（一）伤寒有五∶有中风、有伤寒、有湿温、有热病、有温病，其所苦各不同。（《五十八难》）
丁锦曰∶伤寒有五者，指五病俱统于伤寒一门，而分其所苦之不同也。风为阳邪，寒为阴邪，故先列中风，次列伤
寒。寒者，皆冬月之正病也。湿温发于湿土之令居多，热病发于盛夏，温病即仲景《伤寒经》中春温病也。乃见前之五
邪从本原来，非比之伤寒热病，故各立其法也。注家以疫症指此温病，非也。
（二）温病之脉，行在诸经，不知何经之动也。（《五十八难》）
柳宝诒曰∶温病邪伏少阴，随气而动，流行于诸经，或乘经气之虚而发，或挟新感之邪气而发。其发也或由三阳而
出，或由肺胃；最重者，热不外出，而内陷于手足厥阴；或肾气虚不能托邪，而燔结于少阴。是温邪之动，路径多歧，
随处可发，初不能指定发于何经，即不能刻定见何脉象也。
（三）热病之脉，阴阳俱浮，浮之而滑，沉之散涩。（《五十八难》）
丁德用曰∶阴阳俱浮者，谓尺寸俱浮也；浮之而滑者，轻手按之而滑，是心伤热脉也；沉之散涩者，沉手按之而散
涩，是津液虚少也。
（四）湿温之脉，阳濡而弱，阴小而急。（《五十八难》）
丁德用曰∶肌肉之上，阳脉所行，濡弱者，是湿气所胜火也；肌肉之下，阴脉所行，小急者，是土湿之不胜木，故
见小急。所以言阳濡而弱，阴小而急也。
（一）伤寒包括五种类型：有中风、有伤寒、有湿温、有热病、有温病，它们各自引起的痛苦症状各不相同。（出自《难经·五十八难》）
丁锦说：所谓“伤寒有五”，是指这五种疾病都归属于伤寒这一门类，但区分了它们各自不同的痛苦表现。风属于阳邪，寒属于阴邪，所以先列出中风，再列出伤寒。这里的“伤寒”，都是冬季的正气致病。湿温多在湿气当令的时节发作，热病在盛夏发作，温病就是张仲景《伤寒论》中的春温病。既然前五种邪气从本源上来讲不同，不像单纯的伤寒和热病那样单一，所以各自设立不同的治疗方法。注释家将疫病指认为这种温病，是不正确的。
（二）温病的脉象，运行于各条经脉之中，不知道是哪条经脉发生了变动。（出自《难经·五十八难》）
柳宝诒说：温病的邪气潜伏在少阴肾经，随着气机运行，流行于各条经脉，或者趁着经气虚弱而发作，或者挟带新感受的外邪而发作。其发作，有的从三阳经外出，有的从肺胃发出；最严重的情况是，热邪不能向外透发，反而内陷到手足厥阴经；或者是肾气虚弱不能托举邪气外出，导致邪火燔灼结聚在少阴经。因此，温邪的传变路径多种多样，随处都可能发作，起初不能指定它发源于哪条经脉，也就不能刻板地确定见到何种脉象。
（三）热病的脉象，寸关尺三部阴阳俱浮，轻取（浮取）感觉滑利，重按（沉取）感觉散乱涩滞。（出自《难经·五十八难》）
丁德用说：所谓“阴阳俱浮”，是指寸部和尺部都呈现浮脉；轻手按压感到滑利，这是心脏受热的脉象；重手按压感到散乱涩滞，这是津液亏虚稀少的表现。
（四）湿温的脉象，阳脉（寸部或浮取）濡软而弱，阴脉（尺部或沉取）细小而急迫。（出自《难经·五十八难》）
丁德用说：肌肉之上，是阳脉运行的部位，脉象濡弱，是因为湿气胜过火气；肌肉之下，是阴脉运行的部位，脉象小且急，是因为土湿之气不胜木气，所以出现小急的脉象。这就是为什么说阳脉濡弱、阴脉小急的原因。
(1) Cold damage (Shanghan) encompasses five types: wind strike (Zhongfeng), cold damage (Shanghan), damp-warmth (Shiwen), heat disease (Rebing), and warm disease (Wenbing); the suffering caused by each is distinct. (From *Nan Jing*, Chapter 58)
Ding Jin stated: The phrase "cold damage has five" indicates that these five diseases are all categorized under the single heading of cold damage, while distinguishing their respective symptomatic manifestations. Wind is a yang pathogen, and cold is a yin pathogen; therefore, wind strike is listed first, followed by cold damage. Here, "cold damage" refers to the proper seasonal illness of winter. Damp-warmness mostly occurs during periods when damp earth qi prevails; heat disease occurs in midsummer; and warm disease corresponds to the spring-warmth disease described in Zhang Zhongjing's *Treatise on Cold Damage*. Since the origins of these five pathogens differ fundamentally from simple cold damage or heat disease alone, distinct therapeutic methods were established for each. Commentators who identify this warm disease as epidemic pestilence are incorrect.
(2) The pulse of warm disease circulates through the various meridians, making it difficult to determine which specific meridian is affected. (From *Nan Jing*, Chapter 58)
Liu Baoyi stated: The pathogenic factor of warm disease lies latent in the Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, moving with the Qi, and circulating through the various meridians. It may manifest either by taking advantage of deficiency in the meridian Qi, or by combining with newly acquired external pathogens. Its emergence may occur via the Yang Brightness (Taiyang), Yang Ming, or Shao Yang meridians, or originate from the Lung and Stomach. In the most severe cases, the heat fails to exit outward and instead sinks inward into the Jueyin Liver and Pericardium meridians; or, due to kidney Qi deficiency failing to expel the pathogen, the blazing heat becomes knotted within the Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. Thus, the movement of warm pathogens follows diverse pathways and can emerge anywhere; initially, one cannot specify which meridian is the source, nor can one rigidly predict the specific pulse manifestation.
(3) The pulse of heat disease presents as floating in both yin and yang positions; upon superficial palpation (floating pressure), it feels slippery, while upon deep palpation (sinking pressure), it feels scattered and choppy. (From *Nan Jing*, Chapter 58)
Ding Deyong stated: "Floating in both yin and yang" refers to the pulse being floating at both the Cun (inch) and Chi (cubit) positions. Feeling slippery upon light pressure indicates heart heat injury; feeling scattered and choppy upon heavy pressure indicates a deficiency and scarcity of body fluids (Jinye).
(4) The pulse of damp-warmness presents as soggy and weak in the yang position (superficial/cun), and small and rapid in the yin position (deep/chi). (From *Nan Jing*, Chapter 58)
Ding Deyong stated: Above the muscles, where yang pulses travel, a soggy and weak quality indicates that dampness overcomes fire. Below the muscles, where yin pulses travel, a small and rapid quality indicates that earth dampness fails to control wood qi, hence presenting as small and rapid. This explains why the yang pulse is described as soggy and weak, and the yin pulse as small and rapid.