牢脉，似沉似伏，实大而长，微弦（《脉经》）。扁鹊曰∶牢而长者，肝也。仲景曰∶寒则牢坚，有牢固之象。沈氏
曰∶似沉似伏，牢之位也；实大弦长，牢之体也。《脉诀》不言形状，但云寻之则无，按之则有。云脉入皮肤辨息难，
又以牢为死脉，皆孟浪谬误。
〔体状相类诗〕弦长实大脉牢坚，牢位常居沉伏间。革脉芤弦自浮起，革虚牢实要详看。
〔主病诗〕寒则牢坚里有余，腹心寒痛木乘脾。疝 瘕何愁也，失血阴虚却忌之。牢主寒实之病，木实则为痛。
扁鹊云∶软为虚，牢为实。失血者，脉宜沉细，反浮大而牢者死，虚病见实脉也。《脉诀》言∶骨间疼痛，气居于表。
池氏以为肾传于脾，皆谬妄不经。
濡脉，极软而浮细，如帛在水中，轻手相得，按之无有（《脉经》），如水上浮沤。帛浮水中，重手按之，随手而及
之象。《脉诀》言∶按之似有举还无，是微脉，非濡也。
〔体状诗〕濡形浮细按须轻，水面浮绵力不禁。病后产中犹有药，平人若见是无根。
〔相类诗〕浮而柔细知为濡，沉细诸柔作弱持。微则浮微如欲绝，细来沉细近于微。浮细如绵曰濡，沉细如绵曰弱，
浮而极细如绝曰微，沉而极细不断曰细。
〔主病诗〕濡为亡血阴虚病，髓海丹田暗已亏。汗雨夜来蒸入骨，血山崩倒湿侵脾。寸濡阳微自汗多，关中其奈气
虚何。尺伤精血虚寒甚，温补真阴可起 。濡主血虚之病，又为伤湿。
牢脉，脉象似沉似伏，脉体实大而长，略带弦意（《脉经》）。扁鹊说：脉象牢而长的，对应肝脏。张仲景说：寒邪致病则脉象牢坚，具有牢固的征象。沈氏说：似沉似伏，是牢脉的位置特征；实大弦长，是牢脉的形态特征。《脉诀》没有描述脉象的具体形状，只说寻取时感觉无脉，重按时才有脉动。又说脉搏深入皮肤难以辨别呼吸节律，又将牢脉视为死脉，这些都是轻率且错误的谬误。
〔体状相类诗〕弦、长、实、大，脉象牢坚，牢脉的位置常居于沉脉与伏脉之间。革脉与芤脉兼有弦意且脉位浮起，革脉主虚证，牢脉主实证，需要仔细辨别。
〔主病诗〕寒邪导致脉象牢坚，提示里实证有余，腹部和心脏寒冷疼痛，乃肝木乘克脾土所致。疝气和癥瘕积聚不必担忧，但失血和阴虚患者却忌讳出现此脉。牢脉主寒实之病，肝木实盛则产生疼痛。扁鹊说：软脉主虚，牢脉主实。失血患者，脉象宜见沉细，若反见浮大而牢的脉象则为死证，这是虚病出现了实脉。《脉诀》说：骨间疼痛，气机浮越于表。池氏认为是肾传变于脾，都是荒谬不经之谈。
濡脉，脉象极软而浮细，像丝绸在水中漂浮，轻手接触即可感知，重按则感觉不到（《脉经》），如同水面上漂浮的气泡。丝绸浮于水中，重手按压，随即应手而起的景象。《脉诀》说：重按似乎有脉，举手即无，这是微脉，不是濡脉。
〔体状诗〕濡脉的形状浮而细，重按需轻力，像水面漂浮的棉絮，力量微弱禁不起重按。大病之后或产后见到濡脉尚有药可治，健康人若见到濡脉则是无根之象。
〔相类诗〕浮而柔和细弱可知为濡脉，沉而柔和细弱则作弱脉持诊。微脉浮取极微仿佛欲绝，细脉沉取细弱接近微脉。浮而极细如丝绵称为濡，沉而极细如丝绵称为弱，浮取极细仿佛断绝称为微，沉取极细不断称为细。
〔主病诗〕濡脉主亡血和阴虚之病，髓海和丹田暗中已经亏损。夜间盗汗如雨蒸腾入骨，血崩倒仆因湿邪侵袭脾土。寸部见濡脉说明阳气微弱自汗多，关部见濡脉无奈气虚严重。尺部见濡脉说明精血损伤虚寒甚重，温补真阴可以治愈。濡脉主血虚之病，也主伤湿。
The *Lao* (Deep-Firm) pulse resembles the *Chen* (Deep) and *Fu* (Profound) pulses; it is solid, large, long, and slightly *Xian* (Wiry) (*Mai Jing*). Bian Que stated: A pulse that is firm and long corresponds to the Liver. Zhang Zhongjing stated: Cold causes the pulse to be firm and solid, presenting a stable image. Shen Shi stated: Resembling the Deep and Profound pulses describes the position of the *Lao* pulse; being solid, large, wiry, and long describes its form. The *Mai Jue* does not describe the shape but states that upon searching, the pulse seems absent, while upon pressing, it appears. It further claims that the pulse enters the skin making breath differentiation difficult, and labels the *Lao* pulse as a death pulse; these are all rash and erroneous errors.
[Poem on Form and Similarity] Wiry, long, solid, and large, the pulse is firm and solid; the position of the Firm pulse often resides between the Deep and Profound. The *Ge* (Hollow) and *Kou* (Scallion Stalk) pulses naturally rise from a floating position with wiry qualities; the Hollow pulse indicates deficiency, while the Firm pulse indicates excess, requiring careful examination.
[Poem on Main Diseases] Cold makes the pulse firm and solid, indicating excess in the interior; cold pain in the abdomen and heart results from Wood overacting on Earth. One need not fear hernias or masses, but this pulse is contraindicated for blood loss and Yin deficiency. The *Lao* pulse governs diseases of Cold-Excess; when Wood is excessive, it causes pain. Bian Que said: The *Ruan* (Soft) pulse indicates deficiency, while the *Lao* pulse indicates excess. In cases of blood loss, the pulse should be deep and fine; if it reversely becomes floating, large, and firm, it signifies death, as an Excess pulse appears in a Deficiency disease. The *Mai Jue* states: Pain between the bones, with Qi residing at the surface. Chi Shi believed this was transmission from Kidney to Spleen, which is absurd and baseless.
The *Ru* (Soggy) pulse is extremely soft, floating, and fine, like silk floating in water; it is perceived with light touch but disappears upon pressure (*Mai Jing*), resembling bubbles floating on water. It is like the image of silk floating in water, where heavy pressure yields immediately. The *Mai Jue* states: Pressing feels somewhat present, lifting makes it disappear; this is the *Wei* (Minute) pulse, not the *Ru* pulse.
[Poem on Form] The shape of the Ru pulse is floating and fine, requiring lightness upon pressing; it floats on water like cotton, weak and unable to withstand force. After illness or during postpartum, it may still be treatable; if seen in a healthy person, it indicates a lack of root.
[Poem on Similarity] Floating, soft, and fine indicates the Ru pulse; sinking, soft, and fine constitutes the Ruo (Weak) pulse. The Wei pulse is floatingly minute, almost perishing; the Xi (Fine) pulse is sinkingly fine, close to the Wei. Floating and extremely fine like silk is called Ru; sinking and extremely fine like silk is called Ruo; floating and extremely fine as if severed is called Wei; sinking and extremely fine without interruption is called Xi.
[Poem on Main Diseases] The Ru pulse indicates diseases of lost blood and Yin deficiency, with the Sea of Marrow and Dantian secretly depleted. Night sweats rain down, steaming into the bones; sudden blood collapse is due to dampness invading the Spleen. At the Cun (Inch) position, Yang is weak with spontaneous sweating; at the Guan (Bar) position, Qi deficiency is severe. At the Chi (Cubit) position, essence and blood are injured with severe deficiency-cold; warming and tonifying True Yin can restore health. The Ru pulse governs diseases of Blood deficiency and also injuries by Dampness.