吴云。空。孔同。骨空。髓空也。马云。骨必有空。空。即穴也。故名篇。
风从外入 高云。风从外入。伤太阳通体之皮肤。故令人振寒。从皮肤而入于肌腠。故汗出。随太
阳经脉上行。故头痛。周身肌表不和。故身重。
大风颈项痛 志云。此言风邪入于经者。亦当治其风府也。夫风伤卫。卫气一日一夜。大会于风府。
是以大风之邪。随卫气而直入于风府者。致使其头项痛也。简按马引长刺节论。以大风为疠风。误。
风府在上椎 吴云。言在项骨第一节上椎也。张同。高云。项上高起第一椎。为大椎。项上平坦第一
椎。为上椎。大椎至尾 。共二十一节。大椎之上。另有二节也。简按甲乙诸书。并云。风府在入发际一寸。而
此云。在上椎。又灵本输篇云。颈中央之脉。名曰风府。若其入发中。则不宜云在上椎。又云颈中央。况本篇下
文云。髓空。在脊骨上空。在风府上。则知风府不入发中。甲乙等说可疑矣。录以俟考。志以上椎为大椎。误甚。
厌之 马云。厌。压同。吴云。以手按其穴也。简按说文曰。 。大指按也。
熊音。根据熙。痛声也。志云。盖意为脾志。喜为心志。心有所忆。谓之意。意之所在。神亦随
之。简按此说可谓凿矣。 。又作噫嘻。诗周颂。噫嘻成王。毛传。噫。叹也。嘻。和也。郑笺。噫嘻。有
所多大之声也。左传定八年。嘻速驾。杜注。嘻。惧声。正义曰。噫嘻。皆是叹声。犹云嗟嗟也。说文。 。
痛也。徐锴云。痛而呼之言也。
从风憎风 马云。此言感风恶风者。吴云。病由于风。则憎风。志云。从风迎风也。
失枕 吴云。失枕者。风在颈项。颈痛不利。不能就枕也。张同。高。折一字句。至正灸脊中。连上
为失枕治法。注云。夜卧失枕。患在肩上横骨间。伸舒不能。故如折也。简按高注非是。巢源失枕候云。失枕。
头项有风。在于筋脉间。因卧而气血虚者。值风发动。故失枕。是也。又和剂指
南云。诸风挫枕转筋者。皆因气虚。项筋转侧不得。筋络不顺疼痛。乃亦失枕之谓。
肩上横骨 马云。肩上横骨间。乃肩尖端上行两叉骨罅间陷中。名巨骨穴。王注以为缺盆穴者。恐缺
盆难治失枕。吴同。张云。或为足少阳之肩井穴。亦主颈项之痛。
折使榆臂 榆。宋本。作揄。诸本误作榆者。本于熊本。马云。折。音舌。礼杂记。大夫不揄绞。玉
藻。夫人揄狄。其揄俱读为摇。此言折臂者。当有灸之之法也。凡人折臂者。使人自摇其臂而曲之。上与肘齐。即
臂脊之中而灸之。以疏通其肘臂之气。盖细详之。乃三阳络之所也。（系手少阳三焦经。腕后臂外四寸。灸七
壮。禁针。按督脉十一椎下。有脊中。此穴。与折臂无义。故为臂脊之中。王注以为此节。治上节失枕者。尤
非。）吴云。折使。谓手拘挛。而曲其所使也。榆臂。如榆枝之掉摇其臂也。是风在手阳明使然。故令齐其肘。
正灸臂脊之中。盖手阳明大肠经之分也。张云。折。痛如折也。榆。当作揄。引也。谓使病者。引臂下齐肘端。
以度脊中。乃其当灸之处。盖即督脉之阳关穴也。（在第十六椎下。）志云。折者。谓脊背磬折。而不能伸舒
也。榆。读作摇。谓摇其手臂。下垂齐肘尖。而正对于脊中。以灸脊中之节穴。高云。摇臂平肘。则脊中有窝。
当正灸脊中。毋他求也。简按诸说不知何是。脉要精微论。王注折髀云。髀如折。又注折腰云。腰如折也。马
张解折字。盖本于此。揄。引也。出于说文。而灵邪气脏腑病形篇云。取诸外经者。揄申而从之。则张注有所
据焉。阳关穴。甲乙千金外台。并不载。但铜人云。伏而取之。
八 本篇下文云。尻骨空。在髀骨之后。相去四寸。王云。是谓尻骨八 穴也。又刺腰痛论云。
腰痛引少腹。控 不可以仰。刺腰尻交者。两踝胂上。王注腰尻交者。谓髁
下尻骨两旁四骨空。左右八穴。俗呼此骨。为八 骨也。当考甲乙。千金。及十四经发挥诸书。
鼠 寒热 吴云。鼠 。寒气陷脉为 。其形如鼠也。为病令人寒热。简按灵寒热篇云。寒热瘰 。
在于颈腋者。皆何气使生。岐伯曰。此皆鼠 寒热之毒瓦斯也。留于脉而不去者也。张注云。瘰 者。其状累然。
而历贯上下也。故于颈腋之间。皆能有之。因其形如鼠穴。塞其一复穿其一。故又名鼠 。盖寒热之毒。留于
经脉。所以联系不止。一曰。结核连续者。为瘰 。形长如蚬蛤者。为马刀。朱震亨云。瘰 。不作寒热者可
生。稍久转为潮热者危。是也。淮南说山训。狸头愈鼠。鸡头已 。说文。 。漏创也。 。肿也。一曰久创。
知是二字俱漏疮之谓。盖其状累然未溃者。为瘰病。已溃而脓不止者。为鼠 。
寒府在附膝外解营 张云。凡寒气自下而上者。必聚于膝。是以膝膑最寒。故名寒府。营。窟也。
当是足少阳经之阳关穴。（在阳陵泉上一寸。）盖鼠 。在颈腋之间。病在肝胆。故当取此以治之。吴云。营。
空也。志云。鼠 。寒热病也。其本在脏。其末上出于颈腋之间。寒府者。膀胱为肾脏寒水之腑也。病在脏。
而还取之腑者。谓阴脏之邪。当从阳气以疏泄也。营。营穴也。谓所取寒府之穴。在附于膝之外筋。营间之委
中穴也。高本。解营。各一字句。注云。太阳膀胱寒水。为肾之腑。故还刺寒府。寒府。太阳经脉也。附膝外。
膝外侧也。解。骨解。膝外侧之骨缝也。荣。荣俞。足小指本节之通谷穴也。简按太阳寒水。运气家之言。不
可从。营。窟也。乃外解之穴也。礼运。冬则居营窟。夏则居橹巢。孟子腾文公篇。下者为巢。上者为营窟。
下文云。齐下之营。明是营。乃窟之义。张注为是。鼠 之患。在于颈腋。而取
之于膝外解营。故曰还刺。
拜 志云。拜。揖也。取膝上外解之委中者。使之拜。则膝挺而后直。其穴易取也。简按吴澄礼记纂
言云。周礼九拜。一曰拜。先跪。两膝着地。次拱两手到地。乃俯其首。不至于地。其首悬空。俱与腰平。荀
子所谓平衡曰拜。是也。周礼。谓之空首。尚书。谓之拜手。与凡经传记。单言拜者。皆谓此拜也。考说文。
手着胸曰揖。仪礼乡饮酒礼注。推手曰揖。引手曰厌。礼玉藻注。揖之。谓小俯也。由此观之。拜与揖递别。
志以揖释拜。误。
跪 志云。跪则足折。而涌泉之穴。宛在于足心之横纹间矣。简按释名云。跪。危也。两膝隐地。
体危倪也。礼记郑注。坐。皆训跪。然记云。授立不跪。授坐不立。庄子亦云。跪坐而进之。则跪与坐。又有
小异。跪有危义。故两膝着地。伸腰及股。而势危者。为跪。（盖此以跟着尻。耸身者也。）更引身而起者。
为长跪。（盖膝着地。伸腰者也。）两膝着地。以尻着 。而稍安者。为坐也。详见朱子文集。（六十八卷。）
及日知录。
任脉者起于中极 张云。以下任冲督脉。皆奇经也。起。言外脉之所起。非发源之谓也。下仿此。简
按杨玄操注二十八难云。任者妊也。此是人之生养之本。故曰位中极之下。长强之上。李时珍云。任脉。起于
会阴。循腹而行于身之前。为阴脉之承任。故曰阴脉之海。
上颐循面入目 吴云。难经。甲乙。无此六字。盖略之也。
冲脉者起于气街 杨玄操云。冲者。通也。言此脉。下至于足。上至于头。通受十二经之气血。故
曰冲焉。虞庶云。素问曰。冲脉起于气街。难经曰。起于气冲。又针经穴中。两存其名。冲街之义。俱且通也。
李时珍云。冲脉起于会阴。挟脐而行。直冲于上。为诸脉之冲要。故曰十二经脉之海。
并少阴之经 张云。冲脉。起于气街。并足少阴之经。会于横骨大赫等十一穴。挟脐上行。至胸中而
散。此言冲脉之前行者也。然少阴之脉。上股内后廉。贯脊属肾。冲脉亦入脊内。为伏冲之脉。然则冲脉之后
行者。当亦并少阴无疑也。逆顺肥瘦篇曰。冲脉者。五脏六腑之海也。其下者。注少阴之大络。出于气街。又
云。其下者。并于少阴之经。渗三阴。动输篇云。冲脉者。十二经之海也。与少阴之大络。起于肾下。出于气
街。简按虞庶云。素问曰。并足少阴之经。难经。却言并足阳明之经。（简按痿论。与阳明。合于宗筋。）况
少阴之经。挟脐左右各五分。阳明之经。挟脐左右各二寸。气冲又是阳明脉气所发。如此推之。则冲脉自气冲
起。在阳明少阴二经之内。挟脐上行。其理明矣。李时珍云。足阳明。去腹中行二寸。少阴。去腹中行五分。
冲脉行于二经之间也。
内结七疝 马云。内者。腹也。腹之中行。乃任脉所行之脉路。则宜其为病若是。难经二十九难云。
其内苦结。男子为七疝。女子为瘕聚。七疝。乃五脏疝。及狐疝 疝也。（出于刺逆从篇。脉要精微论。大奇
论。脉解篇。阴阳别论。灵邪气脏腑病形篇等。）吴云。七疝。寒、水、筋、血、气、狐、颓、也。张注四时
刺逆从篇云。七疝者。乃总诸病为言。如本篇所言者。六也。（狐疝风。及五脏风疝。）邪气脏腑病形篇所言
者。一也（ 疝）盖以诸经之疝。所属有七。故云七疝。若狐 冲厥之类。亦过为七疝之别名耳。后世如巢氏
所叙七疝。则曰厥、 、寒、气、盘、肘、野狼。（虞庶难经注。根据巢氏释之。）至张子和非之曰。此俗工所立
谬名也。于是亦立七疝之名。曰。寒、水、筋、血、气、狐、 。（吴注本之。）学人当以经旨为宗。简按七
疝。考经文。其目未明显。姑从马张之义。王永辅惠济方。以石血阴气妒肌疝癖为七疝。
亦未知何据。李中梓必读。别立七疝之名。分 与 。误甚。
带下瘕聚 吴云。带下。白赤带下也。瘕聚。气痛不常之名。马云。瘕聚者。乃积聚也。大奇论曰。
三阳急为瘕。按后世有八瘕者。亦因七疝之名。而遂有八瘕名色。即蛇瘕。脂瘕。青瘕。黄瘕。燥瘕。血瘕。
狐瘕。鳖瘕。是也。内经无之。志云。瘕者。假血液而时下汁沫。聚者。气逆滞而为聚积也。高云。带下。湿
浊下淫也。瘕聚。血液内瘀也。简按赤白带下。 见于病源。而古所谓带下。乃腰带以下之义。疾系于月经者。
总称带下。史记。扁鹊为带下医。金匮。有带下三十六病之目。可以见也。虞庶注二十九难云。瘕者。谓假于
物形。是也。
逆气里急 张云。冲脉挟脐上行。至于胸中。故其气不顺。则隔塞逆气。血不和。则胸腹里急也。
简按丁德用注二十九难云。逆气。腹逆也。里急。腹痛也。巢氏病源云。里急。腹里拘急也。
督脉者起于少腹 杨玄操注二十八难云。督之为言。都也。是人阳脉之都纲。李时珍云。督脉起于
会阴。循背而行于身之后。为阳脉之总督。故曰阳脉之海。张云。少腹。小腹也。简按庄子养生主。缘督以为
经。释文。李颐云。督。中也。朱子云。督。旧以为中。盖人身有督脉。循脊之中。贯彻上下。见医书。故衣
背当中之缝。亦谓之督。见深衣注。皆中意也。考督。又作HT 。刘熙释名曰。自脐以下。曰水腹。水 所聚
也。又曰少腹。少。小也。比于脐上为小也。太平御览云。腹下旁曰少腹。御览之说。非也。
骨中央 张云。横骨下。近外之中央也。
系廷孔 吴云。廷孔。阴廷之孔也。张云。廷。正也。
直也。廷孔。言正中之直孔。即溺孔也。志云。廷孔。阴户也。溺孔之端。阴内之产门也。此言督脉起于少腹
之内。故举女子之产户以明之。当知男子之督脉。亦起于少腹内。宗筋之本处也。简按廷。挺同。产门挺出。
故曰廷孔。志注为是。张训正也。直也。以为溺孔。误。王三字连读。以端为上端。产户。在溺孔之下。并非是。
篡间 甲乙。作纂。张云。篡。初患切。交篡之义。谓两便争行之所。即前后二阴之间也。简按李
时珍八脉考释音。篡。初患切。阴下缝间也。盖篡。当作纂。甲乙为是。说文。纂。似组而赤。盖两阴之间。
有一道缝处。其状如纂组。故谓之纂。张以篡夺之篡释之。非。
少阴上股内 楼氏纲目云。自少阴上股内至目十五字。必有脱简。否则古注衍文。
其少腹直上者 张云。按此皆任脉之道。而本节列为督脉。五音五味篇曰。任脉波脉。皆起于胞中。
上循背里。为经络之海。然则前亦督也。后亦任也。故启玄子引古经云云。
冲疝 五脏生成篇云。有积聚在腹中。有厥气。名曰厥疝。史记仓公传云。齐郎中令循病。众医皆
以为蹶入中。而刺之。臣意诊之曰。涌疝也。令人不得前后溲。盖与此同证异名。后世或呼为奔豚疝气。是。
治在骨上 志云。骨。谓脊背之骨穴也。高同。简按与诸注异。未详孰是。
在齐下营 志云。营。谓腹间之肉穴也。高云。乃少腹以下。骨中央。督脉所起之部也。
渐者上侠颐也 志云。渐者。谓督脉之入喉者。上唇齿。而渐分为两岐。挟颐入目。当于渐上侠颐
之处。而刺之。高云。此复申明冲脉之为病也。灵枢五音五味篇云。冲脉任脉。
吴云：空，与“孔”同义。骨空，即骨髓之空窍。马云：骨头必有空窍，这个“空”，就是穴位的意思，所以这篇名为《骨空论》。
风从外入：高云：风邪从外部侵入，损伤太阳经贯通全身的体表皮部，所以使人战栗发冷；风邪从皮肤进入肌肉腠理之间，所以导致出汗；风邪随着太阳经脉向上行走，所以引起头痛；周身肌表气血不和，所以身体沉重。
大风颈项痛：志云：这是说风邪侵入经脉，也应当治疗风府穴。风邪伤及卫气，卫气一天一夜在风府穴大会一次。因此，大风的邪气，随着卫气直接侵入风府穴，导致头颈部疼痛。简按：马莳引用《灵枢·长刺节论》，将“大风”解释为“疠风”（麻风病），这是错误的。
风府在上椎：吴云：说的是在颈部第一节脊椎骨上方的位置。张介宾认为：高世栻的解释是，颈部高耸的第一节脊椎是大椎穴；颈部平坦的第一节脊椎是上椎穴。从大椎到尾骶骨，共有二十一节。大椎之上，还有两节。简按：《甲乙经》等书都说，风府穴在入发际一寸处，而这里说在“上椎”。另外《灵枢·本输篇》说：“颈中央的脉，名叫风府。”如果它进入头发中，就不应该说在“上椎”，又说是在“颈中央”。况且本篇下文说：“髓空，在脊骨上空，在风府之上。”由此可知风府穴并不在发际内，《甲乙经》等说法值得怀疑。记录下来等待考证。张志聪把“上椎”解释为“大椎”，错误得很严重。
厌之：马云：厌，通“压”。吴云：用手按压那个穴位。简按：《说文解字》说：“厌，是用大拇指按压。”
噫嘻：熊伯龙注音：根据《康熙字典》，这是痛呼声。志云：大概认为是脾的情志（意）。喜是心的情志。心中有所记忆，叫做意。意所在的地方，神也随之而去。简按：这种说法可以说是穿凿附会。“噫嘻”又写作“噫嘻”。《诗经·周颂》：“噫嘻成王。”毛传解释：“噫，叹词；嘻，和悦之声。”郑笺解释：“噫嘻，是有宏大意义的一声感叹。”《左传·定公八年》：“嘻，速驾！”杜预注：“嘻，恐惧的声音。”正义说：“噫嘻，都是叹息声，就像说‘嗟嗟’一样。”《说文解字》：“噫，痛也。”徐锴说：“痛而呼出的声音。”
从风憎风：马云：这是说感受风邪、厌恶风邪的人。吴云：病由风引起，所以憎恶风邪。志云：随风而动，迎风受邪。
失枕：吴云：所谓失枕，是因为风邪在颈项部位，颈痛不利，不能安枕睡觉。张介宾认为：高世栻此处断句有误，“至正灸脊中”连上句读，作为失枕的治疗方法。注释说：夜间卧位不当导致失枕，病位在肩上横骨之间，伸展舒展时感到困难，所以感觉像折断一样。简按：高世栻的注释不对。巢元方《诸病源候论·失枕候》说：失枕，是因为头项有风邪，位于筋脉之间，因为睡眠时气血虚弱，遇到风邪发动，所以导致失枕。这才是正确的。另外《和剂指南》说：各种风邪导致的挫枕转筋，都是因为气虚，项部筋脉转动不便，经络不顺疼痛，这也是失枕的意思。
肩上横骨：马云：肩上横骨之间，是肩尖端上行两叉骨缝隙间的凹陷处，名叫巨骨穴。王冰注释认为是缺盆穴，恐怕缺盆穴难以治疗失枕。吴崑赞同。张介宾说：或者是足少阳胆经的肩井穴，也能主治颈项疼痛。
折使榆臂：榆，宋本作“揄”。各本误作“榆”，源于熊本。马云：折，音同“舌”。《礼记·杂记》：“大夫不揄绞。”《玉藻》：“夫人揄狄。”其中的“揄”都读作“摇”。这里说的“折臂者”，应当有艾灸的方法。凡是手臂骨折的人，让人自己摇晃手臂并弯曲它，上与肘部齐平，就在臂脊的中点艾灸，以疏通肘臂的气机。仔细详查，这应该是三阳络穴的位置。（属于手少阳三焦经，腕后臂外四寸，灸七壮，禁针。按督脉第十一椎下有脊中穴，此穴与折臂无关，所以说是在臂脊之中。王冰注释说这一节治疗上一节的失枕，尤其不对。）吴崑说：折使，意思是手部拘挛，弯曲其所用的部位。榆臂，像榆树枝条一样摇摆其手臂。这是风邪在手阳明大肠经所致，所以让手臂与肘部齐平，正好在臂脊的中点艾灸。大概是手阳明大肠经的分野。张介宾说：折，疼痛如折断。榆，应当作“揄”，意为牵引。意思是让病人引臂向下与肘端齐平，以此来度量脊中的位置，那就是应当艾灸的地方。大概是督脉的阳关穴。（在第十六椎下。）张志聪说：折，是指脊背像磬一样弯曲，而不能伸展。榆，读作“摇”，意思是摇动其手臂，下垂与肘尖齐平，正对着脊中，来灸脊中的节穴。高世栻说：摇臂平肘，那么脊中会有窝，应当正对脊中艾灸，不要寻求其他穴位。简按：各种说法不知哪个正确。《素问·脉要精微论》王冰注“折髀”说：髀如折断。又注“折腰”说：腰如折断。马莳、张介宾对“折”字的解释，大概基于此。“揄”，牵引之意，出自《说文解字》。而《灵枢·邪气脏腑病形篇》说：“取诸外经者，揄申而从之。”那么张介宾的注释是有依据的。阳关穴，《甲乙经》、《千金方》、《外台秘要》都不记载，只有《铜人腧穴针灸图经》说：伏身取穴。
八髎：本篇下文说：尻骨空，在髀骨之后，相距四寸。王冰说：这就是指尻骨的八个髎穴。另外《素问·刺腰痛篇》说：腰痛牵引少腹，牵制不可以仰卧。刺腰尻交会处，在两踝胂肉上方。王冰注解说腰尻交会处，是指踝下尻骨两旁四个骨空，左右共八穴。俗话称这块骨头为八髎骨。应当考证《甲乙经》、《千金方》及《十四经发挥》等书。
鼠瘘寒热：吴云：鼠瘘，是寒气陷入经脉形成的瘘管，其形状像老鼠洞。患病使人寒热往来。简按：《灵枢·寒热篇》说：寒热瘰疬，位于颈腋部的，是什么气产生的？岐伯说：这都是鼠瘘寒热的毒瓦斯，停留在经脉中没有去除。张介宾注释说：瘰疬，其状累累相连，贯穿上下。所以在颈腋之间，都能有。因为其形状像鼠穴，堵塞了一个又穿出一个，所以又名鼠瘘。大概是寒热的毒邪，留在经脉中，所以联系不止。一说：结核连续不断的，称为瘰疬；形状长像蚬蛤的，称为马刀。朱震亨说：瘰疬如果不出现寒热症状的可以存活，稍微久了转为潮热的就危险了。这是对的。《淮南子·说山训》说：狸头治愈鼠瘘，鸡头止住漏疮。《说文解字》：“瘘，漏创也。”“疬，肿也。”一说：久创。知道这两个字都指漏疮。大概是那些累累相连未溃破的，称为瘰疬病；已经溃破且脓液不止的，称为鼠瘘。
寒府在附膝外解营：张介宾说：凡是寒气自下而上行的，必定聚集在膝盖。所以膝盖最寒冷，所以叫寒府。营，窟穴的意思。应当是足少阳胆经的阳关穴。（在阳陵泉上一寸。）大概是鼠瘘，位于颈腋之间，病在肝胆，所以应当取这个穴位来治疗。吴崑说：营，空穴的意思。张志聪说：鼠瘘寒热病，其根本在脏，其末梢上出于颈腋之间。寒府，膀胱是肾脏寒水之腑。病在脏，却还取之于腑，是说阴脏的邪气，应当通过阳气来疏泄。营，是营穴。所说取的寒府穴，在附着于膝外侧筋之间的委中穴。高世栻本，将“解营”分为两个字句。注释说：太阳膀胱寒水，是肾之腑，所以还刺寒府。寒府，是太阳经脉。附膝外，即膝外侧。解，骨解，膝外侧的骨缝。荣，荣俞，足小趾本节旁的通谷穴。简按：太阳寒水，是运气学家的说法，不可信。营，窟穴的意思，乃是外解处的穴位。《礼记·礼运》：“冬则居营窟，夏则居橹巢。”《孟子·滕文公上》：“下者为巢，上者为营窟。”下文说“齐下之营”，明显是“营”乃窟穴之义。张介宾的注释是正确的。鼠瘘的病患，在于颈腋，而取之于膝外解营，所以叫还刺。
拜：张志聪说：拜，就是揖。取膝上外侧解处的委中穴，让它做拜的动作，那么膝挺而后直，穴位就容易取到。简按：吴澄《礼记纂言》说：《周礼》九拜，第一种是拜。先跪下，两膝着地，然后拱手两手触地，接着低头，头不着地，头悬空，都与腰平。荀子所说的“平衡曰拜”，就是这个意思。《周礼》称之为空首，《尚书》称之为拜手，与普通经传记单言“拜”的，都是指这种拜法。考察《说文解字》：手着胸叫做揖。《仪礼·乡饮酒礼》注：推手叫做揖，引手叫做厌。《礼记·玉藻》注：揖，谓小俯。由此看来，拜与揖有区别。张志聪用揖解释拜，是错误的。
跪：张志聪说：跪则足折，涌泉穴宛然在足心横纹间。简按：《释名》说：跪，危也。两膝隐地，身体危险倾斜。《礼记》郑玄注：坐，都解释为跪。然而《礼记》说：“授立不跪，授坐不立。”庄子也说：“跪坐而进之。”那么跪与坐又有细微差别。跪有危险的意思，所以两膝着地，伸腰及大腿，姿势危险的，叫做跪。（大概这是臀部跟着着地，耸起身体的样子。）再引身起来的，叫做长跪。（大概膝盖着地，伸腰的样子。）两膝着地，以臀部着地，稍微安稳的，叫做坐。详见朱熹文集（第六十八卷）及顾炎武《日知录》。
任脉者起于中极：张介宾说：以下任脉、冲脉、督脉，都是奇经。起，说的是外脉的起始，不是发源的意思。下面仿照此例。简按：杨玄操注释《难经·二十八难》说：任，就是妊。这是人生养的根本，所以说位于中极之下，长强之上。李时珍说：任脉，起于会阴，循腹部而行于身前，为阴脉的承任，所以叫阴脉之海。
上颐循面入目：吴崑说：《难经》、《甲乙经》没有这六个字，大概是省略了。
冲脉者起于气街：杨玄操说：冲，就是通。说这条脉，下至于足，上至于头，通受十二经的气血，所以叫冲。虞庶说：《素问》说：冲脉起于气街。《难经》说：起于气冲。另外《针经》穴位中，两个名字并存，冲街的意义，都通。李时珍说：冲脉起于会阴，挟脐而行，直冲于上，为诸脉的冲要，所以叫十二经脉之海。
并少阴之经：张介宾说：冲脉，起于气街，并足少阴肾经而行，会于横骨、大赫等十一穴，挟脐上行，至胸中而散。这是说冲脉的前行者。然而少阴脉，上股内后廉，贯脊属肾。冲脉也入脊内，为伏冲之脉。那么冲脉的后行者，当然也是并少阴无疑了。《逆顺肥瘦篇》说：冲脉，是五脏六腑之海。其下者，注少阴之大络，出于气街。又说：其下者，并于少阴之经，渗三阴。《动输篇》说：冲脉，是十二经之海。与少阴的大络，起于肾下，出于气街。简按：虞庶说：《素问》说：并足少阴之经。《难经》却说并足阳明之经。（简按：《痿论》与阳明，合于宗筋。）况且少阴经，挟脐左右各五分，阳明经，挟脐左右各二寸。气冲又是阳明脉气所发。如此推断，那么冲脉自气冲起，在阳明、少阴二经之内，挟脐上行，道理很明白了。李时珍说：足阳明，去腹中行二寸，少阴，去腹中行五分。冲脉行于二经之间。
内结七疝：马云：内，指腹部。腹的中行，是任脉所行的路径，所以应该生病像这样。《难经·二十九难》说：其内苦结，男子为七疝，女子为瘕聚。七疝，是五脏疝及狐疝、㿉疝。（出自《刺逆从篇》、《脉要精微论》、《大奇论》、《脉解篇》、《阴阳别论》、《灵枢·邪气脏腑病形篇》等。）吴崑说：七疝，是寒、水、筋、血、气、狐、颓疝。张介宾注《四时刺逆从篇》说：七疝，是总括各种病而言。如本篇所说的，有六种。（狐疝风，及五脏风疝。）《邪气脏腑病形篇》所说的，有一种（㿉疝）。大概因为各经所属的疝有七种，所以叫七疝。若狐疝、冲厥之类，也不过是七疝的别名罢了。后世如巢元方所述的七疝，则是厥、㿉、寒、气、盘、肘、野狼。（虞庶《难经注》根据巢氏解释。）到了张子和非议说：这是庸医设立的谬名。于是也立七疝之名，说：寒、水、筋、血、气、狐、㿉。（吴崑的注释本于此。）学者应当以经文旨意为宗旨。简按：七疝，考证经文，其名目不明显。暂且依从马莳、张介宾的意见。王永辅《惠济方》，以石血、阴气、妒肌、疝癖为七疝，也不知有什么依据。李中梓《必读》，另立七疝之名，分㿉与瘕，错误很严重。
带下瘕聚：吴崑说：带下，指白赤带下。瘕聚，是气痛无常的名称。马云：瘕聚，就是积聚。《大奇论》说：三阳急为瘕。按后世有八瘕的说法，也是因为七疝之名，于是有了八瘕名色，即蛇瘕、脂瘕、青瘕、黄瘕、燥瘕、血瘕、狐瘕、鳖瘕。《内经》中没有这些。张志聪说：瘕，是假借血液而下时流汁沫；聚，是气逆滞而为聚积。高世栻说：带下，是湿浊下淫；瘕聚，是血液内瘀。简按：赤白带下，见于《诸病源候论》，而古所谓的带下，是腰带以下的含义。疾病系于月经的，总称带下。《史记》说扁鹊为带下医。《金匮要略》有带下三十六病的条目，可以看出来。虞庶注《难经·二十九难》说：瘕，是说假借物形，是对的。
逆气里急：张介宾说：冲脉挟脐上行，至于胸中，所以其气不顺，则隔塞逆气；血不和，则胸腹里急。简按：丁德用注《难经·二十九难》说：逆气，腹逆也；里急，腹痛也。巢元方《诸病源候论》说：里急，腹里拘急也。
督脉者起于少腹：杨玄操注《难经·二十八难》说：督，就是都。是人阳脉的都纲。李时珍说：督脉起于会阴，循背部而行于身后，为阳脉的总督，所以叫阳脉之海。张介宾说：少腹，就是小腹。简按：《庄子·养生主》：“缘督以为经。”陆德明《经典释文》引李颐说：督，中也。朱熹说：督，旧以为中。大概人身有督脉，循脊之中，贯彻上下，见医书。所以衣背当中之缝，也叫督，见《深衣注》，都是中的意思。考“督”，又作“𦚧”。刘熙《释名》说：自脐以下，叫水腹，是水液汇聚的地方。又说少腹，少，小也，比于脐上为小也。《太平御览》说：腹下旁叫少腹。《御览》的说法，是不对的。
骨中央：张介宾说：横骨下，近外的中央。
系廷孔：吴崑说：廷孔，是阴廷的孔。张介宾说：廷，正也，直也。廷孔，言正中直的孔，就是溺孔。张志聪说：廷孔，是阴户。溺孔的末端，阴内的产门。这是说督脉起于少腹之内，所以举女子的产户来说明。应当知道男子的督脉，也起于少腹内，宗筋的本处。简按：廷，通“挺”。产门挺出，所以叫廷孔。张志聪的注释是对的。张介宾训为正，直，以为是溺孔，错了。王冰将三字连读，以上端为上端，产户在溺孔之下，并不是这样。
篡间：《甲乙经》作“纂”。张介宾说：篡，初患切，交篡的意思。谓大小便争行的地方，即前后二阴之间。简按：李时珍《八脉考》释音：篡，初患切，阴下缝间。大概篡，应当作“纂”，《甲乙经》是对的。《说文解字》：纂，似组而赤。大概是两阴之间，有一道缝处，其状如纂组，所以叫纂。张介宾以篡夺的篡来解释，不对。
少阴上股内：楼氏《纲目》说：自少阴上股内至目十五字，必有脱简，否则古注衍文。
其少腹直上者：张介宾说：按这些都是任脉之道，而本节列为督脉。《五音五味篇》说：任脉、波脉（冲脉），皆起于胞中，上循背里，为经络之海。那么前亦督也，后亦任也。所以启玄子（王冰）引古经云云。
冲疝：《五脏生成篇》说：有积聚在腹中，有厥气，名叫厥疝。《史记·仓公传》说：齐郎中令循病，众医都以为蹶入中，而刺之。臣意诊之曰：涌疝也。令人不得前后溲。大概与此同证异名。后世有的叫奔豚疝气，是对的。
治在骨上：张志聪说：骨，谓脊背之骨穴。高世栻相同。简按：与其他注释不同，不详哪个正确。
在齐下营：张志聪说：营，谓腹间之肉穴。高世栻说：乃少腹以下，骨中央，督脉所起之部。
渐者上侠颐也：张志聪说：渐，谓督脉之入喉者，上唇齿，而渐分为两岐，挟颐入目，应当在渐上侠颐之处，而刺之。高世栻说：这是再次申明冲脉之为病。《灵枢·五音五味篇》说：冲脉、任脉。
Wu Yun: Kong (empty space) is synonymous with "Kong" (hole). Gu Kong (bone spaces) refers to the cavities within the bones where marrow resides. Ma Yin: Bones must have spaces; these "spaces" are acupoints, hence the chapter is named "Gu Kong Lun" (Treatise on Bone Spaces).
Wind Entering from Outside: Gao Yun: Wind pathogen enters from the exterior, damaging the Taiyang channel's skin covering the entire body, causing chills and shivering. As it enters from the skin into the muscle interstices (肌腠), sweating occurs. Following the Taiyang channel upward, it causes headache. Disharmony of the whole-body surface leads to a heavy sensation in the body.
Severe Wind Causing Neck and Occipital Pain: Zhi Yun: This describes wind pathogen invading the channels, which should also be treated at Fengfu (DU16, Wind Pool). Wind damages Wei Qi (Defensive Qi), which gathers at Fengfu once every day and night. Therefore, severe wind pathogens, following Wei Qi, enter directly into Fengfu, causing pain in the head and neck. Jian An (Editor's Note): Ma Shi cites *Ling Shu: Chang Ci Jie Lun* to interpret "Da Feng" (Severe Wind) as "Li Feng" (Leprosy/Malignant Wind), which is incorrect.
Fengfu Located at the Upper Vertebra: Wu Yun: This refers to the position above the first cervical vertebra in the neck. Zhang Jiebin states: Gao Shixi's explanation is that the prominent first thoracic vertebra is Dazhui (DU14, Great Vertebra); the flat first vertebra in the neck is Shangzhui (Upper Vertebra). From Dazhui to the coccyx, there are twenty-one segments. Above Dazhui, there are two more segments. Jian An: *Jia Yi Jing* and other texts state that Fengfu is one cun inside the hairline, whereas this text says it is at the "Upper Vertebra." Additionally, *Ling Shu: Ben Shu* states: "The vessel in the center of the neck is named Fengfu." If it were within the hair, it would not be described as being at the "Upper Vertebra" or in the "center of the neck." Furthermore, later in this chapter, it mentions: "Marrow spaces are located above the spinal bone, above Fengfu." This indicates Fengfu is not within the hairline. The statements in *Jia Yi Jing* etc. are questionable. Recorded for further verification. Zhi Zhongcang's interpretation of "Shangzhui" as "Dazhui" is seriously erroneous.
Ya (Press): Ma Yin: Ya is synonymous with "Ya" (press). Wu Kun: Pressing the acupoint with the hand. Jian An: *Shuo Wen Jie Zi* states: "Ya means pressing with the thumb."
Yi Xi (Sigh/Exclaim): Xiong Bolong provides pronunciation: According to *Kangxi Dictionary*, this is a cry of pain. Zhi Yun: Perhaps it refers to the emotion of Spleen (Yi/Intention). Joy is the emotion of the Heart. Memory in the heart is called Yi (Intention). Where Yi is, Shen (Spirit) follows. Jian An: This interpretation is forced. "Yi Xi" is also written as such. In *Shi Jing: Zhou Song*: "Yi Xi Cheng Wang." Mao Zhuan explains: "Yi is an exclamation; Xi denotes harmony." Zheng Jian explains: "Yi Xi is a sound expressing great significance." *Zuo Zhuan: Ding Gong 8th Year*: "Xi, speed up the carriage!" Du Yu notes: "Xi is a sound of fear." Justice states: "Yi Xi are all sighing sounds, similar to saying 'Jie Jie'." *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*: "Yi means pain." Xu Kai says: "It is the sound uttered when in pain."
Following Wind, Hating Wind: Ma Yin: This refers to those who feel wind and dislike it. Wu Kun: Since the disease originates from wind, one hates wind. Zhi Yun: Moving with the wind, exposing oneself to wind.
Lost Pillow (Stiff Neck): Wu Kun: "Lost pillow" refers to wind pathogen in the neck and nape, causing neck pain and stiffness, making it difficult to rest the head on a pillow. Zhang Jiebin argues: Gao Shixi's punctuation here is flawed. "Zhi Zheng Jiu Ji Zhong" should be connected to the previous sentence as a treatment method for lost pillow. The annotation states: Sleeping improperly causes lost pillow; the pathology lies between the transverse bones of the shoulder. Extension causes difficulty, feeling like a fracture. Jian An: Gao Shixi's annotation is incorrect. Chao Yuanfang's *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun: Lost Pillow Syndrome* states: Lost pillow is caused by wind pathogen in the head and neck, located between sinews and vessels. Due to deficiency of Qi and Blood during sleep, wind pathogen activates, causing lost pillow. This is correct. Additionally, *He Ji Zhi Nan* states: Various cases of stiff neck and spasms due to wind are caused by Qi deficiency, where neck sinews cannot turn smoothly, leading to meridian obstruction and pain; this is also referred to as lost pillow.
Transverse Bone on the Shoulder: Ma Yin: The depression between the transverse bones on the shoulder, specifically between the bifurcated bones above the shoulder tip, is named Jugu (LI1, Giant Bone). Wang Bing interprets this as Quepen (ST12, Missing Basin), but Quepen is unlikely to treat lost pillow. Wu Kun agrees. Zhang Jiebin suggests: It might be Jianjing (GB21, Shoulder Well) of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Channel, which also treats neck and shoulder pain.
Zhe Shi Yu Bi (Bend and Shake Arm): Yu, in the Song edition, is written as "Yu" (Draw/Pull). All editions mistakenly write "Yu" (Elm), originating from Ben Chu's version. Ma Yin: Zhe, pronounced "She". *Li Ji: Za Ji*: "A Daifu does not 'Yu Jiao'." *Yu Yang*: "The Madam 'Yu Di'." Here, "Yu" is read as "Yao" (Shake). This refers to patients with arm fractures; there should be a moxibustion method. For anyone with a fractured arm, have them shake their arm and bend it until it aligns with the elbow, then moxa the midpoint of the arm's ridge to unblock Qi in the elbow and arm. Careful examination reveals this is likely Sanyangluo (SJ9, Three Yang Intersection) point. (Belongs to Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao Channel, four cun posterior to the wrist on the outer arm, moxa seven moxa cones, needle contraindicated. Note: On the Governing Vessel, below the 11th thoracic vertebra, is Jizhong (DU12, Spine Center). This point has no relation to arm fractures, so "midpoint of arm ridge" is used. Wang Bing's note that this section treats upper-level lost pillow is particularly incorrect.) Wu Kun states: Zhe Shi means hand spasm, bending the used part. Yu Bi means shaking the arm like an elm branch. This is caused by wind in the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Channel, so align the arm with the elbow and moxa the midpoint of the arm ridge, which belongs to the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Channel. Zhang Jiebin says: Zhe means pain like breaking. Yu should be "Yu" (Pull/Lead). It means guiding the patient's arm down to align with the elbow end to measure the location on the spine, which is the appropriate moxa site. This is likely Yangguan (DU15, Sun Gate) of the Governing Vessel. (Located below the 16th thoracic vertebra.) Zhi Zhongcang says: Zhe means the back bent like a ding tripod, unable to straighten. Yu is read as "Yao" (Shake). Shake the arm, hang it down aligned with the elbow tip, facing the spine, to moxa the segmental points on the spine. Gao Shixi says: Shake the arm and level the elbow; there will be a depression in the spine. Moxa directly at the spine's center, do not seek elsewhere. Jian An: Among various interpretations, it is unclear which is correct. *Su Wen: Mai Yao Jing Wei Lun* Wang Bing's note on "Zhe Bi" says: Thigh feels like broken. His note on "Zhe Yao" says: Waist feels like broken. Ma Shi and Zhang Jiebin's interpretation of "Zhe" likely stems from this. "Yu" means pull, from *Shuo Wen*. *Ling Shu: Xie Qi Zang Fu Bing Xing Pian* says: "For external meridians, pull and extend to follow." Thus, Zhang's note has basis. Yangguan is not recorded in *Jia Yi Jing*, *Qian Jin Fang*, or *Wai Tai Mi Yao*, only in *Tong Ren Shu* stating: Take while prone.
Ba Liao (Eight Hollows): Later in this chapter: The coccygeal bone hollows are behind the thigh bone, four cun apart. Wang Bing says: These are the eight Liaocavities of the sacrum. Also, *Su Wen: Ci Yao Tong Lun* states: Lower back pain radiating to the lower abdomen, pulling and preventing supine posture. Puncture the intersection of waist and sacrum, above the two malleoli and swollen muscles. Wang Bing annotates the waist-sacrum intersection as four bone hollows on both sides of the sacrum below the malleoli, totaling eight acupoints left and right. Commonly, this bone is called Ba Liao Bone. Verification should be sought in *Jia Yi Jing*, *Qian Jin Fang*, and *Shi Si Jing Fa Hui*.
Shu Lou Han Re (Rat Sinus/Cold-Heat): Wu Kun: Shu Lou (Rat Sinus/Fistula) is formed when cold qi sinks into the meridians, taking the shape of rat holes. The disease causes alternating cold and heat. Jian An: *Ling Shu: Han Re Pian* asks: What generates cold-heat scrofula in the neck and axilla? Qibo answers: These are toxins of Shu Lou cold-heat, remaining in the meridians without leaving. Zhang Jiebin annotates: Scrofula appears as clustered nodules penetrating up and down. Thus, they can occur in the neck and axilla. Because the shape resembles rat holes—blocking one and piercing another—it is also called Shu Lou. Likely, cold-heat toxins remain in the meridians, causing continuous connection. One theory: Continuous tubercles are called Luo Li (Scrofula); long shapes like clams are called Ma Dao (Horse Knife). Zhu Zhenheng states: Scrofula without cold-heat symptoms may survive; if it progresses to tidal fever after a while, it is critical. This is correct. *Huai Nan Zi: Shuo Shan Xun* states: Cat head heals Shu Lou; chicken head stops leaking wounds. *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*: "Lou means leaking wound." "Li means swelling." Another view: Long-standing wound. Knowing these two characters refer to leaking wounds. Those clustered and un-ulcerated are called Luo Li disease; those ulcerated with continuous pus are called Shu Lou.
Han Fu (Cold Palace) at Fu Xi Wai Jie Ying: Zhang Jiebin says: Whenever cold qi rises from below, it gathers at the knee. Hence, the knee patella is coldest, thus named Cold Palace. Ying means cavity. It is likely Yangguan (GB33, Sun Gate) of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Channel. (One cun above Yanglingquan GB34.) Since Shu Lou is in the neck and axilla, involving Liver and Gallbladder, this point should be taken to treat it. Wu Kun says: Ying means empty cavity. Zhi Zhongcang says: Shu Lou cold-heat disease originates in the Zang organs, manifesting at the neck and axilla. Han Fu (Cold Palace) refers to Bladder, the Fu organ of Kidney cold water. Disease in Zang treated via Fu implies Yin Zang pathogens should be vented through Yang Qi. Ying is a Ying-cavity. The selected Han Fu point is Weizhong (BL40, Central Marsh) located between the tendons outside the knee. Gao Shixi's edition separates "Jie" and "Ying". Annotation: Solar Bladder cold water is Kidney's Fu organ, hence puncture Han Fu. Han Fu is Solar Channel. Fu Xi Wai is lateral knee. Jie is bone separation, the gap on the lateral knee. Rong is Rong-Shu, Tonggu (BL65, Passing Valley) at the base of the little toe. Jian An: Solar Cold Water is a concept from Five Movements and Six Qi theory, not reliable. Ying means cavity, referring to the acupoint at the external separation. *Li Ji: Li Yun*: "In winter dwell in Ying Kue (caves), in summer in Lu Chao (nests)." *Meng Zi: Teng Wen Gong I*: "Lower ones build nests, upper ones build Ying Kue." Later text says "Qi Xia Zhi Ying", clearly indicating Ying means cavity. Zhang Jiebin's note is correct. Shu Lou affects neck/axilla, but treated at lateral knee Jie Ying, hence called "Huan Ci" (Returning Puncture).
Bai (Bow): Zhi Zhongcang says: Bai is equivalent to Yi (courtesy bow). Take Weizhong (BL40) at the lateral separation above the knee. Making the patient perform a bow action extends the knee and straightens it, making the acupoint easier to locate. Jian An: Wu Cheng's *Li Ji Cuan Yan* states: *Zhou Li* Nine Bows, the first is Bai. First kneel, knees touching ground. Then cup hands to touch ground, then bow head, not touching ground. Head suspended, level with waist. Xunzi calls this "Ping Heng Yue Bai" (Balanced Bow). *Zhou Li* calls it Kong Shou (Empty Head). *Shang Shu* calls it Bai Shou. Single mention of "Bai" in classics refers to this. Examining *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*: Hands touching chest is Yi. *Yi Li: Xiang Yin Jiu Li* note: Pushing hands is Yi, pulling hands is Ya. *Li Ji: Yu Yang* note: Yi means slight bow. Thus, Bai and Yi are distinct. Zhi Zhongcang interpreting Bai as Yi is wrong.
Gui (Kneel): Zhi Zhongcang says: When kneeling, feet fold, and Yongquan (KI1, Gushing Spring) lies in the transverse crease of the sole. Jian An: *Shi Ming* states: Gui means dangerous. Knees hidden on ground, body precarious. *Li Ji* Zheng Xuan note: Sit, all explained as Gui. However, *Li Ji* says: "Give standing, do not kneel; give sitting, do not stand." Zhuangzi also says: "Kneel-sit to advance." Thus, Gui and Sit differ slightly. Gui implies danger, so knees on ground, extending waist and thighs, posture is precarious, called Gui. (Likely buttocks touching ground, body upright.) Further extending body to rise is Chang Gui (Long Kneel). (Knees on ground, waist extended.) Knees on ground, buttocks resting, relatively stable, is Sit. See details in Zhu Xi's Collected Works (Vol. 68) and Gu Yanwu's *Ri Zhi Lu*.
Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) Starts at Zhongji: Zhang Jiebin says: Below, Ren, Chong, and Du are all Extraordinary Vessels. Qi means the origin of external vessels, not the source. Follows similarly below. Jian An: Yang Xuancao annotates *Nan Jing: 28th Difficulty*: Ren means Ren (Pregnancy/Nourish). This is the root of human generation, hence stated below Zhongji and above Changqiang. Li Shizhen states: Ren Mai starts at Huiyin (RN1, Meeting Yin), follows the abdomen along the anterior body, bearing Yin vessels, hence Sea of Yin Vessels.
Up to Chin, Along Face, Into Eyes: Wu Kun: *Nan Jing* and *Jia Yi Jing* lack these six characters, likely omitted.
Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) Starts at Qichuan: Yang Xuancao says: Chong means Through/Penetrate. This vessel goes down to feet, up to head, receiving Qi and Blood of twelve channels, hence named Chong. Yu Shu says: *Su Wen* says Chong Mai starts at Qichuan. *Nan Jing* says starts at Qichong. In *Zhen Jing* acupoints, both names exist. Meaning of Chong/Jie is interchangeable. Li Shizhen states: Chong Mai starts at Huiyin, flanks umbilicus, rushes upward, pivotal for all vessels, hence Sea of Twelve Channels.
Running Parallel with Shaoyin Channel: Zhang Jiebin says: Chong Mai starts at Qichuan, runs parallel with Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Channel, meeting Henggu, Dahe, and eleven other acupoints, flanking umbilicus upward, dispersing in chest. This describes the anterior course of Chong Mai. However, Shaoyin channel ascends inner posterior thigh, penetrates spine, connects to Kidney. Chong Mai also enters spine interior as Fuchong (Hidden Penetrating) vessel. Thus, the posterior course of Chong Mai undoubtedly runs parallel with Shaoyin too. *Ni Shun Fei Shou Pian* says: Chong Mai is Sea of Five Zang and Six Fu. Its lower branch pours into Shaoyin's large collateral, emerging at Qichuan. Also says: Its lower branch joins Shaoyin channel, seeps into Three Yin. *Dong Shu Pian* says: Chong Mai is Sea of Twelve Channels. With Shaoyin's large collateral, starts below Kidney, emerges at Qichuan. Jian An: Yu Shu says: *Su Wen* states running parallel with Foot-Shaoyin. *Nan Jing* states running parallel with Foot-Yangming. (Jian An: *Wei Lun* combines with Yangming at Zongjin.) Moreover, Shaoyin channel flanks umbilicus 0.5 cun each side, Yangming channel flanks 2 cun each side. Qichong is also a Yangming Qi emission point. Inferring thus, Chong Mai starts at Qichong, between Yangming and Shaoyin, flanking umbilicus upward. Reasoning is clear. Li Shizhen states: Foot-Yangming is 2 cun from midline, Shaoyin is 0.5 cun. Chong Mai runs between these two channels.
Internal Knotting Seven Hernias: Ma Yin: Nei (Internal) refers to abdomen. Midline of abdomen is Ren Mai pathway, hence prone to such diseases. *Nan Jing: 29th Difficulty* says: Internal bitter knotting, men suffer Seven Hernias, women suffer Jia Ju (Masses). Seven Hernias include Five Zang Hernias, Hu Hernia, and Pi Hernia. (From *Ci Ni Cong Pian*, *Mai Yao Jing Wei Lun*, *Da Qi Lun*, *Mai Jie Pian*, *Yin Yang Bie Lun*, *Ling Shu: Xie Qi Zang Fu Bing Xing Pian*). Wu Kun says: Seven Hernias are Cold, Water, Sinew, Blood, Qi, Fox, and Tui Hernias. Zhang Jiebin annotates *Si Shi Ci Ni Cong Pian*: Seven Hernias summarize various diseases. As mentioned in this chapter, there are six types. (*Xie Qi Zang Fu Bing Xing Pian* mentions one type: Pi Hernia). Probably because hernias associated with various meridians total seven, hence Seven Hernias. Fox and Chong Jue etc. are merely aliases. Later, Chao Yuanfang listed Seven Hernias as Jue, Pi, Cold, Qi, Pan, Zhou, Ye Lang. (Yu Shu's *Nan Jing Zhu* follows Chao). Later Zhang Hezi criticized this as erroneous names by quacks. He established Seven Hernias as: Cold, Water, Sinew, Blood, Qi, Fox, Pi. (Wu Kun follows this). Scholars should adhere to classic principles. Jian An: Examining classics, the specific items of Seven Hernias are not explicit. Temporarily follow Ma and Zhang. Wang Yongfu's *Hui Ji Fang* lists Shi Xue, Yin Qi, Du Ji, Shan Pi as Seven Hernias, unknown basis. Li Zhongzi's *Bi Du* establishes new Seven Hernias, separating Pi and Jia, seriously erroneous.
Dai Xia Jia Ju (Leukorrhea and Masses): Wu Kun says: Dai Xia refers to white and red leukorrhea. Jia Ju refers to intermittent pain from Qi stagnation. Ma Yin says: Jia Ju means accumulation masses. *Da Qi Lun* says: Urgency of Three Yang leads to Jia. Later generations have Eight Jias due to Seven Hernias name, including Snake, Fat, Green, Yellow, Dry, Blood, Fox, Turtle Jias. Not in *Nei Jing*. Zhi Zhongcang says: Jia involves false blood flow with discharge; Ju involves Qi reversal and stagnation forming masses. Gao Shixi says: Dai Xia is damp-turbidity flowing downward; Jia Ju is internal blood stasis. Jian An: Red/white leukorrhea appears in *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun*, but ancient "Dai Xia" meant below the belt. Diseases related to menstruation were collectively called Dai Xia. *Shi Ji* states Bian Que was a doctor for Dai Xia. *Jin Gui Yao Lue* lists Thirty-Six Dai Xia diseases. Yu Shu annotates *Nan Jing: 29th Difficulty*: Jia means assuming object form, which is correct.
Reverse Qi and Interior Urgency: Zhang Jiebin says: Chong Mai flanks umbilicus upward to chest. If Qi is unsmooth, it causes obstructive reverse Qi. If Blood is disharmonious, it causes interior urgency in chest and abdomen. Jian An: Ding De'yong annotates *Nan Jing: 29th Difficulty*: Reverse Qi is abdominal rebellion; Interior Urgency is abdominal pain. *Zhu Bing Yuan Hou Lun* says: Interior Urgency is abdominal tension/spasm.
Du Mai (Governing Vessel) Starts at Shaofu: Yang Xuancao annotates *Nan Jing: 28th Difficulty*: Du means Capital/Gathering. It is the chief of all Yang vessels. Li Shizhen states: Du Mai starts at Huiyin, follows back along posterior body, commanding Yang vessels, hence Sea of Yang Vessels. Zhang Jiebin says: Shaofu is lower abdomen. Jian An: *Zhuang Zi: Yang Sheng Zhu*: "Follow Du as the constant." Lu Deming's *Shi Wen* quotes Li Yi: Du means Middle. Zhu Xi says: Du was traditionally considered Middle. Human body has Du Mai, following spine middle, penetrating up and down, seen in medical books. Hence, the seam at the back of clothes is also called Du, seen in *Shen Yi Zhu*, all meaning Middle. Examine "Du", also written as "𦚧". Liu Xi's *Shi Ming* says: Below umbilicus is Shui Fu, gathering place of water. Also says Shaofu, Shao means small, smaller than above umbilicus. *Tai Ping Yu Lan* says: Side-lower abdomen is Shaofu. *Yu Lan*'s statement is incorrect.
Bone Center: Zhang Jiebin says: Below Henggu, central near the outside.
Xi Ting Kong (Connecting Straight Hole): Wu Kun says: Ting Kong is the hole of Yin Ting. Zhang Jiebin says: Ting means Straight/Upright. Ting Kong means the straight hole in the center, i.e., urethral meatus. Zhi Zhongcang says: Ting Kong is vaginal opening. End of urethra, internal birth canal. This states Du Mai starts inside Shaofu, using female birth canal to illustrate. Should know male Du Mai also starts inside Shaofu, root of Zongjin. Jian An: Ting is synonymous with Ting (Protrude). Birth canal protrudes, hence Ting Kong. Zhi's note is correct. Zhang's definition of Straight/Upright as urethra is wrong. Wang Bing reads three characters together, considering upper end as top, birth canal below urethra, which is incorrect.
Cuan Jian (Between Genitals): *Jia Yi Jing* writes "Zuan". Zhang Jiebin says: Cuan, pronunciation Chu Huan Qie, meaning interlacing. Place where urine and feces exit, between front and rear yins. Jian An: Li Shizhen's *Ba Mai Kao* phonetics: Cuan, Chu Huan Qie, groove between genitals. Likely Cuan should be "Zuan", *Jia Yi Jing* is correct. *Shuo Wen Jie Zi*: Zuan, red silk cord. Between two yins, there is a seam resembling a woven cord, hence called Zuan. Zhang's interpretation using "Usurp" is incorrect.
Shaoyin Shang Gu Nei (Shaoyin Up Inner Thigh): Lou's *Gang Mu* states: Fifteen characters from "Shaoyin Shang Gu Nei" to "Mu" must have missing slips, or otherwise ancient annotations are interpolations.
Its Shaofu Goes Straight Up: Zhang Jiebin says: These are paths of Ren Mai, yet this section lists Du Mai. *Wu Yin Wu Wei Pian* says: Ren and Bo (Chong) vessels both start in Baozhong (Uterus/Energy Center), ascend along back interior, becoming Sea of Meridians. Thus anterior is also Du, posterior is also Ren. Hence Qixuanzi (Wang Bing) quotes ancient classics.
Chong Shen (Penetrating Hernia): *Wu Zang Sheng Cheng Pian* says: Accumulation in abdomen with Jue Qi is named Jue Shen. *Shi Ji: Cang Gong Zhuan* says: Qi Langzhong Ling Xun suffered illness, doctors thought it was Jue entering middle, punctured it. Chen Yi diagnosed: Yong Shen. Causes inability to urinate or defecate. Likely same syndrome different name. Later generations call it Ben Tun Hernia Qi, which is correct.
Treatment at Bone Top: Zhi Zhongcang says: Bone refers to back vertebral acupoints. Gao Shixi agrees. Jian An: Differs from other annotations, unclear which is correct.
At Qi Xia Ying (Below Umbilicus Cavity): Zhi Zhongcang says: Ying refers to fleshy cavity in abdomen. Gao Shixi says: Part below Shaofu, central bone, starting point of Du Mai.
Jian Zhe Shang Xia Yi Ye (Gradual Branches Flank Chin): Zhi Zhongcang says: Jian refers to Du Mai entering throat, ascending lips/teeth, gradually splitting into two branches, flanking chin into eyes. Puncture at Jian flanking chin. Gao Shixi says: Reiterates Chong Mai pathology. *Ling Shu: Wu Yin Wu Wei Pian* says: Chong Mai, Ren Mai...