脉有损至，何谓也？然∶至之脉，一呼再至曰平，三至曰离经，四至曰夺精，五至曰死，六至曰命绝，此至之脉也。
何谓损？一呼一至曰离经，二呼一至曰夺精，三呼一至曰死，四呼一至曰命绝，此损之脉也。至脉从下上，损脉从上下
也。
损脉之为病奈何？然∶一损损于皮毛，皮聚而毛落；二损损于血脉，血脉虚少，不能荣于五脏六腑也；三损损于肌
肉，肌肉消瘦，食饮不为肌肤；四损损于筋，筋缓不能自收持；五损损于骨，骨痿不能起于床。反此者，至于收病也。
从上下者，骨痿不能起于床者，死；从下上者，皮聚而毛落者，死。治损之法奈何？然；损其肺者，益其气；损其心者，
调其荣卫；损其脾者，调其饮食，适其寒温；损其肝者，缓其中；损其肾者，益其精气。此治损之法也。脉有一呼再至，
一吸再至；一呼三至，一吸三至；一呼四至，一吸四至；一呼五至，一吸五至；一呼六至，一吸六至；一呼一至，一吸
一至；再呼一至，再吸一至；呼吸再至。脉来如此，何以别知其病也？然∶脉来一呼再至，一吸再至，不大不小，曰平。
一呼三至，一吸三至，为适得病。前大后小，即头痛目眩；前小后大，即胸满短气。一呼四至，一吸四至病适欲甚。脉
洪大者，苦烦满；沉细者，腹中痛；滑者，伤热；涩者，中雾露。一呼五至，一吸五至，其人当困。沉细即夜加，浮大
即昼加，不大小虽困可治，其有大小者为难治。一呼六至，一吸六至，为十死脉也。沉细夜死，浮大昼死。一呼一至，
一吸一至，名曰损。人虽能行，犹当（一作犹未）着床，所以然者，血气皆不足故也。再呼一至，再吸一至，名曰无魂。
无魂者，当死也，人虽能行，名曰行尸。扁鹊曰∶脉一出一入曰平，再出一入少阴，三出一入太阴，四出一入厥阴。再
入一出少阳，三入一出阳明，四入一出太阳。脉出者为阳，入者为阴。故人一呼而脉再动，气行三寸；一吸而脉再动，
气行三寸。呼吸定息，脉五动。一呼一吸为一息，气行六寸。人十息，脉五十动，气行六尺。二十息，脉百动，为一备
之气，以应四时。天有三百六十五日，人有三百六十五节。昼夜漏下水百刻。一备之气，脉行丈二尺。一日一夜行于十
二辰，气行尽则周遍于身，与天道相合，故曰平，平者，无病也，一阴一阳是也。脉再动为一至，再至而紧即夺气。一
刻百三十五息，十刻千三百五十息，百刻万三千五百息，二刻为一度，一度气行一周身，昼夜五十度。脉三至者离经。
一呼而脉三动，气行四寸半。人一息脉七动，气行九寸。十息脉七十动，气行九尺。一备之气。脉百四十动，气行一丈
八尺。一周于身，气过百八十度，故曰离经。离经者病，一阴二阳是也。三至而紧则夺血。脉四至则夺精。一呼而脉四
动，气行六寸。人一息脉九动，气行尺二寸。人十息脉九十动，气行一丈二尺。一备之气，脉百八十动，气行二丈四尺。
一周于身，气过三百六十度，再遍于身，不及五节，一时之气而重至。诸脉浮涩者，五脏无精，难治。一阴三阳是也（四
至而紧则夺形）。脉五至者，死。一呼而脉五动，气行六寸半（当行七寸半）。人一息脉十一动，气行尺三寸（当行尺五
寸）。人十息脉百一十动，气行丈三尺（当行丈五尺）。一备之气，脉二百二十动，气行二丈六尺（当行三丈）。一周于身
三百六十五节，气行过五百四十度。再周于身，过百七十度。一节之气而至此。气浮涩，经行血气竭尽，不守于中，五
脏痿 ，精神散亡。脉五至而紧则死，三阴（一作二）三阳是也，虽五犹末，如之何也。脉一损一乘者，人一呼而脉一
动，人一息而脉再动，气行三寸。十息脉二十动，气行三尺。一备之气，脉四十动，气行六尺，不及周身百八十节。气
短不能周遍于身，苦少气，身体懈堕矣。脉再损者，人一息而脉一动，气行一寸五分。人十息脉十动，气行尺五寸。一
备之气，脉二十动，气行三尺，不及周身二百节。疑气血尽，经中不能及，故曰离经。血去不在其处，小大便皆血也。
脉三损者，人一息复一呼而脉一动。十息脉七动，气行尺五寸（当行尺五分）。一备之气，脉十四动，气行三尺一寸（当
行二尺一寸）。不及周身二百九十七节，故曰争，气行血留，不能相与俱微。气闭实则胸满脏枯，而争于中，其气不朝，
血凝于中，死矣。脉四损者，再息而脉一动。人十息脉五动，气行七寸半。一备之气，脉十动。气行尺五寸。不及周身
三百一十五节，故曰亡血，亡血者，忘失其度，身羸疲，皮裹骨。故气血俱尽，五脏失神，其死明矣。脉五损者，人再
息复一呼而脉一动。人十息脉四动，气行六寸。一备之气，脉八动，气行尺二寸。不及周身三百二十四节，故曰绝。绝
者，气急，不下床，口气寒，脉俱绝，死矣。
岐伯曰∶脉失四时者为至启，至启者，为损至之脉也。损之为言，少阴主骨为重，此志损也；饮食衰减，肌肉消者，
是意损也；身安卧，卧不便利，耳目不明，是魂损也；呼吸不相通，五色不华，是魄损也；四肢皆见脉为乱，是神损也。
大损三十岁，中损二十岁，下损十岁。损，各以春、夏、秋、冬。平人，人长脉短者，是大损，三十岁；人短脉长者，
是中损，二十岁；手足皆细，是下损，十岁；失精气者，一岁而损；男子，左脉短，右脉长，是为阳损，半岁；女子，
右脉短，左脉长，是为阴损，半岁。春，脉当得肝脉，反得脾、肺之脉，损；夏，脉当得心脉，反得肾、肺之脉，损；
秋，脉当得肺脉，反得肝、心之脉，损；冬，脉当得肾脉，反得心、脾之脉，损。当审切寸口之脉，知绝不绝。前后去
为绝。掌上相击，坚如弹石，为上脉虚尽，下脉尚有，是为有胃气（上脉尽，下脉坚如弹石，为有胃气）。上下脉皆尽者，
死；不绝不消者，皆生，是损脉也。至之为言，言语音深远，视愦愦，是志之至也；身体粗大饮食暴多，是意之至也；
语言妄见，手足相引，是魂之至也；茏葱华色，是魄之至也；脉微小不相应，呼吸自大，是神之至也。是至脉之法也。
死生相应，病各得其气者生，十得其半也。黄帝曰∶善。
脉象有“损”和“至”两种，这是什么意思呢？回答说：“至”脉，医生一呼之间脉搏跳动两次为平脉（正常脉象），跳三次为离经（偏离常道），跳四次为夺精（精气耗损），跳五次为死脉，跳六次为命绝（生命终结），这就是“至”脉。
什么叫“损”脉呢？医生一呼之间脉搏只跳动一次为离经，两呼之间脉搏才跳动一次为夺精，三呼之间脉搏才跳动一次为死脉，四呼之间脉搏才跳动一次为命绝，这就是“损”脉。“至”脉的病势是从下部向上部发展，“损”脉的病势是从上部向下部发展。
“损”脉引起的病症是怎样的呢？回答说：一损损伤皮毛，表现为皮肤皱缩、毛发脱落；二损损伤血脉，表现为血脉虚少，不能滋养五脏六腑；三损损伤肌肉，表现为肌肉消瘦，饮食无法转化为肌肤营养；四损损伤筋脉，表现为筋脉弛缓，肢体不能自主收持；五损损伤骨骼，表现为骨痿软弱，不能起床。如果反过来（指病势由下而上或症状相反），则会导致病情收敛恶化。从上部向下发展的（损脉），出现骨痿不能起床的，主死；从下部向上发展的（至脉），出现皮肤皱缩、毛发脱落的，主死。治疗“损”病的方法是怎样的呢？回答说：肺受损的，补益其气；心受损的，调和营卫；脾受损的，调节饮食，适应寒温变化；肝受损的，舒缓其中焦之气；肾受损的，补益其精气。这就是治疗“损”病的方法。
脉象有一呼再至、一吸再至；一呼三至、一吸三至；一呼四至、一吸四至；一呼五至、一吸五至；一呼六至、一吸六至；一呼一至、一吸一至；再呼一至、再吸一至；呼吸之间脉动两次等情况。脉象呈现这些情况，如何辨别其病症呢？回答说：脉来一呼两次、一吸两次，不大不小，称为平脉。一呼三次、一吸三次，表示刚刚患病。若脉象前大后小，即出现头痛、目眩；若脉象前小后大，即出现胸满、短气。一呼四次、一吸四次，表示病情即将加重。脉象洪大的，苦于烦闷胀满；脉象沉细的，腹中疼痛；脉象滑的，为热邪所伤；脉象涩的，为雾露湿邪所伤。一呼五次、一吸五次，病人应当困顿。脉象沉细的夜间加重，脉象浮大的白天加重，脉象不大小不均的虽然困顿但可治疗，脉象大小不一的难治。一呼六次、一吸六次，是十死无生的脉象。脉象沉细的夜间死亡，脉象浮大的白天死亡。一呼一次、一吸一次，名为损脉。人虽然能行走，但仍需卧床不起，之所以这样，是因为气血都不足的缘故。再呼一次、再吸一次脉搏才跳动一次，名为无魂。无魂的人将会死亡，人虽然能行走，实为行尸走肉。扁鹊说：脉象一出一入为平脉，再出一入为少阴脉，三出一入为太阴脉，四出一入为厥阴脉。再入一出为少阳脉，三入一出为阳明脉，四入一出为太阳脉。脉出属阳，脉入属阴。所以人一呼脉搏跳动两次，气运行三寸；一吸脉搏跳动两次，气运行三寸。呼吸定息（一呼一吸之间停顿片刻），脉搏跳动五次。一呼一吸称为一息，气运行六寸。人十息，脉搏跳动五十次，气运行六尺。二十息，脉搏跳动一百次，为一备之气（一个完整的周期），以对应四季。天有三百六十五天，人有三百六十五节。昼夜漏壶滴水一百刻。一备之气，脉运行一丈二尺。一日一夜运行十二时辰，气行尽则周遍全身，与天道相合，所以称为平脉，平者，就是无病，即一阴一阳平衡的状态。脉搏跳动两次称为一至，连续两次且紧促则夺气。一刻钟一百三十五息，十刻一千三百五十息，百刻一万三千五百息。两刻为一度，一度气行一周身，昼夜五十度。脉象跳动三次为离经。一呼脉搏跳动三次，气运行四寸半。人一息脉搏跳动七次，气运行九寸。十息脉搏七十次，气运行九尺。一备之气，脉搏一百四十次，气运行一丈八尺。一周于身，气过一百八十度，所以称为离经。离经者有病，即一阴二阳失衡。跳动三次且紧促则夺血。脉象跳动四次为夺精。一呼脉搏跳动四次，气运行六寸。人一息脉搏跳动九次，气运行一尺二寸。十息脉搏九十次，气运行一丈二尺。一备之气，脉搏一百八十次，气运行二丈四尺。一周于身，气过三百六十度，再次遍于身，不及五节，一时之气而重复到达。诸脉浮涩的，五脏无精，难治。即一阴三阳失衡（四至且紧促则夺形）。脉象跳动五次为死脉。一呼脉搏跳动五次，气运行六寸半（应当运行七寸半）。人一息脉搏跳动十一次，气运行一尺三寸（应当运行一尺五寸）。十息脉搏一百一十次，气运行丈三尺（应当运行丈五尺）。一备之气，脉搏二百二十次，气运行二丈六尺（应当运行三丈）。一周于身三百六十五节，气行过五百四十度。再次周于身，过一百七十度。一节之气达到此程度。气浮涩，经络运行血气竭尽，不能守于中，五脏痿弱，精神散亡。脉象五至且紧促则死，即三阴（一作二）三阳失衡，虽然五至犹末，为什么呢？脉象一损一乘，人一呼脉搏跳动一次，人一息脉搏跳动两次，气运行三寸。十息脉搏二十次，气运行三尺。一备之气，脉搏四十次，气运行六尺，不及周身百八十节。气短不能周遍全身，苦于少气，身体懈怠堕落。脉象再损，人一息脉搏跳动一次，气运行一寸五分。十息脉搏十次，气运行尺五寸。一备之气，脉搏二十次，气运行三尺，不及周身二百节。疑气血耗尽，经络中不能及，所以称为离经。血流失去其处，大小便皆出血。脉象三损，人一息再加一呼脉搏才跳动一次。十息脉搏七次，气运行尺五寸（应当运行尺五分）。一备之气，脉搏十四次，气运行三尺一寸（应当运行二尺一寸）。不及周身二百九十七节，所以称为争，气行血留，不能相互俱微。气闭实则胸满脏枯，而在中焦争斗，其气不朝，血凝于中，死矣。脉象四损，再息脉搏才跳动一次。十息脉搏五次，气运行七寸半。一备之气，脉搏十次，气运行尺五寸。不及周身三百一十五节，所以称为亡血，亡血者，忘失其度，身体羸疲，皮裹骨。故气血俱尽，五脏失神，其死明矣。脉象五损，人再息再加一呼脉搏才跳动一次。十息脉搏四次，气运行六寸。一备之气，脉搏八次，气运行尺二寸。不及周身三百二十四节，所以称为绝。绝者，气急，不下床，口气寒，脉俱绝，死矣。
岐伯说：脉象违背四时规律的称为“至启”，至启者，就是损至之脉。损，少阴主骨为重，这是志损；饮食衰减，肌肉消瘦，这是意损；身体安卧，卧睡不便利，耳目不明，这是魂损；呼吸不相通，五色不华，这是魄损；四肢皆见脉乱，这是神损。大损减寿三十岁，中损减寿二十岁，下损减寿十岁。损，各应春、夏、秋、冬季节。常人，人长脉短的，是大损，减寿三十岁；人短脉长的，是中损，减寿二十岁；手足皆细的，是下损，减寿十岁；失精气者，一年而损；男子，左脉短右脉长，是为阳损，减寿半年；女子，右脉短左脉长，是为阴损，减寿半年。春季，脉应当得到肝脉，反而得到脾、肺之脉，为损；夏季，脉应当得心脉，反而得到肾、肺之脉，为损；秋季，脉应当得到肺脉，反而得到肝、心之脉，为损；冬季，脉应当得到肾脉，反而得到心、脾之脉，为损。应当仔细切诊寸口之脉，知道绝与不绝。前后去脉为绝。掌上相击，坚如弹石，为上脉虚尽，下脉尚有，是为有胃气（上脉尽，下脉坚如弹石，为有胃气）。上下脉皆尽的，死；不绝不消的，皆生，这就是损脉。至，指言语声音深远，视物昏花，这是志之至；身体粗大饮食暴多，这是意之至；语言妄见，手足相引，这是魂之至；茏葱华色，这是魄之至；脉微小不相应，呼吸自大，这是神之至。这就是至脉的法度。死生相应，病各得其气者生，十得其半也。黄帝说：善。
The pulse has two types: "Sun" (Loss/Deficiency) and "Zhi" (Excess/Increase). What does this mean? The answer is: For the Zhi pulse, if the pulse beats twice per exhalation, it is a Ping pulse (normal); three times per exhalation indicates Li Jing (deviation from the normal course); four times indicates Duo Jing (exhaustion of essence); five times indicates Si pulse (death); six times indicates Ming Jue (termination of life). This constitutes the Zhi pulse.
What is the Sun pulse? If the pulse beats once per exhalation, it is Li Jing; once every two exhalations indicates Duo Jing; once every three exhalations indicates Si pulse; once every four exhalations indicates Ming Jue. This constitutes the Sun pulse. The pathology of the Zhi pulse progresses from below upwards, while the pathology of the Sun pulse progresses from above downwards.
How does the Sun pulse manifest in disease? The answer is: First-degree Sun damage affects the skin and hair, resulting in wrinkled skin and falling hair; second-degree Sun damage affects the blood vessels, leading to deficient and scanty vessels that cannot nourish the five zang organs and six fu organs; third-degree Sun damage affects the muscles, causing muscle emaciation where food and drink fail to transform into flesh; fourth-degree Sun damage affects the sinews, causing flaccidity and inability to control movement; fifth-degree Sun damage affects the bones, causing bone atrophy and inability to rise from bed. If reversed, the disease becomes entrenched. In cases progressing from above downwards (Sun), bone atrophy preventing rising from bed indicates death; in cases progressing from below upwards (Zhi), wrinkled skin and falling hair indicate death. How should Sun damage be treated? The answer is: For lung damage, tonify its qi; for heart damage, regulate Ying and Wei (nutritive and defensive qi); for spleen damage, regulate diet and adapt to cold and warmth; for liver damage, soothe the middle jiao; for kidney damage, benefit the essence and qi. This is the method for treating Sun damage.
Regarding pulses with two beats per breath cycle (one inhalation/exhalation), three beats, four beats, five beats, six beats, one beat, or even slower rates: how can one distinguish the disease? The answer is: Two beats per inhalation and two per exhalation, neither large nor small, is a Ping pulse. Three beats per inhalation and three per exhalation indicates recent onset of disease. If the pulse is larger anteriorly and smaller posteriorly, there is headache and dizziness; if smaller anteriorly and larger posteriorly, there is chest fullness and shortness of breath. Four beats per inhalation and four per exhalation indicates worsening disease. A洪大 (Hong Da / Surging and Large) pulse causes vexation and fullness; a 沉细 (Chen Xi / Deep and Fine) pulse causes abdominal pain; a 滑 (Hua / Slippery) pulse indicates heat injury; a 涩 (Se / Choppy) pulse indicates injury by fog and dew. Five beats per inhalation and five per exhalation indicates the patient is exhausted. A 沉细 (Deep and Fine) pulse worsens at night; a 浮大 (Fu Da / Floating and Large) pulse worsens during the day. If the pulse is not excessively large or small, although exhausting, it is treatable; if the pulse varies greatly in size, it is difficult to treat. Six beats per inhalation and six per exhalation is a pulse of ten deaths (fatal). A 沉细 (Deep and Fine) pulse leads to death at night; a 浮大 (Floating and Large) pulse leads to death during the day. One beat per inhalation and one per exhalation is named Sun pulse. Although the person can walk, they must lie in bed because both blood and qi are deficient. One beat every two inhalations and two exhalations is named Wu Hun (Soulless). Those without soul will die; although they can walk, they are walking corpses. Bian Que said: One outflow and one inflow is Ping; two outflows and one inflow relates to Shao Yin; three outflows and one inflow relates to Tai Yin; four outflows and one inflow relates to Jue Yin. Two inflows and one outflow relates to Shao Yang; three inflows and one outflow relates to Yang Ming; four inflows and one outflow relates to Tai Yang. Outflow is Yang, inflow is Yin. Thus, with each exhalation the pulse moves twice, and qi travels three cun; with each inhalation the pulse moves twice, and qi travels three cun. At the pause between breaths, the pulse moves five times. One exhalation and one inhalation constitute one Xi (breath cycle), during which qi travels six cun. In ten Xi cycles, the pulse moves fifty times, and qi travels six chi. In twenty Xi cycles, the pulse moves one hundred times, constituting one Bei Qi (complete cycle), corresponding to the four seasons. Heaven has 365 days, and the human body has 365 joints. Day and night consist of 100 water clock divisions. In one Bei Qi cycle, the pulse travels one zhang and two chi. In one day and night, it traverses the twelve Earthly Branches; when qi circulation completes, it pervades the body, harmonizing with the Way of Heaven, thus called Ping (normal), meaning no disease, i.e., balance of Yin and Yang. Two pulse movements constitute one Zhi (beat unit); if consecutive and tight, it steals Qi. In one Ke (quarter hour), there are 135 Xi cycles; in ten Ke, 1,350; in 100 Ke, 13,500. Two Ke constitute one Du (degree); in one Du, qi circulates once around the body; in day and night, 50 Du. Three pulse movements indicate Li Jing. With one exhalation, the pulse moves three times, and qi travels 4.5 cun. In one Xi cycle, the pulse moves seven times, and qi travels nine cun. In ten Xi cycles, the pulse moves seventy times, and qi travels nine chi. In one Bei Qi cycle, the pulse moves 140 times, and qi travels one zhang and eight chi. Circulating once around the body, qi exceeds 180 degrees, hence called Li Jing. Li Jing implies disease, specifically imbalance of one Yin and two Yangs. Three movements and tightness steals Blood. Four pulse movements indicate Duo Jing. With one exhalation, the pulse moves four times, and qi travels six cun. In one Xi cycle, the pulse moves nine times, and qi travels one chi and two cun. In ten Xi cycles, the pulse moves ninety times, and qi travels one zhang and two chi. In one Bei Qi cycle, the pulse moves 180 times, and qi travels two zhang and four chi. Circulating once around the body, qi exceeds 360 degrees, passing through the body twice but failing to reach five joints, indicating repeated arrival of seasonal qi. Pulses that are floating and choppy indicate lack of essence in the five zang organs and are difficult to treat, representing imbalance of one Yin and three Yangs (four movements and tightness steals Form). Five pulse movements indicate death. With one exhalation, the pulse moves five times, and qi travels 6.5 cun (should be 7.5 cun). In one Xi cycle, the pulse moves eleven times, and qi travels one chi and three cun (should be one chi and five cun). In ten Xi cycles, the pulse moves 110 times, and qi travels one zhang and three chi (should be one zhang and five chi). In one Bei Qi cycle, the pulse moves 220 times, and qi travels two zhang and six chi (should be three zhang). Circulating once around the 365 joints, qi exceeds 540 degrees. Circulating again, it exceeds 170 degrees. Reaching this level at one joint, the qi is floating and choppy, meridians run dry, blood and qi are exhausted, unable to remain within, five zang organs atrophy, and spirit scatters. Five movements and tightness lead to death, representing imbalance of three Yin (or two) and three Yangs. Although five movements, why is it so? Pulse with one Sun and one Cheng: one exhalation, pulse moves once; one Xi cycle, pulse moves twice, qi travels three cun. Ten Xi cycles, pulse moves twenty times, qi travels three chi. One Bei Qi cycle, pulse moves forty times, qi travels six chi, insufficient to reach the 180 joints of the body. Shortness of breath prevents pervading the body, suffering from shortness of qi, body lax and collapsing. Second-degree Sun: one Xi cycle, pulse moves once, qi travels 1.5 cun. Ten Xi cycles, pulse moves ten times, qi travels one chi and five cun. One Bei Qi cycle, pulse moves twenty times, qi travels three chi, insufficient for 200 joints. Suspected exhaustion of blood and qi, meridians cannot reach, hence called Li Jing. Blood leaves its place, stool and urine contain blood. Third-degree Sun: one Xi cycle plus one exhalation, pulse moves once. Ten Xi cycles, pulse moves seven times, qi travels one chi and five cun (should be 0.5 chi). One Bei Qi cycle, pulse moves fourteen times, qi travels three chi and one cun (should be two chi and one cun). Insufficient for 297 joints, hence called Zheng (Struggle). Qi moves, blood stays, unable to diminish together. Qi closure and excess cause chest fullness and organ withering, struggling in the middle, qi does not ascend, blood coagulates in the middle, leading to death. Fourth-degree Sun: two Xi cycles, pulse moves once. Ten Xi cycles, pulse moves five times, qi travels 7.5 cun. One Bei Qi cycle, pulse moves ten times, qi travels one chi and five cun. Insufficient for 315 joints, hence called Wang Xue (Blood Loss). Blood loss means losing measure, body emaciated and fatigued, skin wrapping bone. Thus blood and qi are exhausted, five zang organs lose spirit, death is evident. Fifth-degree Sun: two Xi cycles plus one exhalation, pulse moves once. Ten Xi cycles, pulse moves four times, qi travels six cun. One Bei Qi cycle, pulse moves eight times, qi travels one chi and two cun. Insufficient for 324 joints, hence called Jue (Extinction). Extinction means rapid breathing, inability to leave bed, cold breath, all pulses extinct, leading to death.
Qi Bo said: Pulses violating the four seasons are called Zhi Qi. Zhi Qi refers to Sun and Zhi pulses. Sun: Shao Yin governs bones as heavy, this is Zhi (Will) damage; decreased diet and muscle wasting is Yi (Intellect) damage; lying down comfortably, difficulty sleeping, unclear hearing and vision is Hun (Ethereal Soul) damage; respiration not connecting, five colors lacking luster is Po (Corporeal Soul) damage; limbs showing chaotic pulses is Shen (Spirit) damage. Major Sun reduces lifespan by 30 years; moderate Sun by 20 years; minor Sun by 10 years. Sun corresponds to Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter. In healthy people, tall stature with short pulse is major Sun, reducing 30 years; short stature with long pulse is moderate Sun, reducing 20 years; thin hands and feet is minor Sun, reducing 10 years; loss of essence and qi reduces lifespan by one year. In men, short left pulse and long right pulse is Yang damage, reducing half a year; in women, short right pulse and long left pulse is Yin damage, reducing half a year. In Spring, the pulse should reflect Liver, but reflecting Spleen or Lung is damage; in Summer, reflecting Heart, but reflecting Kidney or Lung is damage; in Autumn, reflecting Lung, but reflecting Liver or Heart is damage; in Winter, reflecting Kidney, but reflecting Heart or Spleen is damage. Carefully palpate the Cun Kou pulse to know if extinction occurs. Anterior and posterior absence indicates extinction. Striking the palm, hard like a bouncing stone, indicates upper pulse void and lower pulse present, meaning Stomach Qi remains (if upper pulse vanishes and lower is hard like stone, Stomach Qi exists). If both upper and lower pulses vanish, death; if not extinct and not diminishing, survival. This is the Sun pulse. Zhi: deep voice, blurred vision, is Zhi (Will) Zhi; coarse body and sudden excessive eating is Yi (Intellect) Zhi; delirious speech and pulling of limbs is Hun (Ethereal Soul) Zhi; lush and colorful complexion is Po (Corporeal Soul) Zhi; tiny and unresponsive pulse with loud breathing is Shen (Spirit) Zhi. These are the methods of Zhi pulse. Life and death correspond; diseases obtaining their proper qi survive, those obtaining only half survive poorly. Huang Di said: Excellent.