《灵》、《素》、《本草》皆屡言鼠 ，说者皆以食鼠残成 者当之。《病源》列九
中有
鼠，引《灵·寒热》赤脉贯瞳于其下。但《病源》鼠 既为九 之一，则不得以概诸 可
知。三经鼠 ，鼠当为窜，鼠性善窜，故窜字从鼠，鼠字即通窜。《诗》正月鼠忧以痒，小
鼠思泣血。两字皆为窜义，盖遭乱之人，多方求脱而卒不可得，故既言鼠，而复缀以忧、
思二字。 之称鼠，亦取窜通经络为义。窜俗作串， 与 为双声，故近世疡科书皆呼 串
。患即窜 之倒言也。鼠如字读，则与注为声转， 与流为声同，故近世疡科书或呼流注
。流注即鼠 之倒言也。凡取两字相切成义者，可顺可倒，如丁东东丁、历六陆离之类甚多
。鼠 之为 串、流注，断无疑已。又此病初起曰瘰 ，从其外命之；已成曰鼠 ，从其内
命之。经称寒热瘰 及寒热鼠 ，别之以此。因知赤脉贯瞳，当是已成之 串诊法，非初起
之瘰 诊法。何以言之？经以赤脉多则死期远，少则近，则见赤脉非凶兆明矣。大抵血虚之
人，目皮里面必白，血主脉，故以脉见之多少，验血虚之微甚。瘰 初起，当不至是，必已
成串，脓水淋漓已久，合用此诊法耳！《玉篇》 ，病也； ，疮也。
《金匮》衄云，从春至夏衄者太阳，从秋至冬衄者阳明，独不言少阳。或据《灵枢·经
脉》
谓少阳脉不至鼻，似也，而实非也。盖仲景所云太阳、阳明者，非谓太阳、阳明之经，乃其
自分之部也。太阳统三阳之表，阳明为胃腑之里。衄有由阳络之阳伤而得者，外感风热所致
，春夏从开，邪必着于表，故云从春至夏衄者太阳；衄有由阳络之阴伤而得者，内伤饮食之
热，复被风铄所致，秋冬主阖，邪必着于里，故云从秋至冬衄者阳明。此文正与泉前三阴三
阳诸篇相证，虽似本之《灵枢》，而要各自成论，偶与之合也。
《灵枢》、《素问》、《神农本草经》都多次提到“鼠瘰”，解释的人都说这是由吃了老鼠吃剩的食物而形成的。《诸病源候论》在九种瘰疬中列出了鼠瘰，引用了《灵枢·寒热篇》中“赤脉贯瞳”作为其下方的症状。但既然《诸病源候论》将鼠瘰列为九种瘰疬之一，那么就不能用这一种来概括所有的瘰疬，这是显而易见的。
这三本书中的“鼠瘰”，“鼠”应当理解为“窜”。老鼠天性善于钻窜，所以“窜”字从“鼠”，“鼠”字通假为“窜”。《诗经·小雅·小明》中说“正月繁霜，我心忧伤”，《小雅·小宛》中说“小鼠思泣血”。这两个“鼠”字都是“窜”的意思，大概是指遭受战乱的人，多方寻求逃脱却最终无法得到，所以既说“鼠”，又加上“忧”、“思”两个字。“瘰”被称为“鼠”，也是取“窜”通经络的含义。“窜”俗写作“串”，“瘰”与“串”是双声字，所以近世的疡科书籍都称之为“串”。患病即是“窜瘰”的倒言（即“串瘰”）。“鼠”按本字读音，则与“注”发生声转，“瘰”与“流”声音相同，所以近世的疡科书籍有时称之为“流注”。“流注”即是“鼠瘰”的倒言。凡是取两个字相切合成义的词，可以顺读也可以倒读，像“丁东”和“东丁”、“离陆”和“陆离”之类的很多。因此，“鼠瘰”就是“串瘰”、“流注”，这断然无疑。另外，这个病初起时叫“瘰疬”，是从外部命名；已经形成脓肿时叫“鼠瘰”，是从内部命名。经典称“寒热瘰疬”及“寒热鼠瘰”，以此加以区别。由此可知，“赤脉贯瞳”应该是已成之“串瘰”的诊断方法，而不是初起之“瘰疬”的诊断方法。为什么这样说呢？经文说赤脉多则死期远，少则死期近，那么见到赤脉显然不是凶兆。大抵血虚的人，眼睑里面必然发白，血主脉，所以通过观察脉象出现的多少，来验证血虚的程度轻重。瘰疬初起，不至于达到这种程度，一定是已经成串，脓水淋漓已久，才合适用此诊断方法！《玉篇》说：“瘰，病也；疬，疮也。”
《金匮要略》关于鼻衄（鼻出血）说：从春季到夏季发生鼻衄的属于太阳病，从秋季到冬季发生鼻衄的属于阳明病，唯独没有提到少阳病。有人依据《灵枢·经脉篇》认为少阳脉不到达鼻子，似乎有道理，但实际上不对。因为张仲景所说的太阳、阳明，并不是指太阳经、阳明经，而是指它们各自分属的部位。太阳统摄三阳之表，阳明是胃腑之里。鼻衄有因阳络之阳气受伤而得的，是由外感风热所致，春夏季节阳气主开泄，邪气必定附着于体表，所以说从春至夏鼻衄者属于太阳；鼻衄有因阳络之阴气受伤而得的，是由内伤饮食之热，又被风邪燥烈所导致，秋冬季节阳气主闭藏，邪气必定附着于体内，所以说从秋至冬鼻衄者属于阳明。这段文字正与前面讨论三阴三阳的各篇相互印证，虽然似乎源自《灵枢》，但主要是自成一家之言，偶然与之吻合罢了。
The *Ling Shu* (Spiritual Pivot), *Su Wen* (Basic Questions), and *Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing* (Divine Farmer's Materia Medica) all frequently mention "Shu Luo" (Rat Scrofula). Commentators have interpreted this as resulting from consuming food remnants left by rats. The *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* (Source Book of All Diseases) lists "Shu Luo" among the nine types of scrofula, citing the symptom of "red vessels penetrating the pupil" found beneath it in the *Ling Shu · Han Re* chapter. However, since the *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* categorizes "Shu Luo" as one of the nine types of scrofula, it cannot be used to generalize all cases of scrofula; this is evident.
In these three texts, regarding "Shu Luo," the character "Shu" (Rat) should be understood as "Cuan" (to burrow or penetrate). Rats are naturally adept at burrowing, hence the character for "Cuan" contains the radical for "Rat," and "Shu" serves as a phonetic loan for "Cuan." In the *Classic of Poetry* (*Shi Jing*), specifically in the poem "Xiao Ming," it states, "In the first month, heavy frost falls, my heart is sorrowful"; and in "Xiao Wan," it says, "The little rat thinks and weeps blood." In both instances, the character "Shu" carries the meaning of "Cuan." This likely refers to people suffering from chaos, seeking escape through various means but ultimately failing; thus, after mentioning "Shu," the characters "You" (sorrow) and "Si" (worry/thought) are appended. The term "Luo" being called "Shu" also takes on the meaning of "Cuan" penetrating through meridians. "Cuan" is commonly written as "Chuan." "Luo" and "Chuan" share the same initial consonant (double sound), so modern surgical texts refer to it as "Chuan." The disease name is essentially a reversal of "Cuan Luo" (i.e., "Chuan Luo"). Reading "Shu" with its original pronunciation results in a phonetic shift with "Zhu" (flow/accumulate), and "Luo" shares the same sound as "Liu" (flow). Therefore, some modern surgical texts call it "Liu Zhu" (Flowing Abscess). "Liu Zhu" is simply the reversed form of "Shu Luo." Whenever two characters are combined to form a compound meaning, they can often be read forwards or backwards, such as "Ding Dong" and "Dong Ding," or "Li Lu" and "Lu Li." Thus, "Shu Luo" is undoubtedly equivalent to "Chuan Luo" and "Liu Zhu." Furthermore, this disease is called "Luo Li" (Scrofula) when it first begins, named according to its external manifestation; once abscesses have formed, it is called "Shu Luo," named according to its internal nature. Classics distinguish between "Han Re Luo Li" (Cold-Heat Scrofula) and "Han Re Shu Luo" based on this. From this, we know that "red vessels penetrating the pupil" is a diagnostic sign for established "Chuan Luo," not for initial "Luo Li." Why? The classic states that if red vessels are numerous, the time to death is distant; if few, it is near. Clearly, the presence of red vessels is not an ominous sign. Generally, individuals with Blood Deficiency will have pale inner eyelids. Since Blood governs the vessels, observing the number of visible vessels verifies the severity of Blood Deficiency. Initial "Luo Li" would not reach this stage; only when abscesses have formed into chains and pus has been draining for a long time is this diagnostic method applicable! The *Yu Pian* states: "Luo means disease; Li means sore."
Regarding epistaxis (nosebleed) in the *Jin Gui Yao Lue*, it states: Epistaxis occurring from spring to summer belongs to Tai Yang (Greater Yang); epistaxis occurring from autumn to winter belongs to Yang Ming (Bright Yang); notably, it does not mention Shao Yang (Lesser Yang). Some argue based on the *Ling Shu · Jing Mai* chapter that the Shao Yang meridian does not reach the nose, which seems plausible but is actually incorrect. What Zhang Zhongjing meant by Tai Yang and Yang Ming was not strictly the Tai Yang and Yang Ming meridians themselves, but rather their respective domains. Tai Yang governs the exterior of the Three Yang stages, while Yang Ming represents the interior of the Stomach Fu organ. Epistaxis can arise from injury to the Yang aspect of the Yang Collaterals, caused by external contraction of Wind-Heat. During spring and summer, Yang Qi opens outward, so pathogens must attach to the exterior; hence, epistaxis from spring to summer is attributed to Tai Yang. Epistaxis can also arise from injury to the Yin aspect of the Yang Collaterals, caused by internal damage from dietary heat compounded by drying Wind. During autumn and winter, Yang Qi closes inward, so pathogens must attach to the interior; hence, epistaxis from autumn to winter is attributed to Yang Ming. This text corroborates the preceding chapters discussing the Three Yin and Three Yang stages. Although it appears to originate from the *Ling Shu*, it primarily forms an independent argument that coincidentally aligns with it.