纯阳，性温，味甘、辛。无毒。
足阳明胃经、足太阴脾经，乃二经行经之药，太阳经本经药。
《象》云∶治风通用，泻肺实，散头目中滞气，除上焦风邪之仙药也。误服，泻人上焦
元气。去芦并钗股用。
《珍》云∶身，去身半以上风邪；梢，去身半以下风邪。
《心》云∶又去湿之仙药也，风能胜湿尔。
《本草》云∶主大风头眩痛，恶风，风邪目盲无所见。风行周身，骨节疼痹。烦满，胁
痛胁风。头面游风去来，四肢挛急，字乳，金疮内痉。
东垣云∶防风能制黄 ，黄 得防风，其功愈大。又云∶防风乃卒伍卑贱之职，随所引
而至，乃风药末润剂也。虽与黄 相制，乃相畏而相使者也。
《本草》又云∶得泽泻、 本，疗风；得当归、芍药、阳起石、禹余粮，疗妇人子脏风
。杀附子毒。恶干姜、藜芦、白蔹、芫花。
气平，味苦、甘。微苦，微寒，味薄气浓，阳中之阴也。无毒。
阳明经本经药，亦走手阳明经、太阴经。
《象》云∶能解肌肉间热，此手足阳明经伤风之的药也。去黑皮及腐烂者用。若补脾胃
，非此为引用不能补。若得葱白、白芷之类，亦能走手足阳明、太阴。
《心》云∶发散本经风邪，元气不足者，用此于阴中升阳气上行。
《珍》云∶脾痹，非此不能除。
《本草》云∶主解百毒，杀百精老物殃鬼，辟瘟疫瘴气，邪气，蛊毒入口皆吐出，中恶
腹痛，时气毒疠，头痛寒热，风肿诸毒，喉痛口疮。
东垣云∶升麻入足阳明，若初病太阳证便服升麻、葛根，发出阳明经汗，或失之过，阳
明经燥，太阳经不可解，必传阳明矣。投汤不当，非徒无益，而又害之也。
朱氏云∶瘀血入里，若衄血吐血者，犀角地黄汤，乃阳明经圣药也。如无犀角，以升麻
代之。升麻、犀角，性味相远，不同，何以代之？盖以升麻止是引地黄及余药，同入阳明耳
。
仲景云∶太阳病，若发汗，若利小便，重亡津液，胃中干燥，因转属阳明。其害不可
胜言。又云∶太阳几几，无汗者，葛根汤发之。若几几自汗者，表虚也，不宜用此。朱氏用
升麻者，以表实无汗也。
《诀》云∶主肺痿咳唾脓血，能发浮汗。
【防风】
性属纯阳，药性温和，味道甘、辛。无毒。
归足阳明胃经、足太阴脾经，是这两条经脉的引经药，也是太阳经的本经药。
李杲（号东垣，此处《象》指李杲《医学启源》）说：防风是治疗风证的通用药，能泻肺实，疏散头目中的滞气，是清除上焦风邪的仙药。如果误服，会泻掉人体上焦的元气。使用时需去掉芦头和像钗股一样的木质部分。
张元素（号洁古，此处《珍》指张元素《珍珠囊》）说：防风的根身部分，能去除身体上半部的风邪；梢部，能去除身体下半部的风邪。
王好古（号海藏，此处《心》指王好古《汤液本草》或相关论述）说：防风又是祛湿的仙药，因为风能胜湿。
《神农本草经》说：主治大风引起的头晕头痛，恶风，因风邪导致的眼盲看不见东西。风邪流行周身，引起骨节疼痛麻木。烦闷胀满，胁痛及胁部风邪。头面部游走不定的风邪，四肢拘挛抽搐，难产，金创后发生的破伤风痉挛。
李杲说：防风能制约黄芪，黄芪得到防风的配合，其功效更大。又说：防风就像地位低微的士兵，跟随引导到达所需之处，是风药中的润剂。虽然与黄芪相互制约，但其实是相互畏惧又相互使用的关系。
《神农本草经》又说：配伍泽泻、藁本，可治疗风证；配伍当归、芍药、阳起石、禹余粮，可治疗妇人子宫受风。能解附子毒。畏干姜、藜芦、白蔹、芫花。
【升麻】
气平，味苦、甘。微苦，微寒，气味淡薄而气浓，属于阳中之阴。无毒。
是阳明经的本经药，也走手阳明大肠经、手太阴肺经。
李杲说：能解除肌肉间的发热，这是手足阳明经伤风的专用药。使用时需去掉黑皮及腐烂部分。如果要补益脾胃，不用它作为引经药就不能起到补益作用。如果配伍葱白、白芷之类，也能走手足阳明、太阴经。
王好古说：发散本经的风邪，对于元气不足的人，用它在阴分中提升阳气上行。
张元素说：脾痹证，不用此药不能消除。
《神农本草经》说：主治解除百毒，杀灭百精老物殃鬼，辟除瘟疫瘴气、邪气，蛊毒入口皆吐出，治疗中恶腹痛、时气毒疠、头痛寒热、风肿诸毒、喉痛口疮。
李杲说：升麻入足阳明经，如果初病太阳证就服用升麻、葛根，发出阳明经的汗，或者失误过度，导致阳明经燥热，太阳经的病就无法解除，必定传入阳明经了。投药不当，不仅无益，反而有害。
朱氏说：瘀血入里，如果出现衄血、吐血的情况，犀角地黄汤是阳明经的圣药。如果没有犀角，可以用升麻代替。升麻和犀角，性味相差很远，不同，为什么可以代替？大概是因为升麻只是引导地黄及其他药物，一同进入阳明经罢了。
张仲景说：太阳病，如果发汗，如果利小便，严重耗伤津液，胃中干燥，因此转属阳明。其危害不可胜言。又说：太阳病项背强几几，无汗的，用葛根汤发汗。如果几几且自汗的，是表虚，不宜使用此方。朱氏使用升麻，是因为表实无汗。
《药对》说：主治肺痿咳唾脓血，能发出浮汗。
[Fangfeng / Radix Saposhnikoviae]
Nature is purely Yang, temperature is warm, flavor is sweet and pungent. Non-toxic.
It enters the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian and Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian, serving as a guiding herb for these two meridians, and is also the principal herb of the Taiyang Meridian.
Li Gao (Dongyuan) stated: Fangfeng is a universal herb for treating wind disorders; it drains lung excess, disperses stagnant qi in the head and eyes, and is an immortal herb for eliminating wind pathogens in the Upper Jiao. Misuse will drain the primordial qi of the Upper Jiao. Use the root after removing the rhizome (Lu) and the woody core resembling a hairpin shaft.
Zhang Yuansu (Jiegu) stated: The main body of the root removes wind pathogens from the upper half of the body; the tip removes wind pathogens from the lower half of the body.
Wang Haogu (Haicang) stated: Fangfeng is also an immortal herb for removing dampness, as wind can overcome dampness.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states: It governs severe wind causing dizziness and headache, aversion to wind, blindness due to wind pathogens where vision is lost. When wind pathogens circulate throughout the body, they cause pain and numbness in bone joints. It treats irritability and fullness, hypochondriac pain, and wind in the hypochondrium. It treats migratory wind on the head and face, spasms and cramps of the four limbs, difficult childbirth, and tetanus following traumatic wounds.
Li Gao stated: Fangfeng can restrain Huangqi (Astragalus Root); when Huangqi is combined with Fangfeng, its efficacy increases significantly. He also said: Fangfeng is like a low-ranking soldier, going wherever guided; it is a moistening agent among wind-dispersing herbs. Although it restrains Huangqi, they are mutually fearful yet mutually effective.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* further states: Combined with Zexie (Alisma Rhizome) and Gaoben (Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort.), it treats wind disorders; combined with Danggui (Angelica Sinensis Root), Shaoyao (Paeonia Lactiflora Root), Yangqishi (Calcium Silicate), and Yuyuliang (Hematite), it treats uterine wind in women. It neutralizes the toxicity of Fuzi (Aconite Lateralis Radix Praeparata). It is incompatible with Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), Lülü (Veratrum Nigrum), Bailian (Iris Tectorii Rhizoma), and Yuanhua (Genkwa Flos).
[Shengma / Rhizoma Cimicifugae]
Temperature is neutral, flavor is bitter and sweet. Slightly bitter, slightly cold, thin in flavor but strong in aroma, belonging to Yin within Yang. Non-toxic.
It is the principal herb of the Yangming Meridian, and also travels through the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian and Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian.
Li Gao stated: It can resolve heat in the muscles; this is the specific herb for wind-cold affecting the Hand and Foot Yangming Meridians. Use after removing the black skin and rotten parts. If tonifying the Spleen and Stomach, without it as a guiding herb, tonification cannot be achieved. If combined with Congbai (Allium Fistulosum Bulb) or Baizhi (Angelica Dahurica Root), it can also travel through the Hand and Foot Yangming and Taiyin Meridians.
Wang Haogu stated: It disperses wind pathogens of its own meridian; for those with insufficient primordial qi, it raises Yang qi upward from the Yin level.
Zhang Yuansu stated: For Pi Bi (Spleen Obstruction), this herb is indispensable for elimination.
The *Shennong Bencao Jing* states: It governs resolving hundred toxins, killing hundred spirits and old entities, warding off epidemics, miasma, evil qi, and gu poison, causing them to be vomited out if entering the mouth. It treats sudden evil abdominal pain, seasonal toxic pestilence, headache with chills and fever, wind swelling and various toxins, sore throat, and oral ulcers.
Li Gao stated: Shengma enters the Foot-Yangming Meridian. If one takes Shengma and Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix) at the onset of a Taiyang syndrome to induce sweating via the Yangming Meridian, or errs excessively leading to dryness in the Yangming Meridian, the Taiyang syndrome cannot be resolved and will inevitably transmit to the Yangming Meridian. Inappropriate prescription is not only useless but harmful.
Zhu Shi stated: When blood stasis enters the interior, manifesting as epistaxis or hematemesis, Xijiao Dihuang Tang (Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction) is the supreme medicine for the Yangming Meridian. If Rhinoceros Horn is unavailable, Shengma can substitute it. Shengma and Xijiao (Rhinocerotis Cornu) have vastly different properties and flavors; why substitute? Essentially, Shengma merely guides Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix) and other herbs into the Yangming Meridian.
Zhang Zhongjing stated: In Taiyang disease, if sweating or diuresis is used excessively, severely depleting body fluids, causing dryness in the Stomach, the condition may transform and attach to the Yangming Meridian. The harm is incalculable. He also stated: For Taiyang syndrome with stiffness of the nape and back (Jinjin) and no sweat, Gegen Tang should be used to induce sweating. If Jinjin presents with spontaneous sweating, it indicates exterior deficiency, and this formula is contraindicated. Zhu Shi uses Shengma because the case involves exterior excess with no sweat.
The *Yuedui* states: It governs Fei Wei (Lung Withering) with coughing up pus and blood, and can induce superficial sweating.