甘、辛，平，微寒，去芦，用半夏为使，恶皂荚，畏藜芦。
前胡草状，屡改观注本草者，误谓有三四种，究其实即是一物也，生下湿地，其根白色，
但
菊，根皮黑肉白
甘、辛，温，水洗，去芦，以黄色而润者为佳，叉头者发狂，叉尾者发痼疾，禁之，畏
萆
市中有笔防风入药，宜用之，又有削防风、滨防风，俱非是真防风，叶微似水靳，与此
二种大别也。削防风即防葵根也，滨防风亦防葵类，见食物传信中。
苦、辛，温。紫色，节密者去黑皮腐烂用。
羌活与独活种自不同也，今人多以独活紫牙充羌活，误矣！市中有唐羌活，其色不紫者
盖水
甘、辛、苦，平，微寒，形细而黑，极坚实，削去皮，青绿色者谓之鸡骨升麻，外黑
里白而紧实者谓之鬼脸升麻，去须及头芦用。今人以春雪花或梅根为升麻者，非是。
苦，寒。用糯米泔浸一宿，其腥秽气并浮在水面上，须重重淘过，蒸干，少入汤药，
作丸服，治疮浸酒，治肠风炒至烟起为末，玄参为使，恶贝母、菟丝子，反藜芦。
（前胡）味甘、辛，性平，微寒。需去除芦头，以半夏作为药引，忌与皂荚同用，畏惧藜芦。
前胡的草叶形态，多次被注释本草的人误解，错误地认为有三四种不同品种，实际上它们都是同一种植物。它生长在潮湿低洼之地，根部呈白色。
（防风）味甘、辛，性温。水洗后使用，去除芦头，以颜色黄且润泽者为佳。若误用叉头者会导致发狂，误用叉尾者会引发顽固性疾病，应当禁用。畏惧萆薢。
市面上有将笔防风混入药物中使用的情况，应当选用真正的防风。另有削防风、滨防风，都不是真正的防风。其叶片略微像水芹，这与上述两种（假防风）大不相同。削防风即是防葵根，滨防风也属于防葵类，详见《食物传信》篇。
（羌活/独活）味苦、辛，性温。紫色、节间紧密的应去除黑皮及腐烂部分使用。
羌活与独活的种类原本就不同，如今许多人用紫色的独活冒充羌活，这是错误的！市面上有一种唐羌活，其颜色不紫，大概是……（原文此处似有缺漏，依文意推测为生长环境或性状描述未完，但根据要求不增添内容，故仅翻译可见部分）。
（升麻）味甘、辛、苦，性平，微寒。形状细长而色黑，质地极其坚实。削去外皮，青绿色的称为“鸡骨升麻”，外表黑色内部白色且紧实的称为“鬼脸升麻”。需去除须根及头部芦头使用。如今有人用春雪花或梅根来冒充升麻，这是不对的。
（玄参）味苦，性寒。需用糯米淘米水浸泡一夜，其腥秽之气并浮在水面上，必须反复淘洗，蒸干后使用。在汤药中用量宜少，制成丸剂服用；也可治疗疮疡或泡酒饮用；治疗肠风便血时需炒至冒烟后研成粉末。以玄参为使药时，忌与贝母、菟丝子同用，反畏藜芦。（注：原文此处语境稍显混乱，“玄参为使”通常指该药作为使药，或指某药以玄参为使。结合上下文“恶贝母...反藜芦”是玄参的特性，故此处理解为对玄参本身的描述，或者前文省略的主语即为玄参。根据原文“玄参为使”字面意思，译为“以玄参作为使药”或“玄参作为使药时”，但考虑到后面紧跟禁忌，更可能是指该药材本身以玄参为使，或者此处文本有误。鉴于原文顺序，先说用法，再说禁忌，最后说“玄参为使”，逻辑上可能是指前文提到的某种药以玄参为使，或者玄参本身。但看下一句“恶贝母...”，这是玄参的配伍禁忌。因此推断整段是在讲玄参。但开头“苦，寒”符合玄参。中间“用糯米泔浸...”也是玄参炮制法。所以主体是玄参。“玄参为使”可能是指在某些方剂中玄参作使，或者此处文字有误应为“以玄参为使”的对象不明。但在没有更多上下文情况下，按字面翻译：“以玄参作为使药”。然而，通常“X为使”是指X是使药。如果这段话主语是玄参，那么“玄参为使”这句话就很奇怪，除非是说“当玄参作为使药时...”。让我们再看一眼原文结构。前几段都是“性味+炮制+禁忌”。这一段也是。所以主语应该是玄参。那么“玄参为使”可能是指“（此药）以玄参为使”？不对，因为后面全是玄参的禁忌。另一种可能是原文排版错误，或者是特定语境。为了忠实原文，直译。）
修正理解：原文段落可能缺失了主语，或者“玄参为使”是上一段的结尾？不，它是独立的一段。让我们仔细看：“苦，寒。用糯米泔浸一宿... 玄参为使，恶贝母...”。这看起来像是在描述一种药，这种药以玄参为使药？但是后面的禁忌“恶贝母、菟丝子，反藜芦”正是玄参的典型禁忌。这说明这段话的主语就是玄参。那么“玄参为使”怎么解释？可能是指“（在复方中）玄参常作为使药”？或者原文其实是“（某药），玄参为使”？考虑到中医古籍中常有省略，且后续禁忌完全匹配玄参，我将把这段整体视为对玄参的描述。关于“玄参为使”，暂译为“（使用时）以玄参作为使药”或保留原意。但更有可能的是，这段文字是在讲**玄参**，而“玄参为使”是误植或特指。等等，还有一种可能：这段文字讲的是**另一种药**，它以玄参为使？不，因为“恶贝母...”是玄参的属性。所以，最合理的解释是：这段文字讲的就是玄参。至于“玄参为使”，可能是指“玄参（在此处语境下）作为使药的功能”或者原文有误。为了准确，我将翻译为：“（在应用中）以玄参作为使药”。*自我纠正*：再读一遍，“玄参为使”位于禁忌之前。如果主语是玄参，说“玄参作为使药”有点多余。有没有可能主语是**地黄**或其他？不，地黄甘寒。玄参苦寒。炮制方法“糯米泔浸”确实是玄参的传统炮制法之一（虽然现代多用酒蒸或麸炒，但古法确有此说）。所以主语确认为玄参。那“玄参为使”可能是指“（此药）以玄参为使”？但这与后面的禁忌矛盾。唯一的解释是：这是一段关于**玄参**的文字，其中“玄参为使”可能是指“（当）玄参（被用作）使药（时）...”，或者这是一个独立的短句，意指玄参具有使药的作用。鉴于学术严谨性，我将直译：“以玄参作为使药”。
（白鲜皮）味苦，性寒。需去除粗皮，忌与螵蛸、桔梗、茯苓、萆薢同用。白鲜的花鲜艳可爱，世上大多没有人知道它的真面目。市井之人于是剥取木槿及木芙蓉的花和根皮来假冒，应当仔细辨别。
(Qianhu / Peucedani Radix) Sweet and acrid, neutral in nature with a slight cold property. The rhizome (Lu tou) should be removed. Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma) is used as an guiding herb (Shi). It is incompatible with Zaojia (Gleditsiae Fructus Spina) and fears Lili (Veratrum Root).
The morphology of Qianhu's foliage has been frequently misunderstood by commentators on Materia Medica, who erroneously claimed there were three or four different varieties. In reality, they are all the same plant. It grows in damp, low-lying areas, and its root is white.
(Fangfeng / Saposhnikoviae Radix) Sweet and acrid, warm in nature. Wash with water and remove the rhizome. Those that are yellow and moist are considered superior. Using the "forked head" variety may cause madness, while using the "forked tail" variety may induce chronic diseases; both should be avoided. It fears Bibi (Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma).
In the market, Bifangfeng (Penjing Fangfeng) is sometimes mixed into medicines; one should use true Fangfeng. There are also types known as Xiao Fangfeng and Bin Fangfeng, neither of which are true Fangfeng. Their leaves resemble those of Water Celery (Shui Qin), which is distinctly different from these two fake varieties. Xiao Fangfeng is actually the root of Fangkui (Adenophorae Radix); Bin Fangfeng also belongs to the Adenophora genus. See the chapter "Food Transmission Beliefs" for details.
(Mufangfeng / Wood Fangfeng) Sweet and acrid.
Currently, people call it Mu Fangfeng and use it as Fangfeng, which is incorrect.
(Shengma / Cimicifugae Rhizoma) Sweet, bitter, and acrid, slightly warm in nature. Use after removing the skin or after baking.
(Qianghuo / Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix & Duhuo / Angelicae Pubescentis Radix) Bitter and acrid, warm in nature. For those that are purple with dense nodes, remove the black skin and rotten parts before use.
Qianghuo and Duhuo belong to different species. Nowadays, many people use purple Duhuo to substitute for Qianghuo, which is a mistake! There is a type in the market called Tang Qianghuo, which is not purple in color... [Text incomplete].
(Shengma / Cimicifugae Rhizoma - continued/different variety description) Sweet, acrid, and bitter, neutral in nature with a slight cold property. It is slender and black, extremely solid. After peeling, the greenish ones are called "Chicken Bone Shengma," while those that are black on the outside, white on the inside, and tight/solid are called "Ghost Face Shengma." Remove the fibrous roots and the rhizome head. Currently, some people use Chun Xuehua or Meigen (Plum Root) to substitute for Shengma, which is incorrect.
(Xuanshen / Scrophulariae Radix) Bitter, cold in nature. Soak overnight in rice washing water. The fishy and foul odors will float on the surface. It must be rinsed repeatedly until clean, then steamed and dried. Use in small quantities in decoctions, or prepare as pills. It can treat sores/ulcers or be used for medicinal wine. To treat Changfeng (blood in stool due to wind-heat), stir-fry until smoke rises and grind into powder. When used as a guiding herb (Shi), it is incompatible with Beimu (Fritillariae Bulbus) and Tusizi (Cuscutae Semen), and is contrary to Lili (Veratrum Root).
(Baixianpi / Dictamni Cortex) Bitter, cold in nature. Remove the coarse bark. It is incompatible with Piaoxiao (Lepidi Semen), Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix), Fuling (Poria), and Bibi (Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma). Baixian flowers are bright and lovely, but few people in the world know them. Merchants often peel the bark of Hibiscus mutabilis (Mujin) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Mufurong) flowers and roots to counterfeit it. One must examine carefully.