犀似牛。舌上有刺。好食棘刺。出西番南番滇南交州诸处。有山犀（居山林。易得。）
水犀（出入水中。最难得。并有二角。鼻角长而额角短。）兕犀（亦作 。即沙犀。止有一
角在顶。为独角犀。其纹理细腻。斑白分明。作器用佳。不堪入药。）三种。又有毛犀似之。
（即旄牛）
味苦酸咸。性甚走散。气寒。可升可降。阳中之阴也。入足阳明兼入手少阴经。（升麻
为之使。恶乌头乌喙。） 清胃解毒。泻肝凉心。治百毒。辟中恶气毒。解瘟疫寒热诸毒瓦斯。
镇心神。疗时疾热如火。烦毒入心。狂言妄语。主风毒攻心 热闷。中风失音。治吐血衄
血。伤寒蓄血。（上焦蓄血用犀角地黄汤）及发狂斑黄。疗小儿风热惊痫。并疮疹稠密。内
热黑陷。或不结痂。亦化疮肿痈疽脓血。 方书治卒中暴厥。与中蛊毒。咳嗽诸见血证。痰
饮消瘅。耳鼻唇舌面病。螈 挛痉。行痹痛痹。头痛眩晕。淋及溲血。滞下香港脚。 犀属南
方兽。似得火化之正令者。饮则污浊。清之也。食则毒棘。消之也。故曰犀利。（之颐） 小
儿惊痫不知人。嚼舌仰目者。浓磨犀角服之。立效。 痘疮稠密。不拘大人小儿。用新汲水。
磨生犀于涩器中。冷冻饮料浓汁。 同丹砂琥珀金箔天竺黄牛黄钩藤钩羚羊角真珠麝香。治大人
小儿风热惊痫。 磨汁。同生地红花子麦冬紫草白芍鼠粘子。治痘疮血热。初见点红艳壮热。
躁渴狂语。多服可保无虞。 磨汁。同郁金童便生地麦冬甘草白芍苏子丹参白药子。治吐血
衄血。 入紫雪。治大人小儿癫狂瘟疫。蛊毒邪魅。一切烦热为病。 入抱龙丸。治小儿恍
惚惊悸。痰涎壅塞。 入至宝丹。治中风不语。中恶气绝。一切神魂恍惚狂乱等证。下利鲜
血。犀角地榆银花各一两升麻五钱为末。炼蜜丸弹子大。每服一丸。水一升。煎五合。去渣
温服。此热毒伏于心经故也。宜加丹砂滑石末。以金银藤花熬汁煎药。更效。 鼻衄。犀角
磨汁。生地芍药丹皮。水煎服。热多者加黄芩。脉大来迟。腹不满自言满者。无热也。不用
黄芩。 溲血亦用上方。但空心服。（心系于肺。而小肠为心之腑以行水化。故二证可用一
方。）
〔论〕 犀茹百毒食众棘。凡毒入此兽之胃而悉化。其角属阳。性走散。洁古谓为阳中
之阴。大抵入胃而效心之用者。（观其能凉心解热疗烦毒治谵狂可见） 夫心为阳中之太阳。
又为手少阴经。以其火中宅水也。此味属阳而气寒。寒在阳中。阳至寒化。其酸苦涌泄。不
同苦寒之降折。所以散气毒者在此。所以散火结者即在此。（心原不受邪。凡受邪者。皆包
络也。包络与胃口紧相应。惟犀角能散包络之热毒。故治种种血证。以包络固主血者也。） 故
又能治中风。盖风火阳也。心为火主。风逐火焰。火散而风自平。且肝脾之系。俱连系于心。
是
方书用兹味。主治中风证居多。（皆见恍惚闷乱。昏烦不语。及謇涩谵错颠倒。舌强失
音等证。）夫风属肝所司。而子母禅受。绝无等待。且风火相煽。类属热毒。非属阳中之阴
如此味者。不克静受病之主脏也。观于治风之次。即属治惊。其义不更显然乎。惟血虚而有
火者。最宜酌投。（是以孕妇多服则损胎气）大约火实欲空者。宜之。火空欲实者。仍忌之
耳。
痘证气虚无大热者。不宜用。（仲淳） 或以血虚而燥热发者。用之祸至。（丹溪）伤寒
阴证发躁。勿误用。妊妇多服。能消胎气。（仲淳）
〔辨治〕 文如鱼子形。谓之粟纹。纹中有眼为粟眼。黑中有黄花者为正透。黄中有黑
花者为倒透。花中复有花者为重透。并名通犀。乃上品也。花如椒豆斑者次之。乌犀纯黑无
花者为下。（濒湖） 未经汤火煮制者为生犀。始可用。角尖尤胜。以纸裹置怀中一宿。则
易研。（人气粉犀）入丸散。屑之。寻常汤药。磨汁冲服。
犀牛外形像牛。舌头表面有刺。喜欢吃荆棘类的刺。出产于西番、南番、滇南、交州等地。主要有三种：山犀（生活在山林中，容易获得）、水犀（出入水中，最难获得，并且有两支角，鼻角长而额角短）、兕犀（也写作“觡”，即沙犀，只在头顶有一支角，称为独角犀，其纹理细腻，黑白斑纹分明，制作器物很好，但不适合入药）。另外还有毛犀，外形相似（即旄牛）。
味道苦、酸、咸。药性善于走散。气寒。既能上升又能下降，属于阳中的阴类。归足阳明胃经和手少阴心经。（以升麻为引经药，畏乌头、乌喙。）能清胃解毒，泻肝火，凉心热。治疗各种毒邪，辟除中恶之气毒，解除瘟疫引起的寒热及各类毒瓦斯。能镇安心神，治疗时行疾病热势如火，烦毒侵入心脏，胡言乱语，妄发狂言。主治风毒攻心导致的热闷感，中风失音。治疗吐血、衄血（鼻出血）。治疗伤寒蓄血证。（上焦蓄血使用犀角地黄汤）以及发狂、斑黄等症状。治疗小儿风热惊痫，以及疮疹稠密、内热黑陷或不结痂的情况。也能化解疮肿、痈疽的脓血。医书用此药治疗卒中暴厥、中蛊毒、咳嗽及各种见血证、痰饮、消渴、耳鼻唇舌面部疾病、抽搐痉挛、行痹痛痹、头痛眩晕、淋证及尿血、痢疾、脚气等。
犀属南方野兽，似乎得火化之正令者。饮水则污浊，取其清之意；吃毒棘，取其消之意。所以叫“犀利”。（之颐指出）小儿惊痫昏迷、嚼舌仰目者，浓磨犀角服用，立即见效。痘疮稠密，不论大人小孩，用新汲水，在涩器中磨生犀，冷冻后饮用浓汁。与丹砂、琥珀、金箔、天竺黄、牛黄、钩藤、羚羊角、真珠、麝香同用，治疗大人小儿风热惊痫。磨成汁，与生地、红花子、麦冬、紫草、白芍、鼠粘子同用，治疗痘疮血热，初见红点壮热、烦躁口渴、胡言乱语，多服可保无虞。磨成汁，与郁金、童便、生地、麦冬、甘草、白芍、苏子、丹参、白药子同用，治疗吐血、衄血。加入紫雪，治疗大人小儿癫狂、瘟疫、蛊毒邪魅，一切烦热为病。加入抱龙丸，治疗小儿恍惚惊悸、痰涎壅塞。加入至宝丹，治疗中风不语、中恶气绝、一切神魂恍惚狂乱等证、下利鲜血。犀角、地榆、银花各一两，升麻五钱，研为末，炼蜜制成弹子大的丸药，每次服一丸，用水一升，煎至五合，去渣温服。这是因为热毒伏在心经的缘故。宜加丹砂、滑石末，用金银藤花熬汁煎药，效果更好。鼻衄，犀角磨汁，配生地、芍药、丹皮，水煎服。热多者加黄芩。脉大来迟，腹部不胀满却自述胀满的，是无热证，不用黄芩。尿血也用上方，但需空腹服用。（心系于肺，而小肠为心之腑以行水化，故二证可用一方。）
〔论〕 犀能吞食百毒，吃各种荆棘，凡毒物进入此兽的胃中都能化解。其角属阳，性善走散，洁古谓其为阳中之阴。大致是入胃而发挥心的作用。（看它能凉心解热、疗烦毒、治谵狂可见一斑。）心为阳中之太阳，又为手少阴经，因为它体内宅藏有水。此味属阳而气寒，寒在阳中，阳至极处化为寒。其酸苦涌泄，不同于苦寒药的降折，所以能散气毒者在于此，所以能散火结者也在于此。（心本不受邪，凡受邪者，皆是心包络。包络与胃口紧密相应，只有犀角能散包络之热毒，所以治疗各种血证，因为包络主血。）所以又能治疗中风。盖因风火皆属阳，心为火之主，风逐火焰，火散而风自平。且肝脾之系，都连系于心。所以医书用此药，主治中风证居多。（都表现为恍惚闷乱、昏烦不语，及言语蹇涩、谵错颠倒、舌强失音等证。）风由肝所主，而子母相传，绝无等待，且风火相煽，类属热毒，非属阳中之阴如犀角这样的药，不能静受病之主脏。看它治疗风的次级功效就是治疗惊，其中的道理不是更明显吗？只有血虚而有火者，最适宜斟酌投用。（因此孕妇多服会损胎气。）大约火实欲空者，适宜使用；火空欲实者，仍应忌用。
痘证气虚无大热者，不宜用。（仲淳指出）或因血虚而燥热发者，用之祸至。（丹溪指出）伤寒阴证发躁，勿误用。孕妇多服，能消胎气。（仲淳指出）
〔辨治〕 纹路像鱼子形状，称为粟纹。纹中有眼为粟眼。黑底中有黄花者为正透，黄底中有黑花者为倒透，花中复有花者为重透，都名为通犀，乃上品。花纹如椒豆斑点的次之。乌犀纯黑无花的为下品。（濒湖指出）未经汤火煮制者为生犀，始可用。角尖尤胜。用纸包裹放在怀中一夜，则容易研磨。（人气粉犀）入丸散，需研成屑。寻常汤药，磨汁冲服。
The rhinoceros resembles an ox. Its tongue has spines. It likes to eat thorny branches. It is produced in regions such as Xifan, Nanfan, Diannan, and Jiaozhou. There are three types: Shanxi (Mountain Rhinoceros) (lives in mountains and forests, easy to obtain), Shuixi (Water Rhinoceros) (enters and exits water, hardest to obtain, and has two horns, with a long nasal horn and a short frontal horn), and Sixi (also written as "Ge", i.e., Sha Rhinoceros/Sand Rhinoceros) (has only one horn on the top of its head, known as the Monoceros; its texture is fine, with distinct black and white patterns, excellent for making vessels but unsuitable for medicinal use). There is also Maoxi (Hairy Rhinoceros), which resembles them (i.e., Bos gaurus/Mithun).
It tastes bitter, sour, and salty. Its nature is dispersing and moving. Its qi is cold. It can ascend and descend, belonging to Yin within Yang. It enters the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian and the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian. (Shengma acts as its guiding herb; it is incompatible with Aconitum carmichaelii root lateral preparation (Wutou) and Aconitum carmichaelii root lateral preparation (Wuhui).) It clears the stomach and resolves toxicity, drains Liver fire, cools the Heart, treats various toxins, expels malignant Qi and poison, resolves epidemic cold-heat and various toxic vapors. It calms the Spirit, treats pestilential diseases where heat burns like fire, irritant toxin entering the Heart causing delirious speech and madness. It governs wind-toxin attacking the Heart causing heat and stifling sensation, stroke with loss of voice. It treats hematemesis and epistaxis. It treats Taiyang disease blood accumulation. (For upper jiao blood accumulation, use Xijiao Dihuang Tang.) It also treats mania, macules, and jaundice. It treats pediatric wind-heat convulsions and epilepsy, as well as dense carbuncles and rashes, internal heat with black depression or failure to form scabs. It can also resolve pus and blood from carbuncles, sores, and ulcers. Medical texts use this substance to treat sudden syncope, poisoning by gu, cough with various bleeding manifestations, phlegm-fluid retention, wasting-thirst, diseases of the nose, ears, lips, tongue, and face, twitching, spasms, bi-syndrome with wandering pain, bi-syndrome with fixed pain, headache, vertigo, stranguria, and hematuria, dysentery, and beriberi.
The rhinoceros belongs to southern beasts, seemingly receiving the proper command of Fire transformation. When drinking, it muddies the water, symbolizing purification; when eating, it consumes toxic thorns, symbolizing digestion. Hence it is called "Xili" (Sharp/Resolving). (Zhi Yi states:) For pediatric convulsions and epilepsy with unconsciousness, tongue-biting, and eyes rolling upward, consuming thickly ground Rhinoceri Cornu yields immediate results. For dense smallpox, regardless of adult or child, use freshly drawn water to grind raw Rhinoceri Cornu in a rough vessel, and drink the thick juice after chilling. Combined with Cinnabar (Dansha), Amber (Hupo), Gold Leaf (Jinbo), Tianshu Huang, Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gouteng), Bovis Calculus (Niuhuang), Antelope Horn (Lingyangjiao), Pearl (Zhenzhu), and Moschus (Shexiang), it treats wind-heat convulsions and epilepsy in adults and children. Ground into juice and combined with Rehmanniae Radix (Shengdi), Carthami Flos (Honghua), Oenotherae Semen (Honghuaziren), Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong), Arnebiae Radix seu Lithospermi Radix (Zicao), Paeoniae Radix Alba (Baishao), and Taraxaci Herba (Niubangzi), it treats smallpox with blood-heat, showing red spots, high fever, restlessness, thirst, and delirium; taking more ensures safety. Ground into juice and combined with Curcumae Radix (Yujin), Child's Urine (Tongbian), Rehmanniae Radix (Shengdi), Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Gancao), Paeoniae Radix Alba (Baishao), Perillae Fructus (Suzi), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (Danshen), and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis (Baiyaoshi), it treats hematemesis and epistaxis. Included in Zixue Powder, it treats mania and epilepsy in adults and children, plague, gu-poisoning, evil spirits, and all disorders caused by irritant heat. Included in Baolong Pill, it treats pediatric trance, palpitations, and phlegm-fluid obstruction. Included in Zhibao Dan, it treats stroke with inability to speak, suffocation due to malignant Qi, all conditions of spiritual trance and madness, and bloody diarrhea. Rhinoceri Cornu, Sanguisorbae Radix (Diyu), and Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (Yinhua) each 1 liang, Cimicifugae Rhizoma (Shengma) 5 qian, are powdered and made into pills the size of beans with refined honey. Take one pill per dose, decoct in 1 sheng of water until 0.5 sheng remains, strain, and take warm. This is because heat-toxin lies hidden in the Heart Meridian. It is advisable to add Cinnabar powder and Talcum (Huashi), and decoct the medicine with decoction of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos et Caulis (Jinyinhua Teng). This is even more effective. For epistaxis, grind Rhinoceri Cornu into juice, combine with Rehmanniae Radix (Shengdi), Paeoniae Radix (Shaoyao), and Moutan Cortex (Danpi), decoct in water, and take. If heat is excessive, add Scutellariae Radix (Huangqin). If the pulse is large and slow to return, and the abdomen feels full though not distended, there is no heat; do not use Huangqin. Hematuria also uses the above formula, but taken on an empty stomach. (The Heart system connects to the Lung, and the Small Intestine is the Interior-Exterior partner of the Heart, governing water transformation; thus, both conditions can be treated with the same formula.)
[Discussion] The rhinoceros ingests hundred toxins and eats various thorns. Any toxin entering this beast's stomach is completely resolved. Its horn belongs to Yang, and its nature is dispersing. Jiegu stated it is Yin within Yang. Generally, it enters the Stomach to effect the function of the Heart. (This is evident from its ability to cool the Heart, resolve heat, treat irritant toxin, and cure delirium and madness.) The Heart is the Supreme Yang within Yang, and also the Hand-Shaoyin Meridian, because it houses Water within Fire. This substance belongs to Yang but has Cold qi. Cold within Yang transforms at the extreme of Yang into Cold. Its sour and bitter actions induce vomiting and purging, differing from the descending and suppressing action of bitter-cold herbs. Thus, its ability to disperse Qi-toxin lies here, and its ability to disperse Fire-knots also lies here. (The Heart itself does not accept pathogenic factors; those that accept pathogens are the Pericardium. The Pericardium is closely connected to the Stomach opening. Only Rhinoceri Cornu can disperse heat-toxin in the Pericardium, hence it treats various blood disorders, as the Pericardium governs Blood.) Therefore, it can also treat stroke. Wind and Fire both belong to Yang, and the Heart is the master of Fire. Wind chases the flame; when Fire disperses, Wind naturally calms. Moreover, the connections of the Liver and Spleen are linked to the Heart. Thus, medical texts use this substance, mostly treating stroke syndromes. (These present as trance, stifling confusion, drowsiness, irritability, inability to speak, slurred speech, delirious errors, inversion, stiff tongue, and loss of voice.) Wind is governed by the Liver, and transmission between mother and son occurs without delay. Furthermore, Wind and Fire fan each other, resembling heat-toxin. Without a substance belonging to Yin within Yang like this one, it cannot quietly subdue the main organ affected by disease. Observing that its secondary treatment for wind is treatment for fright, is the principle not even more obvious? Only for those with Blood deficiency and Fire is it most suitable to administer cautiously. (Therefore, pregnant women taking it in excess damages fetal Qi.) Generally, for excess Fire desiring emptiness, it is suitable; for empty Fire desiring fullness, it should still be avoided.
For smallpox cases with Qi deficiency and no high heat, it should not be used. (Zhong Chun) Or if caused by Blood deficiency with dry-heat, using it brings disaster. (Danxi) For cold syndrome in Shanghan presenting with restlessness, do not mistakenly use it. Pregnant women taking it in excess can dissipate fetal Qi. (Zhong Chun)
[Differentiation and Treatment] Patterns resembling fish roe are called "Suwen" (Millet Pattern). Patterns with eyes within the millet are called "Suyan". Black background with yellow flowers is "Zhengtou" (Correct Transparency); yellow background with black flowers is "Daotou" (Reverse Transparency); flowers containing flowers are "Chongtou" (Double Transparency). All are named Tongxi, which is the superior grade. Patterns like pepper bean spots are next best. Wuxi (Black Rhinoceros) pure black without flowers is inferior. (Binhu) Those not processed by boiling or fire are called Shengxi (Raw Rhinoceros), which are usable. The horn tip is especially potent. Wrapped in paper and placed in the chest for one night, it becomes easy to grind. (Renqi Fenxi - Human Qi Powdered Rhinoceros) For pills and powders, it is ground into dust. For ordinary decoctions, it is ground into juice and taken mixed.