准绳云∶《大全良方》分 癖诸气、疝瘕、八瘕、腹中瘀血、 痞、食 、血 ，凡七门（外
有肠覃、石瘕、疝瘕三症，亦当与此条参看）。 者，在腹内近脐左右，各有一条筋脉急痛，
大者如臂，次者如指，因气而成，如弦之状，故名曰 ；癖者，僻在两肋之间，有时而痛，故名
曰癖；疝者，痛也，癖者，假也，其结聚浮假而痛，推移乃动也。八瘕者，黄瘕、青瘕、燥瘕、血
瘕、脂瘕、狐瘕、蛇瘕、鳖瘕，积在腹内，或肠胃之间，与脏气结搏坚牢，虽推之不移，名曰 ，
言其病形可征验也。气壅塞为痞，言其气痞塞不宣畅也。伤食成块，坚而不移，名曰食 ；
瘀血成块，坚而不移，名曰血 。若夫腹中瘀血，则积而未坚，未至于成块者也，大抵以推
之不动为 ，推之动为瘕也。至夫疝与 癖，则与痛俱，痛即现，不痛即隐，在脐左右为 ，
在两肋之间为癖，在小腹而牵引腰胁为疝。恐学人一时难了，未免淆乱，故总叙而条析之。
（按七门之中，而瘕有八，其疝气或聚或散， 癖之与痛俱见，下痛则隐，亦可与癖并稳，则
八瘕之外，又有三积矣。又男子为七疝，女为瘕，则疝与瘕亦可同经，男与女亦有同病。是
瘕不止于八也，痞一 二，曰血曰食，而不言及痰饮何也？盖痞气之中，未尝无饮，而血
食 之内，未尝无痰。则痰食血，又未有不先因气病而后形病也。故消积之中，当兼行
气、消痰、消瘀之药为是）
《准绳》记载：《大全良方》将癖、诸气、疝瘕、八瘕、腹中瘀血、痞、食积、血积，分为七门（此外还有肠覃、石瘕、疝瘕三种病症，也应当与此条内容参照阅读）。筋者，位于腹内靠近肚脐的左右两侧，各有一条筋脉拘急疼痛，大的如手臂粗，小的如手指粗，因气机郁结而成，形状像琴弦一样，所以命名为“筋”；癖者，潜伏在两肋之间，有时发作疼痛，所以命名为“癖”；疝的意思是痛，癖的意思是假（指积聚物浮泛不实），其结聚处浮泛不实而疼痛，推动时才会移动。八瘕包括黄瘕、青瘕、燥瘕、血瘕、脂瘕、狐瘕、蛇瘕、鳖瘕，积聚在腹内，或者在肠胃之间，与脏腑之气结聚搏结变得坚硬牢固，虽然推动它也不移动，命名为“瘕”，是说它的病形可以征验证实。气机壅塞不通称为痞，是说气机痞塞不宣畅。饮食停滞形成块状，坚硬而不移动，命名为“食积”；瘀血形成块状，坚硬而不移动，命名为“血积”。至于腹中的瘀血，则是积聚但尚未坚硬，还没有到形成块状的程度，大抵以推动不动为“积”，推动能动的为“瘕”。至于疝与筋癖，则与疼痛同时出现，疼痛时就显现，不疼痛就隐没，在肚脐左右的是筋，在两肋之间的是癖，在小腹部并牵引腰胁的是疝。担心学者们一时难以理解，难免混淆，所以总括叙述并逐条分析。（按这七门之中，而瘕有八种，其疝气或聚或散，筋癖与疼痛同时出现，下腹痛则隐没，也可以与癖并存，那么在八瘕之外，又有三种积了。另外男子患七疝，女子患瘕，那么疝与瘕也可以同属一经，男人与女人也有相同的疾病。这样看来，瘕不止于八种，痞一种分两种，叫血叫食，却不提及痰饮为什么呢？大概痞气之中，未尝没有饮邪，而血食积之内，未尝没有痰浊。那么痰、食、血，又未尝不是先因气病而后形成形质病变。所以在消除积滞的同时，应当兼用行气、消痰、化瘀的药物才是正确的）
*Zhunsheng* records: *Daquan Liangfang* divides Jin (a type of abdominal mass characterized by cord-like tension), Zhuqi (various qi disorders), Shanxia (hernia and masses), Baxia (eight types of masses), Fuzhong Yuxue (blood stasis in the abdomen), Pi (fullness/stagnation), Shiji (food retention), and Xueji (blood accumulation) into seven categories (In addition, Changtan (intestinal polyp/mass), Shixia (stone mass), and Shanxia should also be consulted with this section). "Jin" refers to a condition located inside the abdomen near the umbilicus on either side, where there is a single tendon or vessel that feels tight and painful. The larger ones are as thick as an arm, and the smaller ones as thick as a finger. It forms due to qi stagnation and resembles a bowstring, hence named "Jin". "Pi" (specifically referring to the specific mass type here, often associated with hidden accumulation) lies secretly between the two hypochondriac regions and causes pain at times, hence named "Pi". "Shan" means pain; "Pi" (in the context of etymology here) implies falsity or floating nature; its aggregation floats and is false/unstable yet painful, moving only when pushed. "Baxia" includes Huangxia (yellow mass), Qingxia (green/blue mass), Zaoxia (dry mass), Xuexia (blood mass), Zhixia (fat mass), Huxia (fox mass), Shexia (snake mass), and Biexia (turtle mass). These accumulate within the abdomen or between the intestines and stomach, knotting and fighting with zang-fu qi to become hard and firm. Although they cannot be moved by pushing, they are named "Xia", indicating that their pathological form can be verified. Qi obstruction and blockage is called "Pi", meaning qi is stagnant and not flowing freely. Food injury leading to lumps, which are hard and immovable, is named "Shiji" (Food Accumulation); blood stasis forming lumps, which are hard and immovable, is named "Xueji" (Blood Accumulation). As for blood stasis in the abdomen, it is accumulated but not yet hard, and has not reached the stage of forming distinct lumps. Generally, what cannot be moved by pushing is considered "Ji" (accumulation/fixed mass), while what can be moved is considered "Xia" (mass/mobile tumor). Regarding Shan and Jin-Pi, they appear together with pain; they manifest when painful and hide when painless. Those located left and right of the umbilicus are Jin; those between the two hypochondria are Pi; those in the lower abdomen radiating to the waist and hypochondria are Shan. Fearing that students might find it difficult to understand at once and easily confused, I summarize and analyze them item by item. (Note: Among these seven categories, Xia appears in eight forms. Shan qi may gather or disperse. Jin-Pi appears with pain and hides when pain subsides, which can coexist with Pi. Thus, besides the Eight Xia, there are three other types of accumulations. Furthermore, men suffer from Seven Shans, while women suffer from Xia; thus, Shan and Xia can belong to the same meridian, and men and women can have similar diseases. This shows that Xia is not limited to eight types. Pi is one category divided into two, referred to as Blood and Food, but why is Phlegm-Fluid (Tanyin) not mentioned? Presumably, within Pi-Qi, there is invariably Fluid retention; within Blood, Food, and Jin, there is invariably Phlegm turbidity. Therefore, Phlegm, Food, and Blood pathologies invariably arise from prior Qi disorders before taking physical form. Hence, in treating accumulations, one should simultaneously employ herbs that move qi, resolve phlegm, and transform blood stasis.)