一辨气∶风寒之气，从外收敛入内，病无蒸气触人。间有作蒸气者，必待数日后，转入阳明腑症之时。温热及湿温
症，其气从中蒸达于外，病即有蒸气触人，轻则盈于床帐，重则蒸然一室，以人身脏腑气血津液，得寒气则内敛，得火
气则上炎。温热火气也，人受之自脏腑蒸出于肌表，气血津液逢蒸而败，因败而溢，溢出有盛衰，充达有远近，非鼻观
精者不能辨之。辨之既明，治之毋惑。知为温热而非伤寒，则凡于头痛发热诸表症，不得误用辛温发散，于诸里症当清
当下者，亦不得迟回瞻顾矣。
二辨色∶风寒主收敛，敛则结，面色多绷结而光洁；温热主蒸散，散则缓，面色多松缓而垢晦。人受蒸气，则津液
上溢于面，头目之间多垢滞，或如油腻，或如烟熏，望之可憎者，皆温热之色也。一见此色，虽头痛发热，即不得用辛
热发散。一见舌黄烦渴诸里症，即宜攻下，不可拘于下不厌迟之说。
三辨舌∶风寒在表，舌多无苔，即有白苔，亦薄而滑，渐传入里，方由白而黄，转燥而黑。温热一见头痛发热，舌
上便有白苔，且浓而不滑，或色兼淡黄，或粗如积粉，或兼二三色，或白苔即燥。又有至黑不燥，则以兼湿挟痰之故，
然必按之粗涩，或兼有朱点有罅纹，不可误认为里寒阴结也。治温热者，能先于表症辨之，不用辛温发散，一见里症，
即用清凉攻下，斯得之矣。
四辨神∶风寒之中人，令人心知所苦，而神自清，如头痛寒热之类，皆自知之。至传里入胃，始或有神昏谵语之时，
缘风寒为病，其气不昏而神清。温热初起，便令人神情异常，而不知所苦，大概烦躁者居多，甚或如痴如醉，扰乱惊悸。
及问其何所苦，则不自知，即间有神清而能自知者，亦多梦寐不安，闭目若有所见，此即谵语之根也。或亦以始初不急
从凉散，迁延时日，故使然耳。
五辨脉∶温热之脉，传变后与风寒颇同，初起时与风寒迥别。风寒从皮毛而入，一二日脉多浮，或兼紧兼缓兼洪，
无不浮者。传里始不见浮脉，然其至数亦清楚，而不模糊。温热从中道而出，一二日脉多沉。迨自里出表，脉始不沉而
数。或兼弦，或兼大，然总不浮，其至数则模糊而不清楚。凡初起脉沉迟，勿误作阴症。沉者，邪在里，迟者，邪在脏
也。脉象同于阴寒，而气、色、舌苔、神情，根据前诸法辨之，自有不同者，或数而无力，亦勿作虚视，因其热蒸气散，
脉自不能鼓指，但当解热，不当补气。受病之因各殊，故同脉而异断。
一辨气：风寒之邪，从体表向内收敛侵入，病邪没有蒸腾之气触人。偶尔出现蒸腾之气的情况，必须等到数日后，病邪转入阳明腑实证的时候才会出现。温热病及湿温病，其气从中焦蒸腾达于体表，病邪即有蒸腾之气触人，轻则充满床帐，重则使整个房间热气蒸腾。这是因为人身脏腑的气血津液，遇到寒气则向内收敛，遇到火气则向上炎升。温热属于火气，人体受之，自脏腑蒸腾出于肌表，气血津液逢此蒸腾而败坏，因败坏而溢出，溢出的多少有盛衰之分，充达的范围有远近之别，不是嗅觉敏锐的人不能辨别。辨别清楚之后，治疗时就不会迷惑。知道是温热而非伤寒，那么对于头痛发热等表证，不得误用辛温发散法；对于诸里证应当清下者，也不得迟疑观望。
二辨色：风寒主收敛，收敛则凝结，面色多紧绷光洁；温热主蒸散，蒸散则松弛，面色多松缓且垢浊晦暗。人受蒸气熏蒸，则津液上溢于面部，头目之间多有垢滞，或如油腻，或如烟熏，看起来令人厌恶的，都是温热的面色。一见此色，即使有头痛发热，也不得用辛热发散法。一见舌苔黄、烦躁口渴等里证，就应当攻下，不可拘泥于“下不厌迟”的说法。
三辨舌：风寒在表，舌头上多无苔，即使有白苔，也是薄而滑润，逐渐传入里证，才由白转黄，变燥转黑。温热病一见头痛发热，舌上便有白苔，而且浓厚不滑润，或者颜色兼淡黄，或者粗糙如积粉，或者兼有二三色，或者白苔即干燥。又有至黑而不干燥的，是因为兼夹湿邪和痰饮的缘故，然而必定按之粗糙涩手，或者兼有朱砂点、裂纹，不可误认为是里寒阴结。治疗温热病的人，能先在表证阶段辨别，不用辛温发散法，一见里证，就用清凉攻下法，这就对了。
四辨神：风寒中人，让人心里知道痛苦所在，而神志自然清醒，如头痛寒热之类，都是自己知道的。到了传入里、入胃的时候，才开始可能有神志昏迷、胡言乱语的时候，因为风寒致病，其气不昏而神志清。温热病初起，便让人神情异常，而不知道痛苦所在，大概烦躁的居多，甚至像痴呆或醉酒一样，扰乱惊悸。等到问他有什么痛苦，他自己也不知道，即使间或有神志清醒并能自知痛苦的，也多梦寐不安，闭眼好像看见什么，这就是谵语的根源。也许是因为起初不急于用凉散法，拖延时日，所以才导致这样。
五辨脉：温热病的脉象，传变后与风寒颇为相同，初起时与风寒截然不同。风寒从皮毛而入，一二日脉多浮，或者兼紧、兼缓、兼洪，没有不浮的。传入里证后才不见浮脉，然而其至数也清楚，而不模糊。温热从中道而出，一二日脉多沉。等到病邪自里出表，脉才不沉而数。或者兼弦，或者兼大，但总不浮，其至数则模糊而不清楚。凡是初起脉沉迟，不要误作阴证。沉，表示邪在里；迟，表示邪在脏。脉象同于阴寒，但气、色、舌苔、神情，根据前面诸法辨别，自有不同之处，或者数而无力，也不要当作虚证看待，因为热邪蒸腾气散，脉自然不能鼓指，只应当解热，不应当补气。受病的病因各不相同，所以脉象相同而诊断不同。
1. Differentiation by Odor: The pathogenic factor of Wind-Cold enters from the exterior and converges inward; there is no steaming vapor emanating from the patient to be detected by others. If steaming vapor does occur, it must wait until several days later when the disease has transferred to the Yangming Fu-organ syndrome (Yangming bowel syndrome). In Warm-Heat diseases and Damp-Warmth diseases, the pathogenic Qi steams from the interior and reaches the exterior; thus, the disease presents with steaming vapor detectable by others. Mildly, it fills the bed curtains; severely, it steams through the entire room. This is because the Qi, Blood, Body Fluids, and Jin-Ye of the human body's Zang-Fu organs converge inward when exposed to Cold Qi, but flare upward when exposed to Fire Qi. Warm-Heat belongs to Fire Qi. When the human body is affected by it, the pathogen steams out from the Zang-Fu organs to the muscle surface. The Qi, Blood, and Body Fluids are corrupted by this steaming process, leading to leakage due to corruption. The degree of leakage varies in abundance or scarcity, and the extent of its reach varies in distance or proximity. Only those with a keen sense of smell can distinguish it. Once clearly differentiated, treatment will not be confused. Knowing that it is Warm-Heat rather than Cold Damage (Shanghan), one must not mistakenly use Acrid-Warm dispersing methods for exterior symptoms such as headache and fever. For interior symptoms requiring clearing and purging, one must not hesitate or look around uncertainly.
2. Differentiation by Complexion: Wind-Cold governs convergence; convergence leads to condensation, so the complexion is often tight, knotted, and lustrous. Warm-Heat governs steaming and scattering; scattering leads to relaxation, so the complexion is often loose, slack, and dull or grimy. When affected by steaming vapor, Body Fluids overflow upward to the face, causing grime and stagnation between the head and eyes, appearing either like grease or like smoke staining. These appearances, which look repulsive, are all complexions of Warm-Heat. Upon seeing this complexion, even if accompanied by headache and fever, one must not use Acrid-Hot dispersing methods. Upon seeing interior symptoms such as yellow tongue coating, restlessness, and thirst, one should proceed with purging immediately, without adhering to the saying that "purging is never too late."
3. Differentiation by Tongue: When Wind-Cold is at the exterior, the tongue usually has no coating. Even if there is a white coating, it is thin and slippery. It only turns from white to yellow, then dry and black, as it gradually transfers to the interior. In Warm-Heat diseases, upon the appearance of headache and fever, a white coating appears on the tongue immediately. This coating is thick and not slippery; its color may be pale yellow, or it may be rough like accumulated powder, or present multiple colors, or the white coating may be dry from the start. There are cases where the coating turns black but remains non-dry; this is due to the concurrent presence of Dampness and Phlegm. However, upon palpation, it feels rough and coarse, or is accompanied by cinnabar points or fissures. One must not mistakenly identify this as Interior Cold Yin-Knotting. Those treating Warm-Heat diseases should differentiate during the exterior stage first, avoiding Acrid-Warm dispersing methods. Upon seeing interior symptoms, they should immediately use Cooling and Purging methods. This approach is correct.
4. Differentiation by Spirit (Shen): When afflicted by Wind-Cold, the patient knows their suffering, and their Shen remains clear. For conditions like headache and chills/fever, the patient is fully aware. It is only when the pathogen transfers to the interior and enters the Stomach that confusion of Shen and delirious speech may occur. This is because Wind-Cold pathology does not cloud the Qi, leaving the Shen clear. In contrast, Warm-Heat disease from the onset causes abnormal spirit and an inability to pinpoint the source of suffering. Restlessness is predominant, and in severe cases, the patient may appear dazed or intoxicated, exhibiting agitation, palpitations, and fright. When asked about their suffering, they do not know. Even if occasionally the Shen is clear and the patient knows their suffering, they often suffer from restless dreams, closing their eyes as if seeing things. This is the root of delirium. This state may also result from failing to promptly use Cooling and Dispersing methods at the beginning, allowing time to pass and the condition to worsen.
5. Differentiation by Pulse: The pulse of Warm-Heat disease becomes similar to that of Wind-Cold after transmission, but differs significantly at the onset. Wind-Cold enters from the skin and hair pores; within one or two days, the pulse is mostly Floating, possibly combined with Tight, Slow, or Surging qualities, but always Floating. It is only after transferring to the interior that the Floating quality disappears, yet the pulse rate and rhythm remain distinct and not blurred. Warm-Heat emerges from the Middle Jiao; within one or two days, the pulse is mostly Deep. When the pathogen moves from the interior to the exterior, the pulse ceases to be Deep and becomes Rapid. It may be combined with Wiry or Large qualities, but generally remains non-Floating. Its rate and rhythm are blurred and indistinct. Whenever the pulse is Deep and Slow at the onset, do not mistake it for a Yin Syndrome. Deep indicates the pathogen is in the interior; Slow indicates the pathogen is in the Zang organs. Although the pulse image resembles Yin-Cold, the odor, complexion, tongue coating, and spirit, when differentiated according to the previous methods, will naturally differ. A Rapid but forceless pulse should not be viewed as Deficiency, because the Heat steams and scatters the Qi, causing the pulse to fail to beat forcefully against the fingers. One should resolve the Heat, not tonify Qi. Since the causes of disease vary, identical pulses yield different diagnoses.