（《素问·四时刺逆从论》 附∶疝气说）
厥阴有余病阴痹，（厥阴者风木之气也，风木有余则邪并于肝，肝经之脉结于诸阴之分，故病为阴痹。痹义如前。）
不足病生热痹，（厥阴之气不足，则阳邪胜之，故病生热痹。）滑则病狐疝风，（滑为阳邪有余，而病风者，热则生风也。
疝者前阴少腹之病，男女五脏皆有之。狐之昼伏夜出，阴兽也，疝在厥阴，其出入上下不常，与狐相类，故曰狐疝风。
此非外入之风，乃以肝邪为言也。下准此。）涩则病少腹积气。（涩为气虚，为血滞，故邪气留止而病为积聚。）
少阴有余病皮痹隐轸，（少阴者君火之气也，火盛则克金，皮者肺之合，故为皮痹。隐轸，即瘾疹也。）不足病肺痹，
（火不足则金无所畏，燥邪独胜，故病为肺痹。）滑则病肺风疝，（滑实则君火为邪，故乘于肺，病在气也。）涩则病积溲
血。（涩为心血不足，故经滞而为积聚，血乱而为溲血也。）
太阴有余病肉痹寒中，（太阴者湿土之气也，湿邪有余，故为肉痹。寒湿在脾，故为寒中。）不足病脾痹，（土弱则脾
气不行也。）滑则病脾风疝，（太阴脉滑，则土邪有余。脾风疝者，即 肿重坠之属，病在湿也。）涩则病积、心腹时满。
（脾脉入腹，上注心中，涩因脾弱，故病脾积及心腹时满。）
阳明有余病脉痹、身时热，（阳明者燥金之气也，其合大肠与胃，燥气有余，则血脉虚而阴水弱，故病脉痹及身为时
热。）不足病心痹，（燥气不足则火胜为邪，故病为心痹。）滑则病心风疝，（滑则燥热生风，热则主于心也，故为心风疝。）
涩则病积、时善惊。（涩则胃虚而滞，故病积。胃虚者风木乘之，故善惊。）
太阳有余病骨痹身重，（太阳者寒水之气也，其合肾，其主骨，故太阳寒邪有余者，主为骨痹、为身重。）不足病肾
痹，（不足则肾气弱，故病为肾痹。）滑则病肾风疝，（太阳滑实者风寒挟邪，故病肾风疝。）涩则病积、善时巅疾。（太阳
之脉交巅上，络肾属膀胱，故其脉涩气滞，当为肾积及顶巅之病。）
少阳有余病筋痹胁满，（少阳者相火之气也，其合肝胆，其主筋，其脉行于胁肋，故少阳之邪有余者，当病筋痹胁满。）
不足病肝痹，（少阳不足则肝脏气虚，故病为肝痹。）滑则病肝风疝，（滑实则风热合邪而为肝风疝，病在筋也。）涩则病
积、时筋急目痛。（涩以血滞，故病肝积。肝主筋，开窍于目，故为筋急目痛。愚按∶本经诸篇所言疝证不一，有云狐疝，
以其出入不常也。有 疝者，以其顽肿不仁也。有冲疝者，以其自少腹上冲心而痛也。有厥疝者，以积气在腹中而气逆
为疝也。有瘕者，以少腹冤热而痛出白，一名曰蛊也。有六经风疝者，如本篇之所云也。有小肠疝者，如《邪气脏腑病
形篇》曰小肠病者，小腹痛，腰脊控睾而痛，时窘之后者，亦疝之属也。是皆诸疝之义。按《骨空论》曰∶任脉为病，
男子内结七疝，女子带下瘕聚。盖任脉者，起于中极之下，以上毛际，循腹里，上关元，总诸阴之会，故诸疝之在小腹
者，无不由任脉为之原，而诸经为之派耳。云七疝者，乃总诸疝为言，如本篇所言者六也，《邪气脏腑病形篇》所言者一
也，盖以诸经之疝所属有七，故云七疝。若狐 冲厥之类，亦不过为七疝之别名耳。后世如巢氏所叙七疝，则曰厥、 、
寒、气、盘、 、野狼。至张子和非之曰∶此俗工所立谬名也。盖环阴器上抵小腹者，乃属足厥阴肝经之部分，是受疝之
处也。又曰∶凡疝者，非肝木受邪，则肝木自甚，皆属肝经。于是亦立七疝之名，曰寒、水、筋、血、气、狐、 ，治
多用下。继自丹溪以来，皆宗其说。然以愚观之，亦未为得。夫前阴小腹之间，乃足三阴阳明任冲督脉之所聚，岂得独
以厥阴经为言？但如本篇六疝皆兼风言者，本非外入之风，盖风属肝，肝主筋，故凡病各经之疝者，谓其病多在筋而皆
挟肝邪则可；若谓必在厥阴，则不可也。后世议论徒多，又安能出《内经》之围范哉？学人当以经旨为正。至于治之之
法，大都此证寒则多痛，热则多纵，湿则多肿坠，虚者亦然，若重在血分者不移，在气分者多动。分察六者于诸经，各
因其多少虚实而兼治之，自无不效也。又诸疝详义，具会通类疾病二十六。）
（《素问·四时刺逆从论》附：疝气说）
厥阴经气有余，则病阴痹（指发生在身体下部或属阴部位的痹证），（厥阴对应风木之气，风木之气过盛则邪气并入肝脏，肝经的脉络结聚于诸阴经分布的区域，因此发病为阴痹。痹的含义如前文所述。）
厥阴经气不足，则病生热痹（由热邪引起的痹证），（厥阴之气虚弱，则阳热邪气胜过它，因此发病为热痹。）脉象滑利则病狐疝风（一种类似狐狸习性、出入无常的疝气病），（滑脉代表阳热邪气有余，而发病表现为风症，是因为热极生风。疝是指前阴和少腹部的疾病，男女五脏都可能发生。狐狸白天潜伏夜晚出来，是阴兽，疝气发生在厥阴经，其上下出入没有常规，与狐狸相似，所以称为狐疝风。这并非外来的风邪，而是指肝脏的邪气。下文以此类推。）脉象涩滞则病少腹积气（少腹部的气机积聚），（涩脉代表气虚和血行不畅，因此邪气停留阻滞而发病为积聚。）
少阴经气有余，则病皮痹（皮肤麻木不仁的痹证）隐轸（即瘾疹，相当于荨麻疹），（少阴对应君火之气，火气旺盛则克制肺金，皮肤是肺的外合，因此发为皮痹。隐轸就是瘾疹。）少阴经气不足，则病肺痹，（火气不足则肺金无所畏惧，燥邪独自亢盛，因此发病为肺痹。）脉象滑利则病肺风疝，（滑实脉象表示君火成为邪气，因此侵犯肺部，病变在气分。）脉象涩滞则病积聚、小便出血。（涩脉表示心血不足，因此经脉滞涩而形成积聚，血液紊乱而导致小便出血。）
太阴经气有余，则病肉痹（肌肉麻木不仁的痹证）寒中（寒邪客于脾胃导致的腹痛等症），（太阴对应湿土之气，湿邪有余，因此发为肉痹。寒湿停留在脾脏，因此发为寒中。）太阴经气不足，则病脾痹，（土气虚弱则脾气运行不畅。）脉象滑利则病脾风疝，（太阴脉滑，说明土邪有余。脾风疝，即肿胀沉重下坠类的病症，病变在于湿邪。）脉象涩滞则病积聚、心腹部时常胀满。（脾脉进入腹部，向上注入心中，涩脉因脾弱所致，因此发病为脾积以及心腹部时常胀满。）
阳明经气有余，则病脉痹（血脉凝滞的痹证）、身体时常发热，（阳明对应燥金之气，其相合的大肠与胃，燥气有余，则血脉虚弱而阴水不足，因此发病为脉痹以及身体时常发热。）阳明经气不足，则病心痹，（燥气不足则火气胜而为邪，因此发病为心痹。）脉象滑利则病心风疝，（滑脉表示燥热生风，热邪主要归属于心脏，因此发为心风疝。）脉象涩滞则病积聚、时常容易惊恐。（涩脉表示胃虚而气滞，因此发病为积聚。胃虚则风木之邪乘虚而入，因此容易惊恐。）
太阳经气有余，则病骨痹（骨骼疼痛重着的痹证）身重，（太阳对应寒水之气，其相合于肾，主司骨骼，因此太阳寒邪有余者，主要导致骨痹和身体沉重。）太阳经气不足，则病肾痹，（不足则肾气虚弱，因此发病为肾痹。）脉象滑利则病肾风疝，（太阳脉滑实，表示风寒挟带邪气，因此发病为肾风疝。）脉象涩滞则病积聚、时常发作头顶部的疾病。（太阳经脉交会于头顶，联络肾脏属于膀胱，因此其脉涩表示气机滞涩，应当出现肾积以及顶巅部位的疾病。）
少阳经气有余，则病筋痹（肌腱拘急疼痛的痹证）胁肋胀满，（少阳对应相火之气，其相合于肝胆，主司筋脉，其经脉行于胁肋，因此少阳邪气有余者，应当发病为筋痹和胁肋胀满。）少阳经气不足，则病肝痹，（少阳不足则肝脏气虚，因此发病为肝痹。）脉象滑利则病肝风疝，（滑实脉象表示风热结合为邪气而形成肝风疝，病变在筋脉。）脉象涩滞则病积聚、时常筋脉拘急眼睛疼痛。（涩脉表示血行滞涩，因此发病为肝积。肝主筋，开窍于目，因此出现筋脉拘急和眼睛疼痛。我按语道：本经各篇所说的疝证有多种，有的叫狐疝，因为它出入无常；有的叫㿉疝，因为它顽肿且感觉迟钝；有的叫冲疝，因为它从少腹上冲至心口并疼痛；有的叫厥疝，因为积气在腹中且气逆形成疝；有的叫瘕，因为少腹冤热而疼痛并排出白色分泌物，又名蛊；有的叫六经风疝，如本篇所说的那样；还有小肠疝，如《邪气脏腑病形篇》所说的小肠病，小腹痛，腰脊牵引睾丸疼痛，时常窘迫想排便，也属于疝类。这些都是各种疝的含义。查阅《骨空论》说：任脉生病，男子内部结聚成七疝，女子白带及癥瘕积聚。大概任脉，起于中极穴之下，向上经过毛际，沿腹部内侧上行至关元穴，总汇诸阴经，因此所有发生在小腹部的疝，无不以任脉为根源，而各条经脉为分支。所谓七疝，是总括各种疝而言，如本篇所说的有六种，《邪气脏腑病形篇》所说的有一种，大概因为各经所属的疝共有七种，所以说七疝。至于狐疝、冲疝、厥疝之类，也不过是七疝的别名罢了。后世如巢元方所叙述的七疝，则是说厥、㿉、寒、气、盘、㿉、野狼。到了张子和批评他说：这是庸医设立的谬误名称。大概环绕阴器向上抵住小腹的部位，属于足厥阴肝经的部分，这是受疝的地方。他又说：凡是疝，如果不是肝木受到邪气侵犯，就是肝木自身亢盛，都属于肝经。于是他也设立七疝之名，说寒、水、筋、血、气、狐、㿉，治疗多用攻下法。自从朱丹溪以来，都遵循他的说法。然而在我看来，也不恰当。那前阴和小腹之间，是足三阴、足阳明、任脉、冲脉、督脉汇聚的地方，怎么能只说是厥阴经呢？只是像本篇六种疝都兼谈风邪，本来不是外来的风，大概风属于肝，肝主筋，所以凡是患各经疝病的，说它们病变多在筋脉且都夹杂肝邪是可以的；如果说必定在厥阴经，就不对了。后世的议论徒然繁多，又怎能超出《内经》的范围呢？学习者应当以经典旨意为正。至于治疗方法，大体上此证寒邪多导致疼痛，热邪多导致弛纵，湿邪多导致肿胀下坠，虚证也是如此，如果重在血分的则位置固定不移，在气分的则多动变。分别考察这六种情况在各经的表现，根据虚实多少的不同兼治，自然没有不有效的。另外关于各种疝的详细含义，参见会通类疾病第二十六。）
(From *Suwen: Discussion on the Conformity and Non-conformity of Acupuncture in Four Seasons*, Appendix: Discourse on Hernia)
When the Jueyin (Liver/Pericardium) channel is in excess, Yin Bi (Bi syndrome occurring in the lower body or yin regions) occurs. (Jueyin corresponds to the wind-wood qi; when wind-wood qi is excessive, pathogenic factors merge into the Liver, and the Liver channel meridians knot at the areas distributed among the yin channels, thus causing Yin Bi. The meaning of Bi is as described previously.)
When the Jueyin channel is deficient, Re Bi (Bi syndrome caused by heat pathogens) develops. (When Jueyin qi is insufficient, yang-heat pathogens overcome it, thus causing Re Bi.) A slippery pulse indicates Hu Hernia-Feng (a type of hernia characterized by irregular movement, resembling a fox). (A slippery pulse indicates excess yang-heat pathogens; the manifestation of "wind" arises because extreme heat generates wind. Hernia refers to diseases of the anterior genitalia and hypogastrium, which can occur in both men and women across the five zang organs. The fox emerges at night and hides during the day, an animal of yin. Since the hernia involves the Jueyin channel, its upward and downward movements are irregular, similar to a fox, hence named Hu Hernia-Feng. This is not external wind, but rather refers to Liver pathogenic factors. The following cases follow this pattern.) A choppy pulse indicates accumulation of Qi in the hypogastrium. (A choppy pulse indicates Qi deficiency and blood stasis, so pathogenic factors remain stagnant, causing accumulation syndromes.)
When the Shaoyin (Heart/Kidney) channel is in excess, Pi Bi (Bi syndrome affecting the skin) and Yin Zhen (urticaria/hives) occur. (Shaoyin corresponds to Ministerial Fire qi; when fire is excessive, it overacts on Metal. Skin is the exterior correspondence of the Lung, thus Pi Bi results. Yin Zhen is urticaria.) When the Shaoyin channel is deficient, Fei Bi (Lung Bi) occurs. (When fire qi is insufficient, Metal has nothing to fear, and dryness pathogens prevail alone, thus causing Fei Bi.) A slippery pulse indicates Lung Wind Hernia. (Slippery and excess pulses indicate Ministerial Fire becoming pathogenic, thus attacking the Lung; the pathology is in the Qi level.) A choppy pulse indicates accumulation syndromes and hematuria. (Choppy pulses indicate insufficiency of Heart Blood, leading to meridianal stagnation and accumulation, and chaotic blood flow resulting in hematuria.)
When the Taiyin (Spleen/Large Intestine) channel is in excess, Rou Bi (Bi syndrome affecting muscles) and Han Zhong (cold invading the middle jiao/spleen-stomach) occur. (Taiyin corresponds to damp-earth qi; excess dampness causes Rou Bi. Cold-dampness residing in the Spleen causes Han Zhong.) When the Taiyin channel is deficient, Pi Bi (Spleen Bi) occurs. (Weak earth qi leads to impaired Spleen Qi movement.) A slippery pulse indicates Spleen Wind Hernia. (A slippery Taiyin pulse indicates excess earth pathogens. Spleen Wind Hernia refers to conditions involving swelling, heaviness, and sagging, with pathology in dampness.) A choppy pulse indicates accumulation syndromes and intermittent fullness in the heart and abdomen. (The Spleen channel enters the abdomen and flows upward to the Heart. Choppy pulses result from Spleen weakness, causing Spleen accumulation and intermittent cardiac-abdominal fullness.)
When the Yangming (Stomach/Large Intestine) channel is in excess, Mai Bi (Bi syndrome affecting vessels) and intermittent bodily heat occur. (Yangming corresponds to dry-metal qi, corresponding to the Large Intestine and Stomach. Excess dryness leads to deficiency in blood vessels and weak yin-water, causing Mai Bi and intermittent bodily heat.) When the Yangming channel is deficient, Xin Bi (Heart Bi) occurs. (Insufficient dryness allows fire to become pathogenic, causing Heart Bi.) A slippery pulse indicates Heart Wind Hernia. (Slippery pulses indicate dry-heat generating wind; heat primarily relates to the Heart, thus causing Heart Wind Hernia.) A choppy pulse indicates accumulation syndromes and frequent fright. (Choppy pulses indicate Stomach deficiency and stagnation, causing accumulation. Stomach deficiency allows Wood-wind to invade, causing frequent fright.)
When the Taiyang (Bladder/Small Intestine) channel is in excess, Gu Bi (Bi syndrome affecting bones) and heavy body occur. (Taiyang corresponds to cold-water qi, corresponding to the Kidneys and governing bones. Excess Taiyang cold pathogens primarily cause Gu Bi and heavy body.) When the Taiyang channel is deficient, Shen Bi (Kidney Bi) occurs. (Deficiency leads to weak Kidney Qi, causing Kidney Bi.) A slippery pulse indicates Kidney Wind Hernia. (Slippery and excess Taiyang pulses indicate wind-cold carrying pathogens, causing Kidney Wind Hernia.) A choppy pulse indicates accumulation syndromes and frequent disorders of the vertex. (The Taiyang channel intersects at the vertex, connects to the Kidneys, and belongs to the Bladder. Thus, choppy pulses indicate Qi stagnation, leading to Kidney accumulation and vertex disorders.)
When the Shaoyang (Gallbladder/Triple Burner) channel is in excess, Jin Bi (Bi syndrome affecting tendons) and hypochondriac fullness occur. (Shaoyang corresponds to Ministerial Fire qi, corresponding to the Liver and Gallbladder, governing tendons, and its channel runs through the hypochondrium. Thus, excess Shaoyang pathogens cause Jin Bi and hypochondriac fullness.) When the Shaoyang channel is deficient, Gan Bi (Liver Bi) occurs. (Shaoyang deficiency leads to Liver Qi deficiency, causing Liver Bi.) A slippery pulse indicates Liver Wind Hernia. (Slippery and excess pulses indicate wind-heat combining as pathogens to form Liver Wind Hernia, with pathology in the tendons.) A choppy pulse indicates accumulation syndromes, frequent tendon stiffness, and eye pain. (Choppy pulses indicate blood stasis, causing Liver accumulation. The Liver governs tendons and opens into the eyes, thus causing tendon stiffness and eye pain. Commentary: Various hernia syndromes mentioned in the classic include Hu Hernia, characterized by irregular movement; Ci Hernia, characterized by stubborn swelling and insensitivity; Chong Hernia, characterized by Qi rushing from the hypogastrium to the heart causing pain; Jue Hernia, characterized by accumulated Qi in the abdomen reversing upward; Xia, characterized by burning heat and pain in the hypogastrium with white discharge, also called Gu; and Six-Channels Wind Hernias, as described in this chapter. There is also Small Intestine Hernia, as described in the *Chapter on Pathogenic Factors and Zang-Fu Disease Forms*: small abdominal pain, lumbar-spinal pain radiating to the testicles, and frequent urgency for defecation, all belonging to hernia categories. These constitute the meanings of various hernias. According to the *Gu Kong Lun* (Bone Empty Treatise): Disorders of the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) cause seven types of hernia in men and leukorrhea with masses in women. The Ren Mai originates below Zhongji, ascends past the pubic hair, follows the interior of the abdomen to Guanyuan, and gathers all yin channels. Therefore, all hernias in the hypogastrium originate from the Ren Mai, with other channels as branches. "Seven Hernias" generally refers to these categories: six as described in this chapter and one as in the *Pathogenic Factors* chapter, totaling seven channel-related hernias. Hu, Chong, and Jue hernias are merely aliases for these seven. Later, Chao Yuanfang listed seven hernias as Jue, Ci, Han, Qi, Pan, Ci, and Yelang. Zhang Hezi criticized this, stating these are erroneous names created by incompetent physicians. He argued that the area surrounding the genitals up to the hypogastrium belongs to the Foot Jueyin Liver channel, which is where hernias manifest. He further stated that all hernias result either from Liver-Wood being invaded by pathogens or from Liver-Wood itself becoming excessive, thus all belong to the Liver channel. He established seven hernia names: Han, Shui, Jin, Xue, Qi, Hu, and Ci, treating them mostly with purgatives. Since Zhu Danxi, scholars have followed his view. However, I find this inadequate. The area between the anterior genitalia and hypogastrium is the convergence of the Foot Three Yin, Foot Yangming, Ren, Chong, and Du channels; how can it be attributed solely to the Jueyin channel? While the six hernias in this chapter mention wind, it is not external wind. Wind belongs to the Liver, and the Liver governs tendons; thus, it is correct to say that hernias in various channels involve tendons and carry Liver pathogenic factors. However, asserting they must be exclusively in the Jueyin channel is incorrect. Later discussions are overly complex and fail to transcend the framework of the *Neijing*. Students should take the canonical intent as the standard. Regarding treatment, generally, cold causes pain, heat causes flaccidity, dampness causes swelling and sagging, and deficiency presents similarly. If the pathology is primarily in the Blood aspect, it remains fixed; if in the Qi aspect, it moves frequently. By distinguishing these six patterns within the various channels and treating according to their specific excess, deficiency, and balance, efficacy is assured. For detailed meanings of various hernias, see *Huitong Lei*, Diseases Chapter 26.)