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味辛、苦，气寒。味浓，沉也，阴也，阴中之阳。无毒。浙郡俱生，广州独胜。本
与橘红同种，此未成熟落之。皮紧浓色则纯青，头破裂状如莲瓣。去穣嘴薄，润醋炒干。《
汤液》云∶陈皮治高，青皮治低，亦以功力大小不同故尔。入少阳三焦胆腑，又厥阴肝脏引
经。削坚癖小腹中，温疟热盛者莫缺；（患疟热盛，缠久不愈，必结癖块，俗云疟母。宜清
脾汤多服，内有青皮疏利肝邪，则癖自不结也。）破滞气左胁下，郁怒痛甚者须投。劫疝疏
肝，消食宽胃。病已切勿过服，恐损真气；先防老弱虚羸，尤当全戒。近冬赤熟，薄皮细纹
。新采者名橘红，气味稍缓，胃虚气弱者宜；久藏者名陈皮，气味辛烈，痰实气
壅服妙。东
垣又曰∶留白则补胃和中，去白则消痰利滞。治虽分二，用不宜单。君白术则益脾，单则损
脾；佐甘草则补肺，否则泻肺。同竹茹，治呃逆因热；同干姜，治呃逆因寒。止香港脚冲心，
除膀胱留热。利小水，通五淋，解酒毒，去寸白。核研仁调醇酒饮，驱腰痛疝痛神丹；
叶引
经以肝气行，散乳痈胁痈圣药。橘囊上筋膜微炒，醉呕吐发渴急煎。肉多食生痰，
穣多食上
气。虽并止渴，未足益人。又种乳柑，圆大过橘。皮粗且浓，色赤兼黄。经霜甚甜，未经霜
者味酸，故名柑子。其皮不任药用，肉惟解酒良。多食脏寒，令人泄痢也。柑皮不甚苦，橘
皮极苦，至熟亦苦。
（谟）按∶青皮、陈皮一种，枳实、枳壳一种，因其迟早采收，特分老嫩而立名也。嫩
者性酷
治下，青皮枳实相同；老者性缓治高，陈皮枳壳无异。四药主治并以导滞消痞为
专，虽高下各行，其泻气则一。单服久服俱损真元，故必以甘补之药为君，少加辅佐，使补
中兼泻，泻则兼补，庶几不致于偏胜也。陈皮款下已详发明，余虽未言，举一隅则可以三隅
反矣。
味辛、苦，气寒。气味浓厚，性质沉降，属于阴，是阴中之阳。无毒。浙江各地都有生长，广州出产的最为优良。原本与橘红是同一种植物，这是指未成熟时脱落下来的果实所取的皮。皮紧实、颜色深浓且纯青，顶端破裂形状像莲花花瓣。去掉瓤和蒂，皮薄，用醋润湿后炒干。《汤液经》说：陈皮治疗上部（高）的病证，青皮治疗下部（低）的病证，这也是因为它们的功效强弱不同所致。（进入少阳三焦胆腑，又是厥阴肝脏的引经药。）消除小腹中的坚硬积块，温疟热盛者不可缺少；（患疟疾热势亢盛，缠绵日久不愈，必然结成癖块，俗称“疟母”。宜多服清脾汤，方中含有青皮以疏利肝邪，则癖块自然不结。）破除左胁下的滞气，因郁怒导致疼痛剧烈者必须投用。收敛疝气、疏理肝气，消食宽胃。病愈后切勿过量服用，恐怕损伤真气；预先防备老人、体弱及虚损之人，尤其应当完全禁忌。临近冬天变红成熟的，皮薄细纹。新采摘的名为橘红，气味稍缓和，适合胃虚气弱者；久藏的名为陈皮，气味辛烈，痰实气壅者服用效果奇妙。李东垣又说：保留白色内层则补益脾胃、调和中焦，去除白色内层则消除痰饮、通利滞气。虽然主治有所区分，但使用时不宜单用。作为君药配伍白术则补益脾气，单独使用则损伤脾气；作为佐药配伍甘草则补益肺气，否则则泻肺气。配合竹茹，治疗因热引起的呃逆；配合干姜，治疗因寒引起的呃逆。止住脚气冲心，清除膀胱滞留的热邪。通利小便，通治五种淋证，解酒毒，去除寸白虫。果核研成仁，调以醇酒饮用，是驱除腰痛、疝痛的灵丹妙药；叶片引导药力进入肝经以行肝气，是消散乳痈、胁痈的圣药。橘囊上的筋膜微炒，急煎治疗醉酒呕吐引发的口渴。果肉多吃会生痰，橘瓤多吃会导致气逆。虽然都能止渴，但不足以有益于人。又有一种叫乳柑的植物，果实圆大超过橘子。皮粗糙且厚，颜色赤黄相间。经过霜打后非常甜，未经霜打的味酸，所以名叫柑子。它的皮不适合药用，果肉只有解酒的功效。多吃会使内脏寒冷，让人腹泻痢疾。柑皮不是很苦，橘皮极苦，即使成熟了也是苦的。
（陈嘉谟）按语：青皮和陈皮是一种植物，枳实和枳壳也是一种植物，因为它们采收时间有早有晚，特意根据老嫩来命名。嫩的药性猛烈，治疗下部疾病，青皮和枳实相同；老的药性缓和，治疗上部疾病，陈皮和枳壳无异。这四种药物的主治都以导滞消痞为专长，虽然上下各有所主，但其泻气的功效是一致的。单独服用、长期服用都会损伤真元，所以必须以甘补的药物作为君药，少量加入辅佐药物，使补益中兼有泻实，泻实中兼有补益，这样才不至于偏胜。陈皮条目下已经详细阐发，其余虽未多说，举一反三即可明白。
Citrus Peel (Jupi)
Pomelo Peel (Youpi)
Acrid, bitter, cold in nature. The flavor is intense, the nature is sinking, belonging to Yin, specifically Yang within Yin. Non-toxic. Grown throughout Zhejiang region, with Guangzhou producing the finest quality. Originally of the same species as Chenpi (Aged Tangerine Peel), this refers to the peel of fruits that have fallen before maturity. The skin is tight and thick, purely green in color, with the tip cracked like lotus petals. Remove the pulp and stem; the skin is thin, moistened with vinegar, and stir-fried until dry. *Tangye Jing* (Classic of Decoctions) states: Chenpi treats disorders in the upper body (high), while Qingpi (Green Tangerine Peel) treats disorders in the lower body (low); this is due to differences in their potency. It enters the Shaoyang Sanjiao (Triple Burner) and Gallbladder organs, and serves as a guiding herb for the Jueyin Liver meridian. It resolves hard accumulations in the lower abdomen and is indispensable for warm malaria with intense heat; (When malaria with intense heat persists for a long time without resolution, it inevitably forms mass-like accumulations, commonly known as "Malaria Mother" (Nuomu). It is advisable to take Qingpi Tang (Clear Spleen Decoction) frequently; it contains Qingpi to soothe and regulate Liver pathogenic factors, thereby preventing the formation of masses.) It breaks up stagnant Qi under the left hypochondrium and must be administered for severe pain caused by depression and anger. It arrests hernia, soothes the Liver, promotes digestion, and relaxes the Stomach. Do not overuse after the illness has resolved, lest it damage true Qi; special caution is required for the elderly, weak, and emaciated individuals, who should strictly avoid it. Near winter, when they turn red and ripe, the skin is thin with fine lines. Newly harvested ones are named Juhong (Fresh Tangerine Peel), with milder aroma and flavor, suitable for those with deficient Stomach Qi; those stored for a long time are named Chenpi, with pungent and strong aroma and flavor, excellent for consumption by those with phlegm-dampness and Qi stagnation. Li Dongyuan further stated: Retaining the white albedo tonifies the Stomach and harmonizes the Middle Jiao; removing it eliminates phlegm and relieves stagnation. Although their indications differ, they should not be used singly. As the sovereign herb paired with Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), it benefits the Spleen; used alone, it damages the Spleen; as an assistant herb paired with Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), it tonifies the Lung; otherwise, it drains the Lung. Combined with Zhuru (Bambusae Caulis in Recens), it treats hiccups due to heat; combined with Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), it treats hiccups due to cold. It stops jiaoxi chongxin (foot qi rushing to the heart), removes retained heat in the Bladder. It promotes urination, treats the five types of lin syndrome (dysuria), resolves alcohol toxicity, and expels tapeworms (Cestoda). The seeds ground into powder and taken with pure wine are a divine elixir for driving away lower back pain and hernia pain; the leaves guide the medicine to the Liver meridian to move Liver Qi and are a sacred remedy for dispersing mastitis and hypochondriac abscesses. The fibrous membrane on the orange sac, lightly stir-fried, is decocted urgently to treat thirst following drunken vomiting. Eating too much flesh generates phlegm; eating too much pulp causes Qi rebellion. Although both can quench thirst, neither is sufficient to benefit the person. Another variety called Rugan (Milk Citron) has fruits round and larger than tangerines. The skin is rough and thick, colored red and yellow. After frost, it becomes very sweet; before frost, it is sour, hence the name Ganzi (Citron). Its skin is not suitable for medicinal use; its flesh is only good for resolving alcohol toxicity. Excessive consumption causes internal cold, leading to diarrhea and dysentery. Citron peel is not very bitter; tangerine peel is extremely bitter, remaining bitter even when fully ripe.
(Chen Jiamo) Commentary: Qingpi and Chenpi are from the same plant; Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Zhike (Ripe Bitter Orange) are from the same plant. They are named according to age based on early or late harvesting. The young ones have a fierce nature and treat lower disorders, similar to Qingpi and Zhishi; the old ones have a mild nature and treat upper disorders, identical to Chenpi and Zhike. The main indications for these four drugs focus on guiding stagnation and dissipating痞 (fullness/masses). Although they act on different levels (high and low), their Qi-draining function is the same. Long-term single use damages true Yuan Qi; therefore, they must be paired with sweet-tonifying herbs as the sovereign, with minor assistants, so that tonification includes draining and draining includes tonification, thus avoiding imbalance. The details for Chenpi have been thoroughly explained under its entry; although I have not spoken further of the others, understanding one corner allows one to infer the other three.