内经曰诸脉者皆属于目目得血而能视针经曰五脏六腑精气皆上注于目而为之精精之窠为
眼骨
之精为黑眼血之精为络其窠气之精为白眼肌肉之精则为约束里撷筋骨血气之精而与脉并为系
上属于脑后出于项中故邪中于项因逢其身之虚其入深则随眼系入于脑则脑转脑转则引目系急
目系急则目眩以转矣邪中其精其精所中不相比也则精散精散则视岐故见两物目者五脏六腑之
精荣卫魂魄之所常营也神气之所主也故神劳则魂魄散志意乱是故瞳子黑眼法于阴白眼赤脉发
于阳故阴阳合传而为精明也目者心之使也心者神
之舍也故神精乱而不转卒然见非常之处精神魂魄散不相得故曰惑也东垣曰夫十二经脉三百六
十
五络其血气皆上走于面而走空窍其清阳气上散于目而为精其气走于耳而为听因心烦事冗饮食
失
节劳役过度致脾胃虚弱心火大盛则百脉沸腾血脉逆行邪害空窍失明则日月不明矣夫五脏六腑
之精气皆禀受于脾上贯于目脾者诸阴之首也目者血脉之宗也故脾虚则五脏之精气皆失所司不
能
归明于目矣心者君火也主人之神宜静而安相火化行其令相火者包络也主百脉皆荣于目既劳役
运动势乃妄行又因邪气所并而损血脉故诸病生焉凡医者不理脾胃及养血安神治标不治本是
不明正理也
按此论目为腑脏血脉精气之宗至为详悉岂但世俗拘之于五轮八廓而已也
《黄帝内经》说：所有的脉都归属于目，眼睛得到血的滋养才能看见。《灵枢·根结》（针经）说：五脏六腑的精气都向上灌注于目，从而形成眼的精气。精气的汇聚处称为眼，其中骨之精表现为黑眼球，血之精表现为眼络，气之精表现为白眼白，肌肉之精则构成眼睑的约束功能。这些深藏于内的筋、骨、血、气之精，与脉共同组成目系，向上连接脑后，出于项部。因此，邪气中伤项部，如果恰逢人体正气虚弱，邪气深入就会随着目系进入脑部。脑转则牵引目系紧张，目系紧张则导致头晕目眩。邪气中伤眼的精气，若精气受损不能协调配合，就会导致精气散乱，精气散乱则视物成双，所以看到两个物体。
眼睛是五脏六腑精气的汇聚处，是营卫、魂魄经常营运的地方，也是神气所主宰的地方。所以精神劳倦则魂魄散乱，意志混乱。因此，瞳子和黑眼球效法阴，白眼和赤脉发于阳，阴阳结合传递而成为精明之视。眼睛是心的使者，心是神的居所。所以如果神精紊乱不转，突然看到异常之处，精神魂魄分散而不相协调，这就叫做“惑”。
李东垣说：十二经脉和三百六十五络，其气血都上行于面部并通达空窍。其中清阳之气上散于目而形成视觉，浊气走于耳而形成听觉。如果因为心烦、事务繁杂、饮食失节、劳役过度，导致脾胃虚弱、心火大盛，那么百脉沸腾，血脉逆行，邪气侵害空窍，导致失明，日月不明。
五脏六腑的精气都禀受于脾，向上贯注于目。脾是诸阴之首，目是血脉之宗。所以脾虚则五脏的精气都失去统摄，不能归明于目。心是君火，主人的神志应当安静安定；相火化行其令，相火即心包络，主管百脉，都荣养于目。既然劳役运动导致势态妄行，又因邪气所并而损伤血脉，所以各种疾病由此产生。凡是医生如果不调理脾胃以及养血安神，只治标不治本，这是不明白正理。
The *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) states: All meridians belong to the eyes; the eyes can see only when they receive nourishment from blood. The *Ling Shu* (Spiritual Pivot, also known as the Needle Classic) states: The essence and qi of the five zang organs and six fu organs all ascend and pour into the eyes, thereby forming the essence of the eyes. The gathering place of this essence is the eyeball; the essence of bone manifests as the black pupil (cornea/pupil area); the essence of blood manifests as the collateral vessels (conjunctival vessels); the essence of qi manifests as the white sclera; and the essence of muscle constitutes the constraints (eyelids). These essences of sinew, bone, blood, and qi, deeply embedded within, combine with the meridians to form the optic nerve system (eye system), which ascends to connect with the brain at the back of the head and emerges from the neck region. Therefore, if pathogenic factors attack the neck region, especially when accompanied by deficiency in the body's healthy qi, the pathogens may penetrate deeply and follow the optic nerve system into the brain. This causes dizziness or rotation of the brain, which then tenses the optic nerve system. Tension in the optic nerve system leads to vertigo and visual spinning. If pathogenic factors attack the eye's essence, and the affected essences fail to coordinate harmoniously, the essence will scatter. Scattered essence results in diplopia (seeing double objects).
The eyes are the repository of the essence of the five zang organs and six fu organs; they are the site where Ying and Wei (nutritive and defensive) qi, Hun and Po (ethereal and corporeal souls) constantly circulate, and they are governed by Shen (spirit). Thus, mental fatigue causes the dispersion of Hun and Po and confusion of will and intention. Consequently, the pupils and black parts of the eyes correspond to Yin, while the whites and red vessels correspond to Yang. The integration of Yin and Yang transmits clarity, enabling sharp vision. The eyes are the messengers of the Heart, and the Heart is the residence of Shen. Therefore, if Shen and Jing (essence) become disordered and fail to function properly, sudden perception of abnormal phenomena causes the dispersion of Jing, Shen, Hun, and Po, leading to a lack of coordination; this state is termed "confusion" (huo).
Li Dongyuan stated: The twelve primary meridians and 365 collaterals all transport their blood and qi upward to the face and through the orifices. Clear yang qi ascends to the eyes to facilitate vision, while turbid qi descends to the ears to facilitate hearing. If mental distress, excessive workload, irregular diet, or overexertion lead to Spleen-Stomach weakness and excessive Heart Fire, the hundred meridians will boil, and blood flow will reverse. Pathogens damaging the orifices result in blindness, obscuring the brightness of the sun and moon.
The essence and qi of the five zang organs and six fu organs are derived from the Spleen and ascend to the eyes. The Spleen is the head of all yin meridians, and the eyes are the patriarch of all blood vessels. Therefore, Spleen deficiency causes the loss of control over the essence of the five zang organs, preventing clear vision. The Heart represents Ministerial Fire (Jun Huo); its spirit should remain calm and tranquil. Dialectical Fire (Xiang Huo) executes its commands; Dialectical Fire refers to the Pericardium, which governs the hundred meridians and nourishes the eyes. However, physical exertion causes erratic movement, and when combined with pathogenic invasion, it damages the blood vessels, giving rise to various diseases. Physicians who fail to regulate the Spleen and Stomach, nourish blood, and calm the spirit, treating only symptoms rather than the root cause, do not understand the correct principles.
Commentary: This discussion comprehensively elucidates the eyes as the patriarch of the zang-fu organs, blood vessels, and essence. It goes far beyond the superficial secular theories limited to the Five Wheels and Eight Corriders.