)
Bitter in taste, cold in nature. Sinking and yin in quality. Non-toxic. Produced in Junzhou, Shaanxi, and the valleys of Lujiang. The tree resembles Dalbergia (rosewood), and its root is similar to that of Sophora (Chinese pagoda tree).
The leaves resemble the head of a spoon and are slightly glossy; the bark has many white spots and is not rough. (Meaning not rough.) Commonly called "White Wood" or "Stone Sandalwood Tree," "Bitter Tree," all named after their appearance. Harvest the bark at the end of autumn and dry it in the shade for use. When soaked in water, the water turns emerald green; when used to write on paper, the paper surface appears slightly bluish-green. This is the true test of authenticity; seekers must not be mistaken. It acts with Euphorbia lathyris (Daji) and is incompatible with Evodia (Wuzhuyu), bitter bottle gourd (Kuhu), and Phlogophora (Fang Kui). (Bottle gourd, Fang Kui.) It specializes in ophthalmology, removing long-standing heat from the liver. Decoct the juice, clarify it, and apply to the eyes at any time. For conditions where a white membrane obscures vision causing blindness, it works rapidly; for redness, swelling, pain, and continuous tearing, it achieves remarkable results. It benefits men with seminal depletion and stops leukorrhea in women. For children with fever and convulsions due to wind-phlegm, it can also be decocted as a bath. It expels wind-cold-damp bi syndrome and relieves tenesmus in hot dysentery. The Classics state: "Use bitter flavors to consolidate," hence the use of bitter formulas containing Pulsatilla chinensis (Baitouweng), Phellodendron amurense (Huangbai), and Qinpi. Long-term consumption darkens hair and lightens the body. Cortex Eucommiae (Duzhong pi) is mostly produced in Jiangnan; decocted or powdered, it can be washed and applied to snake bites.
Haitongpi (Cortex Pittospori)
Bitter in taste, neutral in nature. Non-toxic. Originates from Leizhou (in Guangdong) and coastal commanderies. It resembles Trewia (pittosporum) bark but is tough and yellowish-white. It can be harvested at any time and decocted into liquid. It primarily treats cholera and chronic dysentery with blood and pus, removes malnutrition (gan-ji), scabies, tinea, and dental worms. Soaked in wine, it excellently treats wind-stroke and厥逆 (jue-ni, reversal cold); soaked in water for washing, it effectively treats red-eye disease. It is strong enough to make ropes and remains intact in water. (Meaning it does not rot when immersed.)
Shanzhizi (Fructus Gardeniae)
Bitter in taste, cold in nature. Strong flavor and light qi, ascending qi and descending flavor, representing yang within yin. Non-toxic. Also known as Yue Tao. Harvest after frost. Those cultivated in gardens are large and long (called Fushi Zhizi). They are only suitable for dyeing, regardless of having five or six ridges. Those produced in mountains and valleys are round, small, and thin. They are suitable for medicinal use, especially those with seven or nine ridges. Breaking the stem is necessary; grinding before frying is required. (For stopping bleeding, fry until black; for clearing heat, drying is sufficient.) Retaining the peel clears heat from the muscle surface; removing the peel clears heat from the heart and chest. (One theory says: removing the peel drains heart fire, retaining the peel drains lung fire.) Its meridian entry is solely the Hand-Taiyin Lung organ. Because it is light and floating like the lung, and red like fire, it treats the highest parts of the body and drains fire from the lungs. Originally, it cannot induce vomiting. Zhang Zhongjing used it as an emetic because when pathogenic factors are in the upper jiao and reject intake, inducing vomiting of food helps expel the pathogens. The Classics say: "For pathogens in high positions, promote their expulsion via vomiting." This is what is meant. Actually, it does not directly promote urination. Liu Wansu (or experts) used it to promote urination, but this is actually clearing the lungs. When lung qi is clear and transforms properly, urine is excreted through qi transformation. The Classics say: "The Bladder is the mansion of fluids; it excretes them through qi transformation." This refers to this mechanism. The *Shennong Bencao Jing* also states it treats heat in the large and small intestines and stomach. This is because Xin metal combines with Geng metal, Bing fire, and can drain Wu earth, acting first on the Central Region (Spleen/Stomach). Adding fresh ginger and tangerine peel treats persistent vomiting and hiccups; adding Magnolia officinalis (Houpo) and Immature Bitter Orange (Zhishi) removes abdominal fullness and vexation. Adding Artemisia capillaris (Yinchen) treats damp-heat jaundice; adding Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Gancao) treats shortness of breath and deficiency-type fullness. To relieve internal vexation and dryness, add Fermented Soybean (Xiangchi) to achieve success. Vexation relates to qi; dryness (meaning restlessness and insomnia) relates to blood. Qi governs the lung, and blood governs the kidney. Thus, Zhizi treats lung-related vexation, and Xiangchi treats kidney-related dryness. If added with fresh ginger juice, it particularly treats chronic heart and abdominal pain. It drives away guest-heat in the upper jiao and resolves the five types of jaundice. It removes red eye obstructions, stops cholera with muscle spasms, and eliminates pathogens in the five zang organs affecting erythema, leprosy-like sores, and rhinophyma. Zhu Danxi further stated: it resolves heat stagnation and moves condensed qi. Its nature curves downward, greatly reducing fire by excreting it through urine, a fact unknown to most people.