\r防风\pj122.bmp\r
味甘、辛、气温。升也，阳也。无毒。种生沙苑，（属河南。）根类蜀葵。秋后采收，
干
入药。杀乌头大毒，恶藜蔹芫姜。（藜芦、白蔹、芫花、干姜。）择坚实脂润为良，去芦头钗
股不用。系太阳本经之药，
又通行脾胃二经。职居卒伍卑贱之流，听命即行，随引竟至
润剂也。治风通用，散湿亦
宜。身去身半以上风邪，梢去身
晕头颅，更开目盲无见，故
云除上焦风邪要药。倘或误服，反泻人上焦元气，为害岂浅浅哉！花止痛骨节间，亦
治风效；子消谷胃脘内，
又调食香。叶收采煎汤，主风热汗出。
\r兴化军防己\pj123.bmp\r
\r黔州防己\pj124.bmp\r
味辛、苦，气平、寒。阴也。无毒。多生汉中府，（属陕西。）通行十二经。畏萆 杀雄
黄毒，恶细辛宜使殷 。状
与木通近似，气吹亦贯两头。卖家因难得真，多采似者假代。殊不知气味大异，无益有伤。
凡觅拯 ，甚宜细审。种因
根苗各治，名分汉木两呼，
汉防己是根，破之纹作车辐解，黄实馨香；木防己是苗，皮皱上有丁足子，青白
虚软。宗此辩认，庶不差讹。
并刮净粗皮，才咀成薄片。汉者主水气，名载君行；（音杭。）木香理风邪，职佥使列。
故云∶腰以下至足，湿热肿痛脚痛，及利大小二便，退膀胱积热，消痈散肿，非用汉者
不能成功。若疗肺气喘嗽、
膈间支满，并除中风挛急、风寒湿疟热邪，此又全仗木者以取效也。
（谟）按∶东垣云∶防己性苦，寒，纯阴。能泻血中湿热，通血中滞塞。补阴泄阳，助
秋冬、泻春夏之药也。譬诸
于人，则险而健者类之。夫险健者，每每幸灾乐祸，遇有风尘之警，必竟借为乱阶。然而见
善亦喜，见恶亦怒。如善用
之，可使御敌凶暴之人，冲突险固之地，亦不为无益者也。故凡瞑眩之药，圣人安得因之而
便废耶！亦必存之以待善用。
今夫防己闻其臭则可恶，下咽则令身心烦乱，饮食减少，药之瞑眩，诚为拇拙。至于通行十
二经，以去湿热壅塞肿疼，
反治下注香港脚，除膀胱积热而庇其基，则非此不可，诚为行经之仙药也。然
在人善用而不错尔。复有不
可用者数端，今悉举陈使知警省。如饮食劳倦、
阴虚内热、元气、谷气已亏之病，而以防己泻去大便，则重亡其血，此不可用一也；如大渴
引饮，是热在下焦气分，宜渗泻之，其防己乃下焦血药，此不可用二也；如外感风寒，邪
传肺经，气分湿热而小便黄赤，甚至不通，此上焦气病，禁用血药，此不可用三也；若人久
病，津液不行，上焦虚渴，宜补以人参、葛根之甘温，倘用苦寒之剂，则促危亡，此不可
用四也。仍不止如此，但上焦湿热者皆不可用。若系下焦湿热流入十二经，以至二阴不通，
必须审用可也。学人宜并览之。
防风
味甘、辛，性温。具有升散特性，属阳。无毒。生长在沙苑（位于河南），根部类似蜀葵。秋季之后采收，晒干后入药。能消除乌头的大毒，忌与藜芦、白蔹、芫花、干姜同用。（注：原文“藜蔹芫姜”指藜芦、白蔹、芫花、干姜。）选择质地坚实、油脂滋润的药材为佳，需去除根头的芦头和像钗股一样的须根。它是足太阳膀胱经的本经药物，又能通行足太阴脾经和足阳明胃经。其地位虽如卒伍般卑微，但一旦听从引导（配伍其他药物），便能随引经药直达病所，起到润剂的作用。治疗风邪通用，疏散湿气也适宜。它能祛除身体上半部分的风邪，梢部可治头晕头痛，更能改善目盲无见，因此被称为清除上焦风邪的要药。如果误服，反而会泻伤人体上焦的元气，危害岂不浅显！其花能缓解骨节间的疼痛，也有祛风疗效；其子能消食化谷于胃脘内，又能调理食欲使食物香味更佳。叶片采收煎汤，主治风热引起的汗出。
兴化军产防己
黔州产防己
味辛、苦，性平、寒。属阴。无毒。多产于汉中府（位于陕西）。通行十二经脉。畏萆薢，能解雄黄之毒，忌与细辛同用（原文“宜使殷”疑为衍文或特定语境下的禁忌表述，此处依常规药理及上下文理解为忌配伍或需注意配伍，结合后文“恶细辛”，译为忌与细辛同用或受其影响）。形状与木通近似，气味也能贯穿两头。卖家因为难以获得真品，常采集相似品种假冒替代。殊不知两者气味大相径庭，不仅无益反而有害。凡是寻找用于救治的药物，非常需要仔细审查。种植因根和苗不同而各有主治，名称分为汉防己和木防己两种称呼。汉防己是根部，破开后面纹呈车辐状，颜色黄实且香气浓郁；木防己是茎苗，皮皱上有丁足状的突起，颜色青白且质地虚软。依据这些特征辨认，才不会出错。并刮去粗糙的外皮，才能切成薄片。汉防己主要治疗水气病，名字中带有“君行”之意（音杭）；木防己理风邪，职位如同佥使。所以说：腰部以下至足部的湿热肿痛、脚痛，以及通利大小便、退除膀胱积热、消散痈肿，非用汉防己不能成功。若治疗肺气喘嗽、胸膈间支撑满闷，以及去除中风引起的肢体拘挛急迫、风寒湿疟热邪，这又完全依靠木防己来取效。
（陈嘉谟）按语：李东垣说：防己性味苦、寒，纯阴之品。能泻血中的湿热，疏通血中的滞塞。是补阴泄阳，辅助秋冬季节、泻除春夏季节过盛之气的药物。比喻于人，就像那些险峻而健壮的人。这类险峻健壮的人，常常幸灾乐祸，遇到风尘警报时，必定借机作乱。然而他们见到善事也会高兴，见到恶事也会愤怒。如果能善用他们，可以使那些抵御敌人凶暴之人，冲锋陷阵于险固之地，也不是没有益处的。所以凡是引起瞑眩反应的药物，圣人怎么能因为这一点就废弃不用呢！也必须保留它们以等待善于使用的人。如今防己闻起来气味可恶，咽下后会让身心烦乱，饮食减少，药物的瞑眩反应，确实显得笨拙。至于它通行十二经脉，去除湿热壅塞导致的肿痛，反过来治疗下注的香港脚（脚气病），清除膀胱积热以保护根基，则非此药不可，确实是行经的仙药。但这在于人能否善用而不犯错。又有几种情况不能使用，现在全部列举出来使人们知晓并警惕反省。例如饮食劳倦、阴虚内热、元气和谷气已经亏损的疾病，如果用防己泻去大便，则会再次亡失血液，这是不可用的第一种情况；例如大渴引饮，这是热在下焦气分，应该用渗泻的方法治疗，而防己是下焦血分药，这是不可用的第二种情况；例如外感风寒，邪气传入肺经，气分有湿热导致小便黄赤，甚至不通，这是上焦气分病变，禁用血分药，这是不可用的第三种情况；如果人久病，津液运行不畅，上焦虚渴，应该用人参、葛根的甘温之品来补益，如果使用苦寒的药剂，则会加速危亡，这是不可用的第四种情况。仍然不止这些，凡是上焦湿热者都不可用。如果是下焦湿热流入十二经脉，以至于二阴不通，必须审慎使用才行。学者应当一并阅览这些内容。
Fangfeng (Saposhnikoviae Radix)
Taste: Sweet, Pungent. Temperature: Warm. Nature: Ascending, Yang. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Grows in Shayuan (located in Henan), with roots resembling Malva verticillata (Shukui). Harvested after autumn, dried for medicinal use. It can neutralize the severe toxicity of Aconitum carmichaelii (Wutou). Adverse interactions with Veratrum nigrum (Lilu), Ampelopsis japonica (Bailian), Genkwa flos (Yanhua), and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens (Ganjiang). Select those that are solid and moist with oil as superior; remove the root crown (Lu tou) and fibrous rootlets resembling hairpin shafts. It is a primary herb of the Taiyang (Bladder) channel, and also circulates through the Spleen and Stomach channels. Though its status is humble like a common soldier, once guided by other herbs, it follows the direction to reach the target, acting as a moistening agent. It is universally used for treating Wind pathogens and is suitable for dispersing Dampness. The main part of the root removes Wind pathogenic factors from the upper half of the body; the tip treats dizziness and headache; it can also improve blindness, thus being called an essential herb for clearing Wind from the Upper Jiao (Upper Burner). If taken mistakenly, it may drain the Yuan Qi (Original Qi) of the Upper Jiao, causing significant harm! The flowers relieve pain in the joints and have efficacy against Wind; the seeds digest food within the stomach and regulate appetite to enhance flavor. Leaves harvested and decocted treat sweating due to Wind-Heat.
Fangji (Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix / Stephaniae Sinensis Caulis) produced in Xinghua Army
Fangji produced in Qianzhou
Taste: Pungent, Bitter. Temperature: Neutral, Cold. Nature: Yin. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Mostly grows in Hanzhong Prefecture (located in Shaanxi). Circulates through the Twelve Channels. Adverse interaction with Dioscorea hypoglauca (Bixie); resolves the toxicity of Realgar (Xionghuang); adverse interaction with Asarum (Xixin). Its shape is similar to Akebiae Caulis (Mutong), and its aroma permeates both ends. Sellers, finding genuine products hard to obtain, often substitute them with similar-looking varieties. However, their tastes and aromas differ greatly; substitution brings no benefit but causes harm. When seeking remedies, careful examination is highly advisable. Due to differences between roots and stems, they have different treatments and names: Han Fangji refers to the root, which when broken shows a pattern like chariot spokes, is yellowish-solid, and fragrant; Mu Fangji refers to the stem, which has wrinkled skin with wart-like protrusions, is bluish-white, and spongy-soft. Identifying based on these features prevents errors. Scrape off the rough bark before slicing into thin pieces. Han Fangji primarily treats Water-Qi disorders, associated with the term "Jun Xing" (sound Hang); Mu Fangji regulates Wind pathogens, functioning like a "Qianshi". Therefore, it is said: For damp-heat swelling and pain from the waist down to the feet, foot pain, promoting urination and defecation, clearing accumulated heat in the Bladder, and dissipating abscesses and swelling, only Han Fangji can achieve success. For treating lung asthma and cough, fullness and support in the chest/diaphragm, relieving spasms and stiffness from Zhong Feng (Wind Stroke), and expelling Wind-Cold-Damp-Malaria-Heat pathogens, Mu Fangji is entirely relied upon for efficacy.
(Chen Jiamo) Commentary: Li Dongyuan stated: Fangji is bitter and cold, purely Yin. It can drain damp-heat from the blood and unblock stagnation in the blood. It supplements Yin and drains Yang, assisting the energies of Autumn and Winter while draining the excess of Spring and Summer. Metaphorically, it resembles dangerous yet robust individuals. Such dangerous and robust people often rejoice in disasters and anger at evil. When wind-and-dust alarms occur, they may seize the opportunity to cause chaos. However, they also rejoice in good and anger at evil. If used properly, they can be employed to defend against fierce enemies or charge into fortified dangerous places, which is not without merit. Thus, for herbs that cause Ming Xuan (dazzling/disorienting reactions), how could the Sages discard them entirely? They must be preserved for skilled users. Currently, Fangji smells unpleasant and causes mental restlessness and reduced appetite upon ingestion, making its Ming Xuan reaction seem clumsy. Yet, regarding its ability to circulate through the Twelve Channels, remove damp-heat obstruction causing swelling and pain, treat Hong Kong Foot (Jiaoxi/Foot Rot) caused by downward pouring, clear Bladder accumulated heat to protect the foundation, it is indispensable, truly a celestial herb for channel circulation. This depends on whether humans can use it skillfully without error. There are several situations where it should not be used, which are listed below to alert learners. First, for diseases involving dietary irregularities, overwork, Yin deficiency with internal heat, or depleted Yuan Qi and Gu Qi (Grain Qi), using Fangji to purge stool will further deplete Blood; this is the first contraindication. Second, for excessive thirst with drinking, indicating Heat in the Qi aspect of the Lower Jiao, which should be treated by leaching/draining, Fangji acts on the Blood aspect of the Lower Jiao; this is the second contraindication. Third, for external contraction of Wind-Cold where pathogenic factors transmit to the Lung channel, causing damp-heat in the Qi aspect leading to yellow-red or obstructed urine, this is a Qi disorder of the Upper Jiao, and Blood-acting drugs are prohibited; this is the third contraindication. Fourth, for chronic illness where Jin Ye (Body Fluids) do not circulate, causing Upper Jiao deficiency-thirst, one should supplement with sweet-warm herbs like Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen) and Puerariae Radix (Gegen); using bitter-cold agents will hasten danger and death; this is the fourth contraindication. Furthermore, all cases of Upper Jiao damp-heat are unsuitable. Only if Lower Jiao damp-heat flows into the Twelve Channels, causing obstruction of the two yin openings, should it be used with extreme caution. Scholars should review this comprehensively.