气温，味辛。苦而辛，性寒，气浓，阴也。
足厥阴经引经药，又入手少阳经。
《象》云∶主气滞，消食，破积结膈气。去穣。
《心》云∶厥阴经引经药也。有滞气则破滞气，无滞气则损真气。
《液》云∶主气滞，下食，破积结及膈气。或云与陈皮一种。青皮小而未成熟，成熟而
大者橘也，色红故名红皮，日久者佳，故名陈皮。如枳实、枳壳一种，“实”小而青，未穣
；“壳”大而黄紫色，已穣。故壳高而治胸膈；实低而治心下。与陈皮治高，青皮治低同意
。又云∶陈皮、青皮二种，枳实、枳壳亦有二种。
气温，味苦、甘、性平，苦重于甘，阴中阳也。无毒。
入手、足厥阴经。
《象》云∶治大便血结、血秘、血燥，通润大便。七宣丸中，专治血结，破血。以汤浸
，去皮尖，研如泥用。
《心》云∶苦以泄滞血，甘以生新血，故凝血须用。又去血中之热。
《本草》云∶主瘀血血闭，症瘕邪气。杀小虫，止咳逆上气，消心下坚。
除卒暴击血，通月水，止痛破血。入手足厥阴。
《衍义》云∶老人虚秘，与柏子仁、火麻仁、松子仁，等分同研，熔白蜡，和丸如桐子
大。以少黄丹汤下。仲景治中焦畜血用之。
气温，味甘、苦，冷利。有小毒。
入手太阴经。
《象》云∶除肺燥，治风燥在胸膈间。麸炒，去皮尖用。
《心》云∶散结润燥，散肺之风及热，是以风热嗽者用之。
《本草》云∶咳逆上气雷鸣，喉痹。下气，产乳金疮，寒心贲豚。惊痫，心下烦热，
风气往来，时行头痛。解肌，消心下急，杀狗毒。破气，入手太阴。王朝奉治伤寒，气上喘
，冲逆者，麻黄汤内加杏仁、陈皮；若气不喘，冲逆者，减杏仁、陈皮。知其能泻肺也。
《东垣》云∶杏仁下喘，用治气也。桃仁疗狂，用治血也。桃、杏仁俱治大便秘，当以气血
分之。昼则难便，行阳气也；夜则难便，行阴血也。大肠虽属庚，为白肠，以昼夜言之，气
血不可不分也。年虚人大便燥秘、不可过泄者，脉浮在气，杏仁、陈皮；脉沉在血，桃仁、
陈皮。所以俱用陈皮者，以其手阳明病，与手太阴俱为表里也。贲门上主往来，魄门下主收
闭，故王氏言肺与大肠为通道也。
青皮：气味温和，味辛。苦而辛，性寒，气浓烈，属阴。
是足厥阴肝经的引经药，又入入手少阳三焦经。
李杲（《象》）说：主治气机阻滞，消食积，破除积聚结滞及膈间之气。需去除瓤膜。
王好古（《心》）说：是厥阴经的引经药。有滞气时能破除滞气，无滞气时则会损伤真气。
张元素（《液》）说：主治气机阻滞，下气消食，破除积聚结滞及膈间之气。有人说它与陈皮是同一种来源。青皮是小而未成熟的果实，成熟后变大的是橘子，颜色红所以叫红皮，存放日久者佳，所以叫陈皮。就像枳实和枳壳一样，“实”小而青，未去瓤；“壳”大而黄紫色，已去瓤。所以枳壳位置高而治疗胸膈病；枳实位置低而治疗心下病。这与陈皮治上、青皮治下的道理相同。又说：陈皮和青皮是两种药，枳实和枳壳也有两种区别。
桃仁：气味平，味苦、甘，性平，苦味重于甘味，属阴中阳。无毒。
入入手厥阴心包经和足厥阴肝经。
李杲（《象》）说：治疗大便血结、血秘、血燥，通润大便。在七宣丸中，专门治疗血结，破血。用汤浸泡，去皮尖，研成泥状使用。
王好古（《心》）说：苦味能泄除瘀滞之血，甘味能生成新血，所以凝血病症必须使用。又能去除血中的热邪。
《本草》说：主治瘀血、血闭、症瘕及邪气。杀灭小虫，止咳逆上气，消除心下坚满。
祛除卒暴击打导致的瘀血，通调月经，止痛破血。入入手足厥阴经。
寇宗奭（《衍义》）说：老人虚性便秘，与柏子仁、火麻仁、松子仁等分同研，熔化白蜡，和丸如梧桐子大。用少量黄丹汤送服。张仲景治疗中焦蓄血证时使用它。
杏仁：气味平，味甘、苦，性冷利。有小毒。
入入手太阴肺经。
李杲（《象》）说：清除肺燥，治疗风燥在胸膈间。麸炒，去皮尖使用。
王好古（《心》）说：散结润燥，疏散肺部的风邪及热邪，所以风热咳嗽者使用它。
《本草》说：治疗咳逆上气如雷鸣，喉痹。下气，治疗产后乳疾及金疮，寒心贲豚。惊痫，心下烦热，风气往来，时行头痛。解肌，消除心下急迫，杀狗毒。破气，入入手太阴经。王朝奉治疗伤寒，气上喘、冲逆者，在麻黄汤内加杏仁、陈皮；如果气不喘、不冲逆，则减去杏仁、陈皮。可知杏仁能泻肺气。
李东垣（《东垣》）说：杏仁降喘，用于治疗气病。桃仁疗狂，用于治疗血病。桃仁、杏仁都治疗大便秘结，应当以气血来区分。白天难排便，是阳气运行问题；夜晚难排便，是阴血运行问题。大肠虽属庚金，为白肠，但从昼夜来说，气血不可不分开。年老体虚之人大便燥秘、不可过度攻泄者，脉浮在气分，用杏仁、陈皮；脉沉在血分，用桃仁、陈皮。之所以都用陈皮，是因为手阳明大肠经与手太阴肺经互为表里。贲门主管气往来的通畅，魄门主管粪便的收闭，所以王氏说肺与大肠为通道。
Qingpi (Green Tangerine Peel): The qi is mild, the flavor is pungent. Bitter and pungent, cold in nature, with strong aroma, belonging to Yin.
It is a guiding herb for the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian and also enters the Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian.
Li Gao (*Xiang*) states: It primarily treats Qi stagnation, resolves food accumulation, and breaks up accumulations and obstructions in the diaphragm. The pith should be removed.
Wang Haogu (*Xin*) states: It is a guiding herb for the Jueyin Meridian. When there is stagnant Qi, it breaks the stagnation; when there is no stagnation, it damages the True Qi.
Zhang Yuansu (*Ye*) states: It primarily treats Qi stagnation, directs Qi downward, aids digestion, and breaks up accumulations and obstructions in the diaphragm. Some say it is of the same origin as Chenpi (Aged Tangerine Peel). Qingpi comes from small, immature fruits; when mature and large, they are oranges, red in color, hence called Hongpi (Red Peel), and those stored for a long time are superior, hence called Chenpi. This is similar to Zhishi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Zhike (Mature Bitter Orange); "Shi" (Zhishi) is small and green, without pith removed; "Ke" (Zhike) is large, yellow-purple, with pith removed. Therefore, Zhike acts higher to treat the chest and diaphragm, while Zhishi acts lower to treat the epigastrium. This aligns with the principle that Chenpi treats upper areas and Qingpi treats lower areas. Furthermore, Chenpi and Qingpi are two distinct preparations, just as Zhishi and Zhike have two distinct forms.
Taoren (Peach Kernel): The qi is neutral, the flavors are bitter and sweet, nature is neutral, with bitterness outweighing sweetness, belonging to Yang within Yin. Non-toxic.
Enters the Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Meridian and Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian.
Li Gao (*Xiang*) states: It treats blood stasis in the stool, constipation due to blood deficiency, and dryness of blood, promoting bowel lubrication. In Qixuan Wan, it specifically treats blood stasis and invigorates blood. Soak in decoction, remove skin and tips, and grind into a paste for use.
Wang Haogu (*Xin*) states: Bitterness drains stagnant blood, sweetness generates new blood, thus it is required for coagulated blood conditions. It also clears heat from the blood.
*Bencao* states: It primarily treats blood stasis, blood obstruction, masses, and pathogenic factors. It kills parasites, stops cough and rebellious Qi, and dissipates hardness in the epigastrium.
It removes traumatic blood stasis, regulates menstruation, alleviates pain, and invigorates blood. Enters the Hand and Foot Jueyin Meridians.
Kou Zongshi (*Yanyi*) states: For elderly patients with deficiency-type constipation, mix equal parts of Baiziren (Biota Seed), Huomaren (Hemp Seed), and Songziren (Pine Nut), grind together, melt white beeswax, and form pills the size of Sophora seeds. Administer with a small amount of Huangdan (Yellow Cinnabar) decoction. Zhang Zhongjing used it to treat blood retention in the Middle Jiao.
Xingren (Apricot Kernel): The qi is neutral, the flavors are sweet and bitter, nature is cold and purgative. Slightly toxic.
Enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian.
Li Gao (*Xiang*) states: Clears lung dryness and treats wind-dryness in the chest and diaphragm. Stir-fry with bran, remove skin and tips for use.
Wang Haogu (*Xin*) states: Dissipates nodules and moistens dryness, disperses wind and heat in the lungs; therefore, it is used for wind-heat coughs.
*Bencao* states: Treats rebellious Qi with cough sounding like thunder, bi-syndrome in the throat. Directs Qi downward, treats postpartum disorders and metal wounds, cold heart, and Ben Tun (rushing sensation). Convulsions and epilepsy, irritability and heat in the epigastrium, wandering wind pathogens, epidemic headaches. Releases the muscle layer, dissipates urgency in the epigastrium, and detoxifies dog poison. Breaks Qi, enters the Hand-Taiyin Meridian. Wang Chaofeng treated Taiyang disease with upward rushing Qi and wheezing by adding Xingren and Chenpi to Mahuang Tang; if there was no wheezing or rushing Qi, he reduced Xingren and Chenpi. This demonstrates that Xingren can drain Lung Qi.
Li Dongyuan (*Dongyuan*) states: Xingren lowers wheezing and is used for Qi disorders. Taoren treats mania and is used for Blood disorders. Both Peach Kernel and Apricot Kernel treat constipation, but they must be distinguished by Qi and Blood. Difficulty defecating during the day relates to Yang Qi movement; difficulty at night relates to Yin Blood movement. Although the Large Intestine belongs to Geng Metal and is considered the White Intestine, from the perspective of day and night, Qi and Blood cannot be ignored. For elderly and deficient patients with dry constipation who cannot tolerate harsh purgatives: if the pulse is floating indicating Qi involvement, use Xingren and Chenpi; if the pulse is deep indicating Blood involvement, use Taoren and Chenpi. Chenpi is used in both cases because the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian and Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian are exterior-interior pairs. The贲门 (cardia) governs the free flow of Qi, and the 魄门 (anus) governs closure; thus, Wang's theory states that the Lung and Large Intestine serve as channels.