经曰∶中央黄色，入通于脾，开窍于口。藏精于脾，故病在口。盖口为脾之窍，脾气通于口
，口和则知五味矣。若脏腑热盛，热乘心脾，气冲于口，故胃热则口臭；脾热则口甜；心热则口
燥；胆热则口苦；肝热则口酸；肺虚则口辛；肾热则口咸；胃虚则口淡；肺热则喉腥。又口疮者
，乃脾虚凝滞，风热加之则发口疮。小儿将养太过，衣衾暖浓，心脏客热，其口亦臭。此口疮应
脏腑之邪热也。复有酒色过度之人，服凉药久而不愈者，乃中气不足，虚火泛上无制，宜温热之
药。惟在细参脉证，以别其虚实可也。脉浮大洪数，见于何部皆属实热；脉虚，属中气不足。治
理尤当审别。
主方 （口疮糜烂） 黄连 黄芩 栀子 连翘 当归 生地 白芍 枳壳 桔梗 薄荷
甘草（等分）水煎。食后卧床徐徐噙咽，慎勿顿服，恐上热未除，下成寒疾。
甘露饮 治男、妇、小儿胃中客热，牙宣秽气，牙龈肿烂，时出脓血，口舌生疮，咽喉肿
痛。又疗脾胃受湿，瘀热在里；或醉饱多劳，湿热相搏，致成胆病，身面皆黄。或时身热而肿，
大小便不调。
枇杷叶（拭去毛） 生地黄 熟地黄 天门冬 麦门冬 茵陈 石斛 枳壳（炒） 黄芩（各
一钱） 甘草（炙，五分）
上作一服。水二钟，煎至七分，食后服。去麦冬，加山豆根、犀角，大效。
玄参散 治满口并舌生疮，连齿龈烂痛。
玄参 升麻 独活 麦门冬（去心） 黄芩 黄柏 大黄（炒） 栀子仁 前胡 犀角屑
甘草（炙。各三分）
上水煎服。
升麻黄连丸 治多食肉，口臭不欲闻其秽恶。
升麻（半两） 生姜 黄连 黄芩（酒炒） 檀香 甘草（各三钱） 青皮（半两）
上为末，泡，蒸饼丸弹大，每一丸不拘时细嚼，白汤下。
清胃饮 治口臭。
黄连 黄芩 栀子 石膏 生地 滑石 连翘（各一钱） 知母 升麻 葛根 大黄（酒炒）
石斛（各八分） 甘草（五分）
加芦根，水煎服。口甜加枳壳、骨皮，去知母、葛根，石斛。
凉肺饮 治口辛辣。
桔梗 桑白皮 地骨皮 金沸草（各二钱） 甘草（一钱） 上水煎服。
加减柴胡汤 治口苦及口酸。
柴胡 黄芩 半夏 麦冬 黄连 青皮 胆草 当归 骨皮 白芍药（等分）上水煎服。
坎离丸 治口咸。
黄柏 知母（各二两。好酒拌湿，阴干，晒） 肉桂（二钱）
为末，水法丸，盐汤下。
敷方 治口舌破烂，唇吻燥裂，咽喉肿痛。
黄连 黄柏 黄芩 栀子 细辛 干姜（等分）上为末，先以米泔水漱口，搽敷，或吐或咽
。
又方 黄柏末一两，或蒲黄末、青黛三钱，同研搽（加少冰片）。
又方（治口疮） 黄连（三钱），好酒煎二沸，候冷，噙漱慢咽。或枯矾、黄丹敷；或莲瓣
贴。
赴筵散 （治口疮） 黄连末（一两） 干姜（炮，研，三钱）和匀，淡盐汤漱口，敷。
口糜生疮∶胡连（五钱） 川连（三钱） 细辛 藿香（各一钱）研匀敷。
又 硼砂、青黛、薄荷、石膏，研匀搽。
又 白芷、铜青（等分），敷。
又 黄柏、青黛敷。或大黄、明矾敷。或枯矾、雄黄敷。
噙方 益智、甘草为末，舐咽，或汤调下。
又 白芷、川芎为末；或丁香、川芎、甘草、白芷为末，蜜丸噙服。
口干燥∶石膏（水飞），寒水石（研。各八两）。水四碗，煎碗半，入白蜜八两，煎稠噙服。
口上 忽生紫泡如蛋，急刺破出血，用蒲黄、青黛敷，服凉膈散（方见火门）。
简便方 （治口疮）五倍子为末，敷。
又 先以乱发拭口净，用桑树汁敷之。
又方 蔷薇根避风者，去土，煮浓汁，舍冷则易。
又方 芒硝陆续含化。
又 香薷煎汁哈咽。
《黄帝内经》说：中央方位对应黄色，精气通于脾脏，口窍开泄于口。精气藏于脾，所以疾病会表现在口部。因为口是脾的窍道，脾气通达于口，口中调和就能辨别五味了。如果脏腑热邪亢盛，热邪侵犯心脾，气机上冲于口，所以胃热则口臭；脾热则口甜；心热则口燥；胆热则口苦；肝热则口酸；肺虚则口辛；肾热则口咸；胃虚则口淡；肺热则喉中有腥味。另外，口疮（口腔黏膜溃疡），是由于脾虚导致气机凝滞，再受到风热侵袭就会引发口疮。小儿养育过度，衣被过暖过热，导致心脏有客热，其口中也会发臭。这些口疮都是应合脏腑的邪热所致。又有因酒色过度的人，服用寒凉药物久而不愈的，这是中气不足，虚火上炎没有制约，适宜用温热性质的药物治疗。关键在于仔细参详脉象和证候，以辨别虚实即可。脉象浮大洪数，无论出现在哪个部位都属实热证；脉象虚弱，属于中气不足。治疗调理尤其应当审慎辨别。
主方（治疗口疮糜烂）：黄连、黄芩、栀子、连翘、当归、生地、白芍、枳壳、桔梗、薄荷、甘草（各等分）。水煎煮。饭后卧床慢慢含咽，千万不要顿服，恐怕上部的热邪未除，下部却形成了寒疾。
甘露饮：治疗男女小儿胃中有客热，牙龈萎缩散发秽气，牙龈肿胀腐烂，时常流出脓血，口舌生疮，咽喉肿痛。又治疗脾胃受湿，瘀热在体内；或者醉酒饱食后多劳，湿热相搏结，导致形成胆病，身体面目皆发黄。或者时而身体发热且浮肿，大小便不调。
枇杷叶（拭去绒毛）、生地黄、熟地黄、天门冬、麦门冬、茵陈、石斛、枳壳（炒）、黄芩（各一钱）、甘草（炙，五分）。以上为一剂。用水两钟，煎至七分，饭后服用。去掉麦冬，加入山豆根、犀角，效果极大。
玄参散：治疗满口及舌头生疮，连带齿龈腐烂疼痛。
玄参、升麻、独活、麦门冬（去心）、黄芩、黄柏、大黄（炒）、栀子仁、前胡、犀角屑、甘草（炙，各三分）。以上用水煎服。
升麻（半两）、生姜、黄连、黄芩（酒炒）、檀香、甘草（各三钱）、青皮（半两）。以上研为末，泡制，蒸饼做丸如弹子大，每一丸不拘时候细细咀嚼，白开水送下。
黄连、黄芩、栀子、石膏、生地、滑石、连翘（各一钱）、知母、升麻、葛根、大黄（酒炒）、石斛（各八分）、甘草（五分）。加芦根，水煎服。口甜加枳壳、地骨皮，去掉知母、葛根、石斛。
凉肺饮：治疗口中有辛辣感。
桔梗、桑白皮、地骨皮、金沸草（各二钱）、甘草（一钱）。以上用水煎服。
柴胡、黄芩、半夏、麦冬、黄连、青皮、胆草、当归、地骨皮、白芍药（各等分）。以上用水煎服。
黄柏、知母（各二两，用好酒拌湿，阴干，晒干）、肉桂（二钱）。研为末，用水泛丸，盐汤送下。
黄连、黄柏、黄芩、栀子、细辛、干姜（各等分）。以上研为末，先用米泔水漱口，搽敷患处，或者吐出或者咽下。
又一方：黄柏末一两，或者蒲黄末、青黛三钱，共同研磨搽敷（加入少许冰片）。
又一方（治疗口疮）：黄连（三钱），用好酒煎煮两沸，待冷，含漱慢咽。或者用枯矾、黄丹敷贴；或者用莲瓣贴敷。
赴筵散（治疗口疮）：黄连末（一两）、干姜（炮制，研，三钱）混合均匀，淡盐汤漱口后敷贴。
口糜生疮：胡黄连（五钱）、川黄连（三钱）、细辛、藿香（各一钱）研磨均匀敷贴。
又方：黄柏、青黛敷贴。或者大黄、明矾敷贴。或者枯矾、雄黄敷贴。
又方：白芷、川芎研为末；或者丁香、川芎、甘草、白芷研为末，蜜丸含服。
口干燥：石膏（水飞法处理）、寒水石（研，各八两）。水四碗，煎至一碗半，加入白蜜八两，煎至浓稠含服。
口上突然生出紫色水泡如蛋大，急刺破出血，用蒲黄、青黛敷贴，服用凉膈散（方见火门章节）。
又方：蔷薇根避风者，去土，煮成浓汁，凉了则更换。
The *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) states: The central direction corresponds to yellow, and the essence connects with the Spleen organ; the orifice opens at the mouth. Essence is stored in the Spleen, therefore diseases manifest in the mouth. Since the mouth is the orifice of the Spleen, when Spleen Qi communicates with the mouth, a harmonious mouth allows for the perception of the five flavors. If internal heat pathogens are excessive, heat invades the Heart and Spleen, and Qi rushes upward to the mouth; thus, Stomach heat causes halitosis; Spleen heat causes a sweet taste in the mouth; Heart heat causes dryness in the mouth; Gallbladder heat causes a bitter taste in the mouth; Liver heat causes an sour taste in the mouth; Lung deficiency causes a pungent taste in the mouth; Kidney heat causes a salty taste in the mouth; Stomach deficiency causes a bland taste in the mouth; Lung heat causes a fishy smell in the throat. Furthermore, oral ulcers (mouth sores) arise from Spleen deficiency leading to stagnation, which, when combined with wind-heat, triggers oral ulcers. If children are over-nurtured, wearing warm and thick clothing, causing guest-heat in the Heart, their mouths will also emit an odor. These oral ulcers correspond to the pathogenic heat of the Zang-Fu organs. There are also individuals who have indulged excessively in alcohol and sex; if they take cooling medicines for a long time without recovery, this is due to insufficiency of Middle Qi, with deficient fire floating upward without restraint, requiring warming-tonifying medicines. The key lies in carefully analyzing the pulse and symptoms to distinguish between excess and deficiency. A pulse that is floating, large, surging, and rapid indicates excess-heat regardless of its position; a deficient pulse indicates insufficiency of Middle Qi. Treatment must be particularly cautious in differentiation.
Main Formula (for oral ulcer erosion): Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Zhizi (Gardeniae Fructus), Lianqiao (Forsythiae Fructus), Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Shengdi (Rehmanniae Radix), Baishao (Paeoniae Radix Alba), Zhike (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix), Bohe (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) in equal parts. Decoct in water. After meals, lie down and slowly hold and swallow. Do not take it all at once, lest the upper heat not be cleared while cold disease forms below.
Ganlu Yin (Sweet Dew Decoction): Treats guest-heat in the stomach of men, women, and children; gingival recession with foul odor; swollen and rotting gums with occasional pus and blood discharge; oral and lingual ulcers; swollen and painful throat. It also treats dampness affecting the Spleen and Stomach with stagnant heat inside; or heat-dampness clashing due to drunkenness, overeating, and overwork, leading to Gallbladder disease with jaundice of the body and face; or intermittent fever with edema, and irregular urination and defecation.
Pipaye (Loquat Leaf, hairs removed), Shengdihuang (Rehmanniae Radix Recens), Shudihuang (Rehmanniae Radix Preparata), Tianmendong (Asparagi Radix), Maidong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Yichen (Artemisiae Scopariae Herba), Shihu (Dendrobii Caulis), Zhike (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, stir-fried), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix) each 1 qian; Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, honey-fried) 5 fen. Make one dose. Use two zhong of water, decoct until seven-tenths remain, take after meals. Remove Maidong, add Shandougen (Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix) and Xijiao (Rhinocerotis Cornu), highly effective.
Xuanshen San (Scrophulariae Powder): Treats ulcers covering the entire mouth and tongue, extending to rotting and painful gums.
Xuanshen (Scrophulariae Radix), Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma), Duhuo (Angelicae Pubescentis Radix), Maidong (Ophiopogonis Radix, heart removed), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, stir-fried), Zhiziren (Gardeniae Semen), Qianhu (Peucedani Radix), Xijiao xie (Rhinocerotis Cornu shavings), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, honey-fried) each 3 fen. Decoct in water and take.
Shengma Lianhuang Wan (Cimicifuga and Coptis Pill): Treats halitosis and aversion to foul odor caused by excessive meat consumption.
Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma) 0.5 liang; Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens), Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix, wine-fried), Tanxiang (Santalum Album Lignum), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) each 3 qian; Qingpi (Aurantii Pericarpium Viride) 0.5 liang. Grind into powder, prepare, make pills using steamed bread dough the size of a bullet. Chew one pill thoroughly at any time, swallow with plain water.
Qingwei Yin (Clear Stomach Decoction): Treats halitosis.
Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Zhizi (Gardeniae Fructus), Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Shengdi (Rehmanniae Radix), Huashi (Talcum), Lianqiao (Forsythiae Fructus) each 1 qian; Zhimu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma), Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, wine-fried), Shihu (Dendrobii Caulis) each 8 fen; Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 5 fen. Add Lugeng (Phragmitis Rhizoma), decoct in water and take. For sweet taste in mouth, add Zhike (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus) and Gupi (Lycii Cortex); remove Zhimu, Gegen, and Shihu.
Liangfei Yin (Cool Lung Decoction): Treats pungent/spicy taste in the mouth.
Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix), Sangbaipi (Mori Cortex), Digupi (Lycii Cortex), Jinfeicao (Antennariae Herba) each 2 qian; Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) 1 qian. Decoct in water and take.
Jiajian Chaihu Tang (Modified Bupleurum Decoction): Treats bitter and sour tastes in the mouth.
Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Banxia (Pinelliae Rhizoma Preparatum), Maidong (Ophiopogonis Radix), Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Qingpi (Aurantii Pericarpium Viride), Danshen (not specified, likely Danca/Isatidis Folium or similar bitter herb contextually), Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Gupi (Lycii Cortex), Baishao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) in equal parts. Decoct in water and take.
Kanli Wan (Kan and Li Pill): Treats salty taste in the mouth.
Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), Zhimu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma) each 2 liang (mix with good wine until moist, dry in shade, sun-dry); Rougui (Cinnamomi Cortex) 2 qian. Grind into powder, make pills using water method, take with salt water.
External Application Formula: Treats broken mouth and tongue, dry and cracked lips, swollen and painful throat.
Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma), Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Zhizi (Gardeniae Fructus), Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma) in equal parts. Grind into powder. First rinse mouth with rice wash water, then apply externally, or spit out or swallow.
Another Formula: 1 liang of Huangbai powder, or 3 qian of Puhuang (Typhae Pollen) and Qingdai (Indigo Naturalis), grind together and apply (add a little Bingpian/Borneolum Syntheticum).
Another Formula (for oral ulcers): Huanglian (Coptidis Rhizoma) 3 qian, decoct twice in good wine, cool, hold in mouth and swallow slowly. Or apply Kufan (Alumen Exsiccatum) and Huangdan (Minii Oxidum Rubrum); or apply Lotus petal.
Fuyan San (Banquet Attending Powder) (for oral ulcers): Huanglian powder 1 liang, Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma, roasted and ground) 3 qian, mix evenly. Rinse mouth with light salt water, then apply.
Koumi Shengchuang (Oral Thrush and Ulcers): Hulian (Hydrastis Rhizoma or Coptis variant) 5 qian, Chuanlian (Coptidis Rhizoma) 3 qian, Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), Huoxiang (Agastaches Herba) each 1 qian, grind evenly and apply.
Another: Pengsha (Borax), Qingdai (Indigo Naturalis), Bohe (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba), Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum), grind evenly and apply.
Another: Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix), Tongqing (Aeruginis Falco), equal parts, apply.
Another: Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex), Qingdai (Indigo Naturalis) apply. Or Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Mingfan (Alumen) apply. Or Kufan (Alumen Exsiccatum), Xionghuang (Realgar) apply.
Holding Formula: Yizhi (Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) ground into powder, lick and swallow, or mix with water and take.
Another: Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix), Chuanxiong (Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma) ground into powder; or Dingxiang (Caryophylli Flos), Chuanxiong (Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix) ground into powder, make honey pills and hold in mouth.
Mouth Dryness: Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum, water levigated), Hanshuishi (Aqua Marina), each 8 liang. Four bowls of water, decoct until one and a half bowls remain, add 8 liang of white honey, decoct until thick, hold in mouth and swallow.
Purple Blisters on Mouth: Suddenly appearing purple blisters like eggs on the mouth, urgently prick to bleed, apply Puhuang (Typhae Pollen) and Qingdai (Indigo Naturalis), take Liangge San (Cool Diaphragm Powder, see Fire Chapter).
Simple Formula (for oral ulcers): Wubeizi (Myrobalani Fructus) ground into powder, apply.
Another: First wipe mouth clean with loose hair, apply Mulberry tree juice.
Another: Rose root (avoiding wind), remove soil, boil into thick juice, change when cooled.
Another: Mangxiao (Natrii Sulfas) continuously dissolve in mouth.
Another: Xiangru (Elsholtziae Herba) decocted juice, inhale and swallow.