二月生苗。叶随苗出。七月开花碧绿。形如百合。斜悬向下。上有红脉似人肺。八月
采根。根有瓣子黄白色。如聚贝子。一种子在根下。如芋子。正白色。连累相着而可分解。
气味苦平。微寒。阴中微阳。可升可降。阴也。入手太阴少阴。为肺经气分药。润肺清
心。开郁结。和中气。除邪气烦热。心下实满。胸胁逆气。涤热消痰。疗喘嗽红痰。治产难
及胞衣不下。下乳汁。凡疔肿瘤疡。可以托里护心。收敛解毒。（诸本草）方书治虚劳（消
痰止嗽。和中气。安五脏。为怯证之要药。）疟喑鼻衄舌衄自汗小便不通淋鼻病舌病。肺有
热因而生痰。或为热邪所干。喘嗽烦闷。必此主之。其性专能散结除热。（仲淳） 能散心
胸郁结之气。用治心中不快多愁郁者。殊有功。（承）俗以半夏有毒。用贝母代之。夫贝母
乃太阴肺药。半夏乃太阴阳明脾胃药。如何可代。若虚劳咳嗽。吐血咯血。肺痿肺痈。妇人
乳痈痈疽。及诸郁证。皆须贝母为向导。而忌半夏。至于脾胃湿热。涎化为痰。久则生火。
痰火上攻。昏愦僵仆蹇涩诸证。此非贝母可代。（石山）同参术用。行补不腻。与归芍用。
行气和荣。助知母疗肺疾而滋阴。得浓朴开脾郁而清气。合芩连能清火郁。偕黄柏可疗诸疮。
君元参立消喉痹。臣桔梗便治肺痈。同连翘主项下瘤瘿。和抚芎解遍身气痛。烧灰油调。敷
恶疮人面。作末酒服。下难产胞衣。（能）孕妇咳嗽。贝母去心。麸炒黄为末。沙糖拌。丸
芡子大。每含咽一丸。神效。小儿 嗽。（百日内咳嗽痰壅）贝母五钱。生炙甘草各一钱。
为末。沙糖丸。芡子大。每米饮化下一丸。化痰降气。止咳解郁。消食除胀。用贝母去心一
两。姜制浓朴五钱。蜜丸梧子大。每白汤下五十丸。有奇效。便痈肿痛。贝母白芷等分。为
末。酒调。或酒煎服。以渣贴之。同知母前胡葛根麦冬甘草。治斑疹初发。壮热喘嗽。有痰
不得眠。同知母天麦冬桑白皮枇杷叶百部桔梗甘草。治肺热咳嗽。及胸中烦热。同番降香郁
金橘红远志苏梗苏子香附白豆蔻。开郁。痰加抚芎神曲。并解一切气郁。同橘皮前胡石膏知
母麦冬竹沥。治痰疟。同大力子元参栝蒌根僵蚕桔梗甘草。治风痉。同甘菊紫地丁金银花夏
枯草大力子生甘草白芨白蔹。治一切热毒。消一切痈疽。同郁金连翘橘叶栝蒌根大力子夏枯
草山茨菇山豆根元参。消一切结核乳岩瘰 。同百部百合薏仁麦冬苏子郁金童便竹沥鱼腥草。
治肺热吐脓血
〔论〕 贝母采根于八月。取其受金气之专。其味苦胜辛微。辛在苦后。且苦合于气之
微寒以归辛。是二阴至肺之义也。夫苦合于气之微寒。为在地之阴。乃便能至于在天之阳以
益肺者。观其叶随苗出。有直透而无濡留。则知功所独擅。即在直透以开热之结。无濡留以
达肺之郁矣。（是以嗽疾主用独多）抑以在地之阴。和乎在天之阳。如阳中之太阳心也。肾
脉之支者。更从肺而络之。则其由肺及心。无不和于阴而裕。从升得降之元机。又安有实满
逆气之患哉。（方书治小水不通及淋证。即皆从升得降之故。）至以肺经气分药而能疗血证者。
盖主血虽属心。更藉肺阴下降入心而生之。又主下乳汁。（心与小肠。女子平居主月水。胎
后主乳汁。）正见在地之阴。和于在天之阳。以为化育之一端也。
缪氏云。凡脾胃寒湿。生痰作嗽。及食积痰饮。中恶呕吐。胃寒作泄。法当以辛温燥热
治之者。并禁。
〔辨治〕川贝母小而尖白者良。浙贝母极大而圆色黄。不堪入药。姜汁泡。去心。其中
有独颗而不团作两片无皱者。名丹龙精。损人筋脉。
二月生出新苗。叶子随着新苗长出。七月开出碧绿色的花。形状像百合花。斜着悬挂向下。上面有红色的脉络，形状像人的肺脏。八月采集根部。根由瓣片组成，颜色黄白。像聚集在一起的贝子。有一种种子长在根下面，像芋头一样。颜色正白。连接在一起但容易分开。气味苦平。微寒。属于阴中带有微阳的性质。既能上升也能下降。属于阴药。归入手太阴肺经和手少阴心经。是肺经气分的药物。能润肺清心。开通郁结。调和胃气。祛除邪气和烦热。治疗心下痞满实证。胸胁部逆气上冲。清除热邪消除痰饮。治疗气喘咳嗽、咳血痰。治疗难产以及胎盘不下。促进乳汁分泌。凡是疔疮肿瘤痈疡。可以用它来托毒外出保护心脏。收敛毒素解毒。（出自《诸本草》）方书记载治疗虚劳（功效为消痰止咳。调和胃气。安定五脏。是治疗怯弱证候的重要药物。）疟疾失音鼻出血舌出血自汗小便不通淋证鼻病舌病。肺中有热因而产生痰。或者被热邪干扰。气喘咳嗽烦闷。必须用此药主治。它的药性专门能够散结除热。（仲淳说）能疏散心胸郁结之气。用来治疗心中不快多愁善感的人。特别有效。（承说）民间因为半夏有毒。用贝母代替。然而贝母是太阴肺经的药物。半夏是太阴阳明脾胃经的药物。怎么可以替代呢？如果是虚劳咳嗽。吐血咯血。肺痿肺痈。妇人乳痈痈疽。以及各种郁证。都必须以贝母作为向导药。而忌讳使用半夏。至于脾胃湿热。涎液转化为痰。时间久了产生火邪。痰火上攻。导致昏愦僵仆口角歪斜语言涩滞等各种证候。这些情况不是贝母可以替代的。（石山说）与人参、白术同用。能行补而不滋腻。与当归、白芍同用。能行气调和营血。辅助知母治疗肺疾并滋阴。得到厚朴能开脾郁并清气。配合黄芩、黄连能清火郁。伴随黄柏可以治疗各种疮疡。以玄参为主药可立消喉痹。以桔梗为臣药便于治疗肺痈。同连翘主治颈部肿块瘿瘤。配合川芎解除全身气痛。烧成灰后用油调敷。治疗恶疮人面疮。研末用酒送服。治疗难产及胎盘不下。（能说）孕妇咳嗽。贝母去心。用麸皮炒黄研末。拌入沙糖。制成芡子大小的丸剂。每次含咽一丸。效果神奇。小儿百日内的咳嗽（百日内咳嗽痰壅）。贝母五钱。生甘草和炙甘草各一钱。研末。沙糖制丸。芡子大小。每次用米汤化开服用一丸。化痰降气。止咳解郁。消食除胀。用贝母去心一两。姜制的厚朴五钱。蜜丸如梧桐子大。每次白开水送服五十丸。有奇效。便痈肿痛。贝母和白芷等量。研末。酒调服。或者酒煎服。并将药渣贴敷患处。同知母、前胡、葛根、麦冬、甘草一起。治疗斑疹初发。高热气喘咳嗽。有痰无法入睡。同知母、天冬、麦冬、桑白皮、枇杷叶、百部、桔梗、甘草一起。治疗肺热咳嗽。以及胸中烦热。同降香、郁金、橘红、远志、苏梗、苏子、香附、白豆蔻一起。开通郁结。有痰加川芎、神曲。并解除一切气郁。同橘皮、前胡、石膏、知母、麦冬、竹沥一起。治疗痰疟。同牛蒡子、玄参、栝蒌根、僵蚕、桔梗、甘草一起。治疗风痉。同甘菊、紫地丁、金银花、夏枯草、牛蒡子、生甘草、白芨、白蔹一起。治疗一切热毒。消除一切痈疽。同郁金、连翘、橘叶、栝蒌根、牛蒡子、夏枯草、山慈菇、山豆根、玄参一起。消除一切结核、乳岩、瘰疬。同百部、百合、薏仁、麦冬、苏子、郁金、童便、竹沥、鱼腥草一起。治疗肺热吐脓血。
【论】 贝母在八月采集根部。是为了取它受金气纯正的特性。它的味道苦胜辛微。辛味在苦味之后。而且苦味结合气的微寒而归入辛味。这是二阴至肺的道理。那苦味结合气的微寒。是在地的阴。却能至于在天的阳以益肺。看它的叶子随苗而出。有直透而无濡留。就知道其功能独擅之处。就在直透以开热之结。无濡留以达肺之郁了。（所以咳嗽疾病主要用它最多）再者以在地的阴。调和在天的阳。就像阳中的太阳心。肾脉的分支。再从肺络属到心。那么从肺到心。无不调和于阴而充裕。从升得降的玄机。又哪里有实满逆气的祸患呢？（方书治疗小便不通及淋证。就是从升得降的缘故。）至于作为肺经气分药却能治疗血证的。大概主血虽然属于心。更借助肺阴下降入心而生之。又主治下乳汁。（心与小肠。女子平时主月经。胎后主乳汁。）正是见到在地的阴。和于在天的阳。作为化育的一个方面。
缪氏说。凡是脾胃寒湿。生痰作嗽。以及食积痰饮。中恶呕吐。胃寒作泄。应当用辛温燥热方法治疗的。都禁止使用贝母。
【辨治】川贝母小而尖白的质量好。浙贝母极大而圆色黄。不堪入药。用姜汁浸泡。去心。其中有一颗而不团成两片没有皱纹的。名叫丹龙精。损伤人的筋脉。
In the second month, new shoots emerge. Leaves grow along with the shoots. In the seventh month, greenish-blue flowers bloom. The shape resembles that of *Lilium* (Baihe), hanging obliquely downwards. Red veins on the upper part resemble human lungs. In the eighth month, the rhizomes are harvested. The rhizome consists of scales, yellowish-white in color, resembling clustered shells. A seed-like structure grows beneath the rhizome, similar to a taro tuber, pure white in color, connected yet easily separable. The odor is bitter and neutral, slightly cold. It possesses a nature of Yin containing slight Yang, capable of ascending and descending, belonging to Yin herbs. It enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian and Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian. As an herb for the Qi level of the Lung Meridian, it moistens the Lungs, clears the Heart, resolves stagnation, harmonizes Stomach Qi, dispels pathogenic factors and vexatious heat, treats fullness and excess in the epigastrium, rebellious Qi in the chest and hypochondrium, purges heat, eliminates phlegm, treats asthma, cough, and hemoptysis, manages dystocia and retained placenta, promotes lactation. For carbuncles, tumors, and sores, it can expel pus and protect the Heart, consolidate and detoxify. (From *Zhu Bencao*) Formulary texts record its use for consumptive disease (Xulao) (with effects of eliminating phlegm, stopping cough, harmonizing Stomach Qi, stabilizing the Five Zang organs, serving as a key herb for deficiency syndromes). It is used for malaria, aphonia, epistaxis, lingual bleeding, spontaneous sweating, dysuria, strangury, nasal diseases, and lingual diseases. When Heat resides in the Lungs generating Phlegm, or when disturbed by Pathogenic Heat causing asthma, cough, and vexation, this herb must be the primary treatment. Its nature specializes in resolving nodules and clearing Heat. (Zhongchun stated) It can disperse stagnant Qi in the Chest and Heart, proving particularly effective for those experiencing mental unease and chronic depression. (Cheng stated) Folk practice substitutes Beimu for Banxia due to the latter's toxicity. However, Beimu is an herb of the Taiyin Lung Meridian, whereas Banxia belongs to the Taiyin-Yangming Spleen-Stomach Meridians; thus, they cannot be interchanged. For consumptive cough, hematemesis, hemoptysis, lung atelectasis (Feiwei), and lung abscess (Fei Yong), as well as puerperal mastitis, carbuncles, and various stagnation syndromes, Beimu should serve as a guiding herb, while Banxia is contraindicated. Conversely, in cases of Damp-Heat in the Spleen and Stomach where saliva transforms into Phlegm, which over time generates Fire, leading to Phlegm-Fire attacking upwards and causing dizziness, collapse, hemiplegia, and dysarthria, Beimu cannot substitute for other necessary treatments. (Shishan stated) Combined with Renshen and Baizhu, it promotes tonification without cloyingness. Combined with Danggui and Shaoyao, it moves Qi and harmonizes Ying-Blood. Assisting Zhimu, it treats Lung disorders and nourishes Yin. With Houpo, it opens Spleen stagnation and clears Qi. Combined with Huangqin and Huanglian, it clears Fire stagnation. Accompanied by Huangbai, it treats various sores. As the sovereign herb with Xuanshen, it rapidly relieves sore throat (Houbi). As the minister herb with Jiegeng, it facilitates the treatment of lung abscess. Combined with Lianqiao, it governs neck masses and goiters. Harmonized with Chuanxiong, it resolves generalized Qi pain. Burned to ash and mixed with oil, it is applied externally for malignant sores and facial ulcers. Powdered and taken with wine, it aids delivery and expulsion of the placenta. (Neng stated) For pregnant women with cough: remove the heart of Beimu, stir-fry with bran until yellow, powder, mix with rock sugar, form pills the size of euryale seeds. Each pill is held in the mouth and swallowed slowly, yielding miraculous results. For infants under 100 days with cough and phlegm obstruction: Beimu 5 qian, raw Gancao and prepared Gancao 1 qian each. Powder, form pills with rock sugar the size of euryale seeds. Dissolve one pill in rice water per dose. This eliminates phlegm, directs Qi downward, stops cough, resolves stagnation, aids digestion, and reduces distension. Use 1 liang of Beimu (heart removed) and 5 qian of Houpo processed with ginger juice. Honey-pill the size of wutong seeds. Take 50 pills with warm water per dose for extraordinary efficacy. For gonorrheal abscess with swelling and pain: equal parts Beimu and Baizhi. Powder, mix with wine for oral administration or decoction, applying the residue topically. Combined with Zhimu, Qianhu, Gegen, Maidong, and Gancao, it treats early-stage eruptive diseases with high fever, asthma, cough, phlegm, and insomnia. Combined with Zhimu, Tiamendong, Maidong, Sangbaipi, Pipaye, Bubu, Jiegeng, and Gancao, it treats Lung Heat cough and chest vexation. Combined with Jiangxiang, Yujin, Juhong, Yuanzhi, Sugen, Suzi, Xiangfu, and Baixudoukou, it opens stagnation. Add Chuanxiong and Shenqu if phlegm is present, resolving all forms of Qi stagnation. Combined with Juapi, Qianhu, Shigao, Zhimu, Maidong, and Zhuli, it treats Phlegm-malaria. Combined with Niuxiazi, Xuanshen, Gualu Gen, Jiangcan, Jiegeng, and Gancao, it treats wind-spasm. Combined with Ganju, Zididing, Jinyinhua, Xiakucao, Niuxiazi, Sheng Gancao, Baiji, and Bailian, it treats all Heat-Toxins and eliminates all carbuncles and sores. Combined with Yujin, Lianqiao, Juye, Gualu Gen, Niuxiazi, Xiakucao, Shancigu, Shandougen, and Xuanshen, it resolves all tubercles, breast cancer (Ruyan), and scrofula (Luoli). Combined with Bubu, Baihe, Yiren, Maidong, Suzi, Yujin, Tongbian, Zhuli, and Yuxingcao, it treats Lung Heat with expectoration of pus and blood.
[Discussion] Beimu rhizomes are harvested in August to capture the concentrated Metal Qi. Its taste is predominantly bitter with slight pungency. The pungency follows the bitterness, and bitterness combined with the slight cold of Qi returns to pungency, embodying the principle of Two Yin reaching the Lung. The combination of bitterness with slight cold represents Earthly Yin, yet it ascends to Heavenly Yang to benefit the Lung. Observing that leaves emerge directly with the shoots, penetrating straight through without lingering, we understand its unique function lies in directly penetrating to resolve Heat nodules and reaching Lung stagnation without retention. (Hence, it is primarily used for cough diseases.) Furthermore, by harmonizing Earthly Yin with Heavenly Yang, akin to the Sun within Yang (the Heart), and noting that branches of the Kidney pulse connect from the Lung to the Heart, the transition from Lung to Heart is harmonized by Yin, utilizing the mechanism of rising to achieve descending. Thus, how could there be afflictions of fullness and rebellious Qi? (Formulary texts treat urinary obstruction and strangury based on this principle of rising to achieve descending.) Regarding its ability to treat Blood disorders despite being a Qi-level Lung herb: although governing Blood belongs to the Heart, it relies on Lung Yin descending into the Heart to generate Blood. It also promotes lactation. (The Heart and Small Intestine govern menstruation in non-pregnant women and lactation post-partum.) This demonstrates that Earthly Yin harmonizing with Heavenly Yang constitutes a aspect of transformation and generation.
Miu stated: For conditions caused by Cold-Damp in the Spleen and Stomach generating Phlegm and cough, food stagnation with Phlegm-fluids, sudden evil vomiting, or Cold-induced diarrhea requiring Pungent-Warm and drying-hot methods, Beimu is strictly contraindicated.
[Differentiation and Treatment] Chuan Beimu that is small, pointed, and white is superior. Zhe Beimu is large, round, and yellow, making it unsuitable for medicinal use. Process with ginger juice and remove the heart. Those that are single-core, not split into two halves, and lack wrinkles are named Danlongjing, which damages tendons and vessels.