明药脉病机之理，识望闻问切之情。药推寒热温凉平和之气，辛甘淡苦酸咸之味，升降
浮沉之性，宣通补泻之能。脉究浮沉迟数滑涩之形，表里寒热虚实之应。药用君臣佐使，脉
分老幼肥瘦。老人脉濡，小儿脉数。瘦者脉大，肥者脉细。病有内伤外感，风寒暑湿燥火之
机。治用宣通补泻滑涩湿燥重轻之剂。外感异于内伤，外感有余，内伤不足。寒证不同热证，
直中之邪为寒，传经之邪为热。外感宜泻，内伤宜补。寒证可温，热证可清。外感风寒，宜
分经而解散。内伤饮食，可调胃以消熔。胃阳主气，司纳受，阳常有余。脾阴主血，司运化，
阴常不足。胃乃六腑之本，能纳受水谷，方可化气液。脾为五脏之本，能运化气液，方能充
荣卫。胃气弱，则百病生。脾阴足，而诸邪息。调理脾胃，为医中之王道。节戒饮食，乃却
病之良方。病多寒冷郁气，气郁发热。寒为风寒外感，昼夜发热。冷为生冷内伤，午后发热。
或出七情动火，火动生痰。有因行藏动静，以伤暑邪。或者出入雨水，而中湿气。亦有食饮
失调，而生湿热。或有房劳过度，以动相火。制伏相火，要滋养其真阴。祛除湿热，须燥补
其脾胃。外湿宜表散，内湿宜淡渗。阳暑可清热，阴暑可散寒。寻火寻痰，分多分少而治。
究表究里，或汗或下而施。风寒则汗之，谓温散也。生冷则下之，谓渗利也。痰因火动，治
火为先。火因气生，理气为本。治火，轻者可降，重者从其性而升消。理气，微则宜调，甚
则究其源而发散。实火可泻，或泻表而或泻里，指外感也。虚火宜补，或补阴而或补阳，指
内伤也。暴病之谓火，怪病之谓痰。寒热燥湿风，五痰有异。温清燥润散，五治不同。有因
火而生痰，有因痰而生火。或郁久而成病，或病久而成郁。金水木火土，五郁当分。泄拆达
发夺，五治宜审。郁则生火生痰而成病，病则耗气耗血以致虚。病有微甚，治有逆从。微则
逆治，以寒药治热，以热药治寒。甚则从攻，以寒药治热，佐以热药。以热药治寒，佐以寒
药。病有标本，治有缓急，急则治标，缓则治本。法分攻补，虚用补而实用攻。少壮新邪，
专攻是则。老衰久病，兼补为规。久病兼补虚，而兼解郁，陈症或荡涤，而或消溶。积在肠
胃，可下而愈。块居经络，宜消而痊。妇人气滞血瘀，宜开血而行气。男子阳多乎阴，可补
阴以配阳。气病血病，二症宜分。阳虚阴虚，两般勿紊。气病阳虚，昼重夜轻，自子至巳为
阳。血病阴虚，昼轻夜重，自午至亥为阴。阳虚生寒，寒生湿，湿生痰，阳为气，为真火。
阴虚生火，火生燥，燥生风，阴为血，为真水。阳盛阴虚则生火，火逼血而错经妄行。阴盛
阳虚则生寒，寒滞气而周身浮肿。阳虚畏外寒，阳气虚不能卫外，故畏外寒。阴虚生内热，
阴气虚不能配血，故生内热。补阳补气，用甘温之品。滋阴滋血，用苦寒之流。调气贵用辛
凉，气属阳，无形者也。气郁则发热，宜用辛凉之药以散之。和血必须辛热，血属阴，有形
者也，血积则作痛，宜用辛热之药以开之。气阳为血阴之引导，血阴乃气阳之依归。阳虚补
阳，阴虚滋阴，气病调气，血病和血。阴阳两虚，惟补其阳，阳生而阴自长。气血俱病，只
调其气，气行而血自随。小儿纯阳而无阴，老者多气而少血。肥人气虚有痰，宜豁痰而补气。
瘦者血虚有火，可泻火以滋阴。膏粱无厌发痈疽，燥热所使。淡薄不堪生肿胀，寒湿而然。
北地耸高，宜清热而润燥。南方卑下，可散湿以温寒。奇偶复大小缓急，七方须知。国中末
三治要察，初则发攻，中则调和，末则收补。寒因热用，热因寒用，通因通用，塞因塞用。
通因通用者，通其积滞，而下焦自然开密也。塞因塞用者，塞其下流，而上焦自然开豁也。
风能胜湿，湿能润燥，辛能散结，甘能缓中，淡能利窍，苦能泄逆，酸以收耗，咸以软坚。
升降浮沉则顺之，寒热温凉宜逆也。病有浅深，治有难易。初感风寒，乍伤饮食，一药可愈。
旧存 癖，久患虚劳，万方难疗。临病若能三思，用药终无一失。略举众疾之端，俾为后学
之式。
阐明药物性味与病机变化的原理，识别望、闻、问、切四诊的征象。药物具有寒、热、温、凉、平和之气，辛、甘、淡、苦、酸、咸之味，升、降、浮、沉之性，以及宣散、通利、补益、泻实之能。脉象探究浮、沉、迟、数、滑、涩之形态，以及表、里、寒、热、虚、实之对应关系。用药讲究君、臣、佐、使的配伍原则，诊脉需区分患者是老人还是小儿、体型肥瘦。老人的脉象多濡软，小儿的脉象多数动。消瘦者脉象偏大，肥胖者脉象偏细。疾病分为内伤和外感，涉及风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六淫致病之机。治疗使用宣散、通利、补益、泻实及针对滑、涩、湿、燥、重、轻等不同性质的方剂。外感不同于内伤，外感属于实证（有余），内伤属于虚证（不足）。寒证不同于热证，直中脏腑的邪气表现为寒证，由表入里传经的邪气表现为热证。外感适宜用泻法，内伤适宜用补法。寒证可用温法，热证可用清法。外感风寒，应分经络进行解表发散。内伤饮食，可调治脾胃以助消化。胃阳主管气，负责受纳食物，阳气常有余；脾阴主管血，负责运化水谷，阴液常不足。胃是六腑的根本，能够受纳水谷，才能化生气血津液；脾是五脏的根本，能够运化气血津液，才能充养营卫之气。胃气虚弱，则百病丛生；脾阴充足，则各种邪气平息。调理脾胃，是医学中的王道之法；节制饮食，则是祛除疾病的良方。
疾病多因寒冷和郁结之气引起，气机郁滞可化为发热。寒冷指风寒外感，导致昼夜发热；生冷指饮食内伤，导致午后发热。或者因七情（喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊）触动相火，火动而生痰。有因起居动静不当，而感受暑邪。或者有因出入雨水之中，而遭受湿气侵袭。也有因饮食失调，而生湿热。或有因房劳过度，而动扰相火。制伏相火，关键在于滋养真阴；祛除湿热，必须燥湿并补益脾胃。外湿适宜用表散法，内湿适宜用淡渗利湿法。阳暑可用清热法，阴暑可用散寒法。寻找病因是火还是痰，需根据多少分别治疗。探究病位在表还是在里，或采用汗法或下法施治。风寒之邪应用汗法，称为温散；生冷之邪应用下法（此处指渗利下行），称为渗利。痰因火动，治疗以清火为先；火因气生，调理气机为根本。治疗火邪，轻症可降逆，重症顺其性质而升散消解。调理气机，轻微者宜调和，严重者需究其源头而发散。实火可用泻法，或泻表或泻里，指外感而言；虚火宜用补法，或补阴或补阳，指内伤而言。突发急病称为火，怪异难名之病称为痰。寒、热、燥、湿、风五类痰证各有不同；温、清、燥、润、散五种治法也各不相同。有的因火而生痰，有的因痰而生火。或者郁结日久而成病，或者患病日久而成郁结。金、水、木、火、土五行之郁当分别对待；泄、拆、达、发、夺五种治法宜审慎选择。郁结则生火生痰而成病，生病则耗气耗血以致虚损。病情有轻重，治疗有逆从。轻症用逆治法，即以寒药治热病，以热药治寒病；重症用从攻法（反治），即以寒药治热病时，佐以热药；以热药治寒病时，佐以寒药。疾病有标和本，治疗有缓和急，急则治标，缓则治本。治法分为攻和补，虚证用补法，实证用攻法。年少体壮新近感邪，专一用攻法是准则；年老体衰久患疾病，兼用补法是规范。久病兼补虚损，兼解郁结；陈年旧症或荡涤积滞，或消散融化。积滞在肠胃，可用下法治愈；肿块居于经络，宜用消法痊愈。妇女气滞血瘀，宜活血行气；男子阳气多于阴气，可补阴以配合阳气。气病和血病，两种症状宜区分清楚。阳虚和阴虚，两类情况勿混淆。气病属阳虚，白天重晚上轻，自子时至巳时为阳；血病属阴虚，白天轻晚上重，自午时至亥时为阴。阳虚生寒，寒生湿，湿生痰，阳即为气，为真火；阴虚生火，火生燥，燥生风，阴即为血，为真水。阳盛阴虚则生火，火逼迫血液妄行，导致经血错乱溢出；阴盛阳虚则生寒，寒气阻滞气机，导致周身浮肿。阳虚畏惧外寒，因为阳气虚弱不能卫护体表，所以畏惧外寒；阴虚产生内热，因为阴气虚弱不能制约阳气（配血），所以产生内热。补阳补气，使用甘温性质的药物；滋阴滋血，使用苦寒性质的药物。调气贵在运用辛凉之品，因为气属阳，是无形的物质。气机郁滞则发热，宜用辛凉药物以疏散它；和血必须用辛热之品，因为血属阴，是有形的物质，血积滞则作痛，宜用辛热药物以开通它。气（阳）是血（阴）的引导，血（阴）是气（阳）的依归。阳虚补阳，阴虚滋阴，气病调气，血病和血。阴阳两虚，只需补阳，阳气生发而阴液自然增长；气血俱病，只调其气，气机运行而血液自然跟随。小儿纯阳而无阴，老人多气而少血。肥胖之人气虚有痰，宜豁痰补气；消瘦之人血虚有火，可泻火滋阴。嗜好膏粱厚味易发痈疽，这是燥热所致；饮食淡薄不堪忍受易生肿胀，这是寒湿造成。北方地势高耸，宜清热润燥；南方地势低洼，可散湿温寒。奇方、偶方、复方、大方、小方、缓方、急方，这“七方”须知晓；国、中、末三治要考察，初起则发散攻邪，中期则调和，末期则收补固本。寒因热用，热因寒用，通因通用，塞因塞用。所谓“通因通用”，是指通导其积滞，下焦自然通畅密闭；所谓“塞因塞用”，是指闭塞其下流，上焦自然开阔豁朗。风能胜湿，湿能润燥，辛能散结，甘能缓中，淡能利窍，苦能泄逆，酸能收敛耗散，咸能软化坚结。升降浮沉则顺应其性，寒热温凉宜逆其性。疾病有浅深之分，治疗有难易之别。初感风寒，乍伤饮食，一药即可痊愈；旧有癖积，久患虚劳，万方难以疗愈。临证若能深思熟虑，用药最终无一失误。略举众多疾病的端倪，作为后学者的法式。
Clarify the principles of drug properties and pathogenesis, and recognize the signs of the four diagnostic methods: inspection (Wang), auscultation and olfaction (Wen), inquiry (Wen), and palpation (Qie). Drugs possess the qi of cold, heat, warmth, coolness, and neutrality; the flavors of pungent, sweet, bland, bitter, sour, and salty; the nature of ascending, descending, floating, and sinking; and the functions of dispersing, unblocking, tonifying, and purging. Pulse diagnosis investigates the forms of superficial (Fu), deep (Chen), slow (Chi), rapid (Shu), slippery (Hua), and choppy (Se) pulses, and their correspondence to exterior (Biao), interior (Li), cold, heat, deficiency (Xu), and excess (Shi). Drug prescription follows the hierarchy of Sovereign (Jun), Minister (Chen), Assistant (Zuo), and Envoy (Shi); pulse diagnosis distinguishes between the elderly and children, and between thin and fat constitutions. The elderly have a soft (Ru) pulse; children have a rapid pulse. Thin individuals have a large pulse; fat individuals have a fine pulse. Diseases are categorized into internal injury (Nei Shang) and external contraction (Wai Gan), involving the pathogenic mechanisms of wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire. Treatment utilizes formulas for dispersing, unblocking, tonifying, purging, and addressing slippery, choppy, damp, dry, heavy, and light conditions. External contraction differs from internal injury; external contraction is characterized by excess, while internal injury is characterized by deficiency. Cold patterns differ from heat patterns; pathogens striking directly manifest as cold, while pathogens transmitting through meridians manifest as heat. External contraction is suitable for purging methods, while internal injury is suitable for tonifying methods. Cold patterns can be treated with warming methods, and heat patterns with clearing methods. For external contraction of wind-cold, dispersion should be performed according to the affected meridian. For internal injury due to diet, digestion can be regulated by harmonizing the stomach. Stomach Yang governs Qi and is responsible for receiving food and drink; Yang is often in excess. Spleen Yin governs Blood and is responsible for transformation and transportation; Yin is often deficient. The Stomach is the root of the six Fu organs; only by receiving water and grain can it transform Qi and fluids. The Spleen is the root of the five Zang organs; only by transforming Qi and fluids can it nourish Ying and Wei (Nutritive and Defensive Qi). When Stomach Qi is weak, myriad diseases arise; when Spleen Yin is sufficient, various pathogens subside. Regulating the Spleen and Stomach is the royal way of medicine; regulating diet is an excellent prescription for dispelling disease.
Diseases often arise from cold and stagnant Qi, where Qi stagnation generates heat. Cold refers to external contraction of wind-cold, causing fever day and night; raw/cold food refers to internal dietary injury, causing fever in the afternoon. Alternatively, Seven Emotions (Qi Qing) may stir ministerial fire, generating phlegm. Some cases result from improper activity or rest, leading to summer-heat pathogen invasion. Others result from exposure to rain and water, contracting dampness. Improper diet may generate damp-heat. Excessive sexual activity may disturb ministerial fire. To suppress ministerial fire, one must nourish True Yin. To dispel damp-heat, one must dry dampness and tonify the Spleen and Stomach. External dampness is suitable for surface-dispersing methods; internal dampness is suitable for bland leaching methods. Yang summer-heat is treated with clearing heat; Yin summer-heat with dispelling cold. When seeking fire or phlegm, treatment depends on their quantity. Investigating whether the pathology is in the exterior or interior determines the use of sweating (Han) or purging (Xia) methods. Wind-cold requires sweating, termed warm dispersion; raw/cold food requires purging/leaching, termed leaching and draining. Phlegm arises from fire, so treating fire is paramount; fire arises from Qi, so regulating Qi is fundamental. Treating fire: mild cases require descending; severe cases follow its nature to ascend and dissipate. Regulating Qi: mild cases require harmonizing; severe cases require investigating the source and dispersing. Excess fire is purged, either at the exterior or interior, referring to external contraction. Deficient fire is tonified, either Yin or Yang, referring to internal injury. Sudden illness is termed fire; bizarre illness is termed phlegm. Five types of phlegm differ based on cold, heat, dryness, dampness, and wind; five treatments—warming, clearing, drying, moistening, and dispersing—are distinct. Fire may generate phlegm; phlegm may generate fire. Prolonged stagnation becomes disease; prolonged disease becomes stagnation. The five stagnations of Metal, Water, Wood, Fire, and Earth must be distinguished; five treatments—draining, dismantling, reaching, issuing, and seizing—must be carefully considered. Stagnation generates fire and phlegm, becoming disease; disease consumes Qi and Blood, leading to deficiency. Disease has severity; treatment has opposition (Ni) and following (Cong). Mild cases use oppositional treatment: cold drugs for heat, hot drugs for cold. Severe cases use following attack: cold drugs for heat assisted by hot drugs; hot drugs for cold assisted by cold drugs. Disease has Root (Ben) and Branch (Biao); treatment has urgency and slowness. Urgency treats the Branch; slowness treats the Root. Methods divide into attacking and tonifying: deficiency uses tonification, excess uses attack. Youthful strength with new pathogens focuses solely on attacking; elderly decline with chronic illness combines tonification. Chronic illness combines tonifying deficiency and resolving stagnation; old conditions may be cleansed or dissolved. Accumulations in the intestines and stomach can be cured by purging; masses in the meridians are healed by dissolving. Women with Qi stagnation and Blood stasis benefit from invigorating Blood and moving Qi. Men have more Yang than Yin, benefiting from tonifying Yin to balance Yang. Qi disorders and Blood disorders must be distinguished. Yang deficiency and Yin deficiency must not be confused. Qi disorder with Yang deficiency is heavier by day and lighter by night (Zi to Si hours are Yang); Blood disorder with Yin deficiency is lighter by day and heavier by night (Wu to Hai hours are Yin). Yang deficiency generates cold, cold generates dampness, dampness generates phlegm; Yang is Qi, the True Fire. Yin deficiency generates fire, fire generates dryness, dryness generates wind; Yin is Blood, the True Water. Yang excess and Yin deficiency generate fire, forcing Blood to move recklessly and cause abnormal bleeding. Yin excess and Yang deficiency generate cold, stagnating Qi and causing generalized edema. Yang deficiency fears external cold because deficient Yang cannot protect the exterior; Yin deficiency generates internal heat because deficient Yin cannot anchor Blood. Tonifying Yang and Qi uses sweet-warm substances; nourishing Yin and Blood uses bitter-cold substances. Regulating Qi values pungent-cool agents, as Qi belongs to Yang and is formless. Qi stagnation causes fever, requiring pungent-cool drugs to disperse. Harmonizing Blood requires pungent-hot agents, as Blood belongs to Yin and is有形 (form/material); Blood accumulation causes pain, requiring pungent-hot drugs to open it. Yang (Qi) guides Yin (Blood); Yin (Blood) anchors Yang (Qi). Yang deficiency tonifies Yang; Yin deficiency nourishes Yin; Qi disorders regulate Qi; Blood disorders harmonize Blood. If both Yin and Yang are deficient, only tonify Yang, as Yang generation leads to Yin growth. If both Qi and Blood are diseased, only regulate Qi, as Qi movement leads to Blood following. Children are purely Yang without Yin; the elderly have much Qi but little Blood. Fat people have Qi deficiency with phlegm, requiring phlegm-resolving and Qi-tonifying methods. Thin people have Blood deficiency with fire, requiring fire-purging and Yin-nourishing methods. Indulgence in rich foods causes carbuncles and sores due to dry-heat; intolerance of bland food causes swelling due to cold-dampness. Northern highlands suit clearing heat and moistening dryness; southern lowlands suit dispelling dampness and warming cold. The Seven Formulas (Qi Fang)—odd, even, compound, large, small, slow, urgent—must be known. The Three Treatments (Guo, Zhong, Mo) require observation: initial stage attacks and disperses; middle stage harmonizes; final stage consolidates and tonifies. Cold used with heat, heat used with cold, using unblocking methods for unblocking symptoms, using blocking methods for blocking symptoms. "Using unblocking for unblocking" means clearing stagnation so the lower Jiao naturally opens and seals properly. "Using blocking for blocking" means closing the lower flow so the upper Jiao naturally opens and clears. Wind overcomes dampness; dampness moistens dryness; pungency disperses knots; sweetness moderates the center; blandness benefits orifices; bitterness drains rebellion; sourness collects depletion; saltiness softens hardness. Ascending, descending, floating, and sinking should be followed; cold, heat, warmth, and coolness should be opposed. Disease has depth; treatment has difficulty. Initial wind-cold or sudden dietary injury heals with one drug; old accumulations or chronic consumption are hard to cure with myriad methods. If one reflects three times upon illness, medication will never fail. Briefly listing the beginnings of many diseases serves as a model for future learners.