苦温
甘、微温，选单股不岐色润柔软，肉心黄甘，甜近蜜者，去头刮皮，以蜜水涂炙，亦
以酒或盐酒炒之，茯苓为使，恶龟甲、白藓皮。
近时有富士黄 ，即生富士山者，甲斐越中诸州皆有之，亦佳，但须选肥润味甘者，折
之坚脆及多岐俱不堪用。
甘，平，生寒，炙温，选壮大紧纹者，刮去皮，补中宜炙用，泻火宜生用，梢节头三
皆生用，白术、苦参、干漆为使，恶远志，反大戟、芫花、甘遂、海藻，忌猪肉。
甘草今甲夔州地方山皆有之。
淡、甘，微寒，去头锉用，恶防己，反藜芦今之县钟人参是也，市中误当荠 别采蔓参
根充沙参，用者宜审又有唐沙参乃蒸造者谓之紫
乎人参，以此代用诚为不胜其任矣，沙参处处多有之，八九月宜收，又有细叶沙参盖一类二
种也。
甘寒，去芦头用。
肆中以沙参充荠 ，非是真荠 ，丹后州鹿崎山多有之，具采药独断中。
甘，平，洗，锉，微炒，或以竹刀刮去节皮，蜜水浸，蒸焙用，畏卤咸。
肆中人名地黄样黄精者是也，以肥润而大为佳，夏月采者不堪用，按葳蕤增长阳气，与
人参
【参芦】
味苦，性温。
【黄精】
味甘，性微温。应选择单根不分叉、色泽润泽、质地柔软，断面中心呈黄色且味甘、甜味接近蜂蜜的黄精。使用时需去除头部（芦头），刮去外皮，用蜜水涂抹后炙烤；也可以用酒或盐酒炒制。以茯苓为引药，忌与龟甲、白鲜皮同用。
近来有产自富士山的“富士黄精”，即生长在富士山地区的品种，甲斐、越中等地也有出产，品质也很好，但必须选择肥润、味甘的，折断时若感觉过于坚硬脆裂或分叉过多的，均不堪使用。
【甘草】
味甘，性平。生用性寒，炙用性温。应选择粗壮、纹理紧密的甘草，刮去外皮。补益中气宜用炙甘草，清泻火毒宜用生甘草。梢节和头部均宜生用。以白术、苦参为引药，忌与远志同用，与大戟、芫花、甘遂、海藻相反，忌食猪肉。
现在的甘草在夔州各地的山中都有生长。
【沙参】
味淡、甘，性微寒。使用时需去除芦头，锉碎入药。忌与防己同用，与藜芦相反。
现在市场上所谓的“县钟人参”其实就是沙参。市肆中有人误将荠苨当作另一种药材，采集蔓生沙参的根来冒充沙参，使用者应当仔细辨别。另外，还有一种唐沙参是经过蒸制加工的，被称为紫沙参。如果用这种沙参代替正品人参，确实难以胜任其功效。沙参到处都有生长，八九月适宜采收。还有细叶沙参，大概是一类两种的情况。
【荠苨】
味甘，性寒。使用时需去除芦头。
市肆中有人用沙参冒充荠苨，但这并非真正的荠苨。丹后州鹿崎山多有出产，详细情况参见《采药独断》一书。
【白及】
味苦、辛，性平。使用时需去除芦头，微炒。畏白芨、龙胆草，能抑制砒霜毒性，忌食猪肉。
【地黄】
味甘，性平。使用时需清洗，锉碎，微炒；或者用竹刀刮去节部外皮，用蜜水浸泡，蒸熟后焙干使用。畏咸卤之物。
市肆中有些人将其称为“地黄样黄精”，其实是指黄精。以肥大、润泽者为佳。夏季采收的不堪使用。据记载，葳蕤（玉竹）能增长阳气，与人参……
【葳蕤（玉竹）】
味甘，性平。经过九次蒸制、九次晾晒，味道非常甘美。服用黄精的人忌食梅子果实。
葳蕤的苗叶与黄精相似，根部像白及，多生长在北方山中。大的植株苗高五六尺，根部如拳头大小。
[Shenlu (Ginseng Radix Stump)]
Bitter, warm.
[Huangjing (Polygonati Rhizoma)]
Sweet, slightly warm. Select single-stalked, unbranched rhizomes that are moist in color and soft in texture, with a yellow center and a sweet taste resembling honey. Remove the head (stump), scrape off the skin, apply honey water, and roast. Alternatively, stir-fry with wine or salted wine. Poria (Fuling) serves as an adjuvant. Avoid using together with Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum (Guijia) and Dictamni Cortex (Baixianpi).
Recently, "Fuji Huangjing" produced on Mount Fuji has appeared. It is also found in Kai, Etchu, and other provinces, and is of good quality. However, one must select those that are plump, moist, and sweet. Those that are hard and brittle when broken or have excessive branching are unsuitable for use.
[Gancao (Liquiritiae Radix et Rhizoma)]
Sweet, neutral. Raw form is cold; processed (roasted with honey) form is warm. Select thick rhizomes with tight grain, scrape off the skin. To tonify the Middle Jiao, use roasted Gancao; to clear fire, use raw Gancao. The tips and heads should be used raw. Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu) and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix (Kushen) serve as adjuvants. Avoid using together with Polygalae Radix (Yuanzhi). It is incompatible with Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix (Daji), Genkwa Flos (Yuanhua), Kansui Radix (Gansui), and Sargassum (Haizao). Avoid consuming pork.
Currently, Gancao grows in mountains throughout the Kuizhou region.
[Shashen (Adenophorae Radix)]
Bland, sweet, slightly cold. Remove the stump and cut into pieces before use. Avoid using together with Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix (Fangji). It is incompatible with Veratris Radix (Lilu).
What is currently marketed as "Xianzhong Renshen" is actually Shashen. In markets, some mistakenly identify Qini (Nemopanthi Caulis) as another variety and use the roots of vine-like Adenophora to pass off as Shashen; users should exercise caution. Additionally, there is Tang Shashen, which is steamed and processed, known as Zisha Shen. Using this to substitute for genuine Renshen is indeed insufficient for its intended therapeutic role. Shashen is widely available; it is best harvested in the eighth and ninth lunar months. There is also Xiye Shashen (fine-leaved Shashen), which appears to be a variant of the same species.
[Qini (Nemopanthi Caulis)]
Sweet, cold. Remove the stump before use.
In markets, some use Shashen to impersonate Qini, but this is not true Qini. It is abundant in Shika Mountain, Tanago Province. Details can be found in *Caibao Dueduan* (Independent Judgment on Herb Collection).
[Baiji (Bletillae Rhizoma)]
Bitter, acrid, neutral. Remove the stump and lightly stir-fry. It is inhibited by Bletillae Rhizoma (note: likely refers to self-incompatibility or specific interaction context, though Baiji is Bletilla) and Gentianae Radix. It mitigates arsenic toxicity. Avoid consuming pork.
[Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix)]
Sweet, neutral. Wash, cut into pieces, and lightly stir-fry. Alternatively, scrape off the nodal skin with a bamboo knife, soak in honey water, steam, and bake before use. It is inhibited by saline substances.
Some in the market refer to it as "Dihuang-style Huangjing," indicating it is Huangjing. Large, plump, and moist specimens are preferred. Those harvested in summer are unsuitable. According to records, Weirui (Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma) boosts Yang Qi, similar to Renshen...
[Weirui (Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma)]
Sweet, neutral. After nine cycles of steaming and sun-drying, the taste becomes very sweet and pleasant. Those consuming Huangjing should avoid eating plum fruits.
The shoots and leaves resemble Huangjing; the root resembles Baiji. It grows mostly in northern mountains. Large plants have shoots five to six chi high, and roots the size of a fist.