（素问平人气象论）
夫平心脉来，累累如连珠，如循琅 ，曰心平，（琅 ，按符瑞图曰∶玉而有光者。说文曰∶琅 似珠。脉来中手如
连珠、如琅 者，言其盛满滑利，即微钩之义也，是为心之平脉。前篇脉分四时，已悉五脏平病死脉，而此则详言其形
也。琅 ，音郎干。）夏以胃气为本。（钩而和也。）病心脉来，喘喘连属，其中微曲，曰心病。（喘喘连属，急促相仍也。
其中微曲，即钩多胃少之义，故曰心病。）死心脉来，前曲后居，如操带钩，曰心死。（操，持也。前曲者，谓轻取则坚
强而不柔。后居者，谓重取则牢实而不动。如持革带之钩，而全失充和之气，是但钩无胃也。故曰心死。）
平肺脉来，厌厌聂聂，如落榆荚，曰肺平，（厌厌聂聂，众苗齐秀貌。如落榆荚，轻浮和缓貌。即微毛之义也，是为
肺之平脉。聂，鸟结切。）秋以胃气为本。（毛而和也。）病肺脉来，不上不下，如循鸡羽，曰肺病。（不上不下，往来涩
滞也。如循鸡羽，轻浮而虚也。亦毛多胃少之义，故曰肺病。）死肺脉来，如物之浮，如风吹毛，曰肺死。（如物之浮，
空虚无根也。如风吹毛，散乱无绪也。亦但毛无胃之义，故曰肺死。）
平肝脉来， 弱招招，如揭长竿末梢，曰肝平，（招招，犹迢迢也。揭，高举也。高揭长竿，梢心柔 ，即和缓弦长
之义，是为肝之平脉。 音软。）春以胃气为本。（弦而和也。）病肝脉来，盈实而滑，如循长竿，曰肝病。（盈实而滑，
弦之甚过也。如循长竿 无末梢之和 也。亦弦多胃少之义，故曰肝病。）死肝脉来，急益劲，如新张弓弦，曰肝死。（劲，
强急也。如新张弓弦，弦之甚也。亦但弦无胃之义，故曰肝死。）
平脾脉来，和柔相离，如鸡践地，曰脾平，（和柔，雍容不迫也。相离，匀净分明也。如鸡践地，从容轻缓也。此即
充和之气，亦微 弱之义，是为脾之平脉。）长夏以胃气为本。（ 而和也。）病脾脉来，实而盈数，如鸡举足，曰脾病。
（实而盈数，强急不和也。如鸡举足，轻疾不缓也。前篇言弱多胃少，此言实而盈数，皆失中和之气，故曰脾病。）死脾
脉来，锐坚如鸟之喙，如鸟之距，如屋之漏，如水之流，曰脾死。（如鸟之喙，如鸟之距，言坚锐不柔也。如屋之漏，点
滴无伦也。如水之流，去而不返也。是皆脾气绝而怪脉见，亦但代无胃之义，故曰脾死。喙音诲，嘴也。距，权与切，
鸡足钩距也。）
平肾脉来，喘喘累累如钩，按之而坚，曰肾平，（冬脉沉石，故按之而坚。若过于石，则沉伏不振矣。故必喘喘累累，
如心之钩，阴中藏阳，而得微石之义，是为肾之平脉。）冬以胃气为本。（石而和也。）病肾脉来，如引葛，按之益坚，曰
肾病。（脉如引葛，坚搏牵连也。按之益坚，石甚不和也。亦石多胃少之义，故曰肾病。）死肾脉来，发如夺索，辟辟如
弹石，曰肾死。（索如相夺，其劲必甚。辟辟如弹石，其坚必甚，即但石无胃之义，故曰肾死。愚按∶十五难所载平病死
脉，与本经互有异同。如以厌厌聂聂、如循榆叶为春平，如鸡举足为夏病，蔼蔼如车盖、按之而益大曰秋平，按之萧索、
如风吹毛曰秋死，上大下兑、濡滑如雀之啄曰冬平，啄啄连属、其中微曲曰冬病，来如解索、去如弹石曰冬死，此皆与
本经之不同者也。至于如引葛、如夺索、如鸟之喙、如鸟之距、 弱招招如揭长竿末梢、喘喘累累如钩而坚之类，又皆
不载，不知何故异同颠倒若此？意者其必有误或别有所谓耶？且难经之义，原出本论，学人当以本经为主。）
（《素问·平人气象论》）
正常的心脉，搏动连绵不断像连在一起的珍珠，或者像抚摸光滑的玉石一样圆润滑利，这叫做心脉平和。（琅玕，据《符瑞图》记载：是有光泽的玉。《说文解字》说：琅玕像珠子。脉搏触手感觉像连珠、像琅玕，是说其盛满滑利，这就是微钩的含义，这是心的平脉。前一篇已经详细论述了四季脉象及五脏的平、病、死脉，这里则详细描述其形态。琅玕，音郎干。）夏季以胃气为根本。（脉象钩而柔和。）
患病的心脉，来势急促相连，其中带有轻微的弯曲感，这叫做心病。（喘喘连属，指脉搏急促相仍。其中微曲，即钩多胃少的含义，所以称为心病。）
死亡的心脉，轻取时坚硬不柔，重取时牢实不动，就像拿着皮带的钩子一样，这叫做心死。（操，是持握的意思。前曲，指轻取时坚强而不柔软。后居，指重取时牢实而不动。就像手持革带之钩，完全失去了充盛和缓之气，这是只有钩象而没有胃气。所以称为心死。）
正常的肺脉，起伏众多且细微柔和，像榆树荚飘落一样，这叫做肺脉平和。（厌厌聂聂，形容众多禾苗整齐秀美的样子。像落下的榆荚，形容轻浮和缓的样子。这就是微毛的含义，这是肺的平脉。聂，音鸟结切。）秋季以胃气为根本。（脉象毛而柔和。）
患病的肺脉，往来涩滞，不上不下，像抚摸鸡的羽毛一样，这叫做肺病。（不上不下，指脉搏往来涩滞。如循鸡羽，形容轻浮而虚。这也是毛多胃少的含义，所以称为肺病。）
死亡的肺脉，像物体漂浮在水面一样，又像风吹散毛发一样，这叫做肺死。（如物之浮，形容空虚无根。如风吹毛，形容散乱无绪。这也是只有毛象而没有胃气的含义，所以称为肺死。）
正常的肝脉，软弱悠长，像高举长竿的末梢一样柔韧，这叫做肝脉平和。（招招，同迢迢，形容长远。揭，是高举。高高举起长竿，竿梢柔软，这就是和缓弦长的含义，这是肝的平脉。 音软。）春季以胃气为根本。（脉象弦而柔和。）
患病的肝脉，充盈坚实而滑利，像抚摸长竿（没有末梢的柔和）一样，这叫做肝病。（盈实而滑，是弦脉太过。像抚摸长竿，缺乏末梢的和缓之意。这也是弦多胃少的含义，所以称为肝病。）
死亡的肝脉，紧急强劲，像刚拉开的新弓弦一样，这叫做肝死。（劲，是强急的意思。像新张开的弓弦，是弦脉太过。这也是只有弦象而没有胃气的含义，所以称为肝死。）
正常的脾脉，和柔分明，像鸡在地上行走一样从容轻缓，这叫做脾脉平和。（和柔，雍容不迫。相离，匀净分明。如鸡践地，从容轻缓。这就是充盛和缓之气，也是微弱的含义，这是脾的平脉。）长夏以胃气为根本。（脉象弱而柔和。）
患病的脾脉，坚实充盈而数急，像鸡抬起脚一样轻疾，这叫做脾病。（实而盈数，强急不和。如鸡举足，轻疾不缓。前篇说弱多胃少，这里说实而盈数，都失去了中和之气，所以称为脾病。）
死亡的脾脉，尖锐坚硬像鸟的嘴，像鸟的爪距，像屋顶漏水点滴无序，像水流去而不返，这叫做脾死。（如鸟之喙，如鸟之距，形容坚锐不柔软。如屋之漏，点滴没有伦次。如水之流，去而不回。这些都是脾气绝灭而出现怪脉，也是只有代象而没有胃气的含义，所以称为脾死。喙音诲，即嘴。距，权与切，鸡脚上的钩距。）
正常的肾脉，喘喘累累像钩脉一样，按下去感觉坚实，这叫做肾脉平和。（冬季脉象沉石，所以按之坚实。如果过于石，就会沉伏不振。所以必须喘喘累累，像心脉的钩象，阴中藏阳，得到微石的意味，这是肾的平脉。）冬季以胃气为根本。（脉象石而柔和。）
患病的肾脉，像牵引葛藤一样，按上去更加坚实，这叫做肾病。（脉象像牵引葛藤，坚硬搏指牵连。按之益坚，是石脉太过而不和。这也是石多胃少的含义，所以称为肾病。）
死亡的肾脉，像两人争夺绳索一样紧绷，又像弹击石头一样辟辟作响，这叫做肾死。（索如相夺，其劲必然很甚。辟辟如弹石，其坚必然很甚，这就是只有石象而没有胃气的含义，所以称为肾死。我按语：《难经·十五难》所载的平病死脉，与《本经》互有异同。比如将“厌厌聂聂、如循榆叶”作为春平脉，将“如鸡举足”作为夏病脉，将“蔼蔼如车盖、按之而益大”作为秋平脉，将“按之萧索、如风吹毛”作为秋死脉，将“上大下兑、濡滑如雀之啄”作为冬平脉，将“啄啄连属、其中微曲”作为冬病脉，将“来如解索、去如弹石”作为冬死脉，这些都与本经不同。至于像牵引葛藤、像争夺绳索、像鸟嘴、像鸟距、软弱悠长像高举长竿末梢、喘喘累累像钩脉而坚等描述，在《难经》中又都没有记载，不知道是什么原因导致异同颠倒如此？猜想其中必有错误或另有说法。况且《难经》的道理原本出自《内经》，学习者应当以《本经》为主。）
(Su Wen: Ping Ren Qi Xiang Lun)
The normal Heart pulse comes continuously like linked pearls, or feels smooth and slippery like touching langgan (a type of lustrous jade). This is called a peaceful Heart pulse. Langgan, according to Fu Rui Tu, refers to jade with luster; Shuo Wen states it resembles a pearl. The sensation of the pulse feeling like linked pearls or langgan indicates fullness and slipperiness, which corresponds to the meaning of slight "Gou" (hook). This represents the peaceful pulse of the Heart. The previous chapter already detailed the pulses of the four seasons and the peaceful, pathological, and death pulses of the five Zang organs; this section elaborates on their forms. Langgan is pronounced "Lang Gan". In summer, the Stomach Qi serves as the foundation. (The pulse is Gou/hook-like yet harmonious.)
The pathological Heart pulse comes rapidly and continuously, with a slight curvature within. This is called Heart disease. "Rapidly and continuously" means the beats are urgent and successive. "Slight curvature" implies an excess of Gou characteristics with insufficient Stomach Qi, hence it is termed Heart disease.
The death Heart pulse feels hard and unyielding upon light palpation, and firm and immobile upon heavy palpation, resembling holding the hook of a leather belt. This is called Heart death. "Cao" means to hold. "Front curvature" refers to hardness without flexibility under light pressure. "Back immobility" refers to firmness without movement under heavy pressure. Like holding a belt hook, it completely lacks the vital and harmonious Qi; it has only the Gou characteristic without Stomach Qi. Therefore, it is called Heart death.
The normal Lung pulse appears numerous, subtle, and gentle, like falling elm catkins. This is called a peaceful Lung pulse. "Yan Yan Nie Nie" describes the appearance of many seedlings growing uniformly. "Like falling elm catkins" describes a light, floating, and slow quality. This corresponds to the meaning of slight "Mao" (feather-like). This represents the peaceful pulse of the Lung. In autumn, the Stomach Qi serves as the foundation. (The pulse is Mao/feather-like yet harmonious.)
The pathological Lung pulse moves neither up nor down freely, feeling rough and stagnant, like stroking a chicken feather. This is called Lung disease. "Neither up nor down" indicates rough and stagnant flow. "Stroking a chicken feather" indicates lightness and emptiness. This also signifies an excess of Mao characteristics with insufficient Stomach Qi, hence it is termed Lung disease.
The death Lung pulse floats like an object on water, or scatters like wind-blown hair. This is called Lung death. "Floating like an object" indicates emptiness and lack of root. "Scattering like wind-blown hair" indicates disorder and lack of continuity. This also signifies having only the Mao characteristic without Stomach Qi, hence it is called Lung death.
The normal Liver pulse is soft, long, and drawn out, like the tip of a long pole held high. This is called a peaceful Liver pulse. "Zhao Zhao" is similar to "Tiao Tiao," indicating length. "Jie" means to hold high. Holding a long pole high, with the tip being soft, represents the meaning of harmonious, string-like (Xian), and long qualities. This represents the peaceful pulse of the Liver. In spring, the Stomach Qi serves as the foundation. (The pulse is Xian/string-like yet harmonious.)
The pathological Liver pulse is full, solid, and slippery, like stroking a long pole (lacking the softness of the tip). This is called Liver disease. "Full, solid, and slippery" indicates excessive Xian characteristics. "Stroking a long pole" lacks the harmony of the tip. This also signifies an excess of Xian characteristics with insufficient Stomach Qi, hence it is termed Liver disease.
The death Liver pulse is urgent and strong, like a newly tightened bowstring. This is called Liver death. "Jin" means strong and urgent. "Like a newly tightened bowstring" indicates extreme tension in the Xian characteristic. This also signifies having only the Xian characteristic without Stomach Qi, hence it is called Liver death.
The normal Spleen pulse is harmonious, soft, and distinct, like a chicken walking on the ground. This is called a peaceful Spleen pulse. "Harmonious and soft" implies dignified and unhurried. "Distinct" implies even and clear. "Like a chicken walking on the ground" implies leisurely and light. This reflects the abundant and harmonious Qi, also corresponding to slight weakness. This represents the peaceful pulse of the Spleen. During late summer, the Stomach Qi serves as the foundation. (The pulse is weak/rui and harmonious.)
The pathological Spleen pulse is solid, full, and rapid, like a chicken lifting its foot. This is called Spleen disease. "Solid, full, and rapid" indicates stiffness, urgency, and disharmony. "Lifting its foot" indicates lightness, speed, and lack of slowness. The previous chapter mentioned "weak with insufficient Stomach Qi"; here it mentions "solid, full, and rapid." Both indicate a loss of harmonious Qi, hence it is termed Spleen disease.
The death Spleen pulse is sharp and hard like a bird's beak, or like a bird's spur; it drops like rain leaking from a roof in disordered drops, or flows away like water never returning. This is called Spleen death. "Like a bird's beak/spur" indicates sharpness and hardness without softness. "Leaking from a roof" indicates disordered dripping. "Flowing like water" indicates departure without return. These all represent the exhaustion of Spleen Qi and the appearance of strange pulses, signifying only Dai (alternating) characteristics without Stomach Qi, hence it is called Spleen death. Beak is pronounced "Hui" (mouth). Spur is pronounced "Quan Yu Qie" (the claw on a rooster's leg).
The normal Kidney pulse comes rapidly and continuously like a Gou/hook pulse, and feels firm when pressed. This is called a peaceful Kidney pulse. Winter pulses are Chen/Shi (deep/stony), so they feel firm upon pressing. If excessively stony, they become deep and unresponsive. Thus, they must come rapidly and continuously, resembling the Heart's Gou pulse, hiding Yang within Yin, obtaining the meaning of slight Shi/stony. This represents the peaceful pulse of the Kidney. In winter, the Stomach Qi serves as the foundation. (The pulse is Shi/stony yet harmonious.)
The pathological Kidney pulse feels like pulling vines, becoming harder upon pressing. This is called Kidney disease. "Pulse like pulling vines" indicates hard, pulsating, and connected sensations. "Becoming harder upon pressing" indicates excessive Shi/stony characteristics and disharmony. This also signifies an excess of Shi characteristics with insufficient Stomach Qi, hence it is termed Kidney disease.
The death Kidney pulse feels like two parties struggling for a rope, or sounds like stones being struck (Pi Pi). This is called Kidney death. "Struggling for a rope" indicates extreme tension. "Striking stones" indicates extreme hardness. This signifies having only the Shi/stony characteristic without Stomach Qi, hence it is called Kidney death. Commentary: The peaceful, pathological, and death pulses described in Nan Jing Chapter 15 differ and overlap with this Classic. For instance, Nan Jing takes "Yan Yan Nie Nie, like stroking elm leaves" as Spring Peaceful, "like a chicken lifting its foot" as Summer Pathological, "Abundant like a chariot canopy, becoming larger upon pressing" as Autumn Peaceful, "Empty upon pressing, like wind-blown hair" as Autumn Death, "Large above, narrow below, soft and slippery like a sparrow pecking" as Winter Peaceful, "Pecking continuously, slightly curved within" as Winter Pathological, and "Coming like untied ropes, going like striking stones" as Winter Death. All these differ from this Classic. Furthermore, descriptions such as "pulling vines," "struggling for ropes," "bird's beak," "bird's spur," "soft and long like the tip of a held pole," and "rapid and continuous like a Gou pulse but firm" are not recorded in Nan Jing. It is unknown why there are such inverted differences. One might guess there are errors or other interpretations. Since the principles of Nan Jing originate from this Classic, students should prioritize this Classic.