味苦。性寒。无毒。感天地苦寒之气而生。降也。阴也。
【主治】主大风在皮肤中。如麻豆苦痒。除寒热结。止痢。利五脏。（本经） 除胸胁
痰
癖。
伤寒结
积。去胃
【归经】入脾胃二经。为破气行痰之品。（滑窍降实）
【前论】凡溪曰。枳实泻痰。能冲墙倒壁。 元素曰。心下痞。及宿食不消。并宜枳实
黄连
也。
味苦咸。性微寒。无毒。降也。阴也。
【主治】主风痒麻痹。通利关节。劳气咳嗽。背膊闷倦。散留结胸膈痰滞。逐水消胀满。
大
两胁胀痛
五膈。及
【归经】入肺胃二经。为散结逐滞之品。（泄肺气除胸痞息痛利）
【前论】陈承曰。脾无积血。心下不痞。浊气在上。则生 胀。 时珍曰。枳实、枳壳。
其
胸膈。枳壳利肠胃。然仲景治胸痹痞满。以枳实为要药。诸方治下血痔痢。大肠秘塞。里急
后重。又以枳壳为通剂。则枳实不独治下。而壳不独治高也。盖自飞门至魄门。皆肺主之。
三焦相通。一气而已。则二物分亦可。不分亦可也。
鳌按、胸痹痞满。病之在高者。仲景以枳实治之。下血痔痢。大肠秘塞。里急后重。病
之在
时调用
当。其
多生议说也
【禁忌】经疏曰。肺气虚弱。脾胃虚。中气不运。而痰壅喘急。咳嗽不因风寒入肺。气
壅。
味苦。性寒。无毒。感天地苦寒之气而生。降也。阴也。
【主治】主大风在皮肤中。如麻豆苦痒。除寒热结。止痢。利五脏。（本经） 除胸胁痰癖。伤寒结积。去胃
【归经】入脾胃二经。为破气行痰之品。（滑窍降实）
【前论】凡溪曰。枳实泻痰。能冲墙倒壁。 元素曰。心下痞。及宿食不消。并宜枳实黄连也。
味苦咸。性微寒。无毒。降也。阴也。
【主治】主风痒麻痹。通利关节。劳气咳嗽。背膊闷倦。散留结胸膈痰滞。逐水消胀满。大两胁胀痛五膈。及
【归经】入肺胃二经。为散结逐滞之品。（泄肺气除胸痞息痛利）
【前论】陈承曰。脾无积血。心下不痞。浊气在上。则生胀。 时珍曰。枳实、枳壳。其胸膈。枳壳利肠胃。然仲景治胸痹痞满。以枳实为要药。诸方治下血痔痢。大肠秘塞。里急后重。又以枳壳为通剂。则枳实不独治下。而壳不独治高也。盖自飞门至魄门。皆肺主之。三焦相通。一气而已。则二物分亦可。不分亦可也。
鳌按、胸痹痞满。病之在高者。仲景以枳实治之。下血痔痢。大肠秘塞。里急后重。病之在
时调用当。其多生议说也
【禁忌】经疏曰。肺气虚弱。脾胃虚。中气不运。而痰壅喘急。咳嗽不因风寒入肺。气壅。
Bitter. Cold in nature. Non-toxic. Born from the bitter and cold qi of heaven and earth. Descending. Yin.
[Indications] Mainly treats severe wind (Feng) in the skin, resembling itching and discomfort like hemp seeds or beans. Removes cold-heat knots, stops dysentery, benefits the five Zang organs. (Shennong Bencao Jing) Removes phlegm-stagnation in the chest and hypochondrium. Treats Shaoyang syndrome accumulation. Removes stomach [pathogens].
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Spleen and Stomach meridians. It is a substance that breaks Qi and moves phlegm. (Slits orifices, descends reality)
[Preliminary Discussion] Fan Xi said: Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) drains phlegm; it can crash through walls and topple battlements. Zhang Yuansu said: For epigastric fullness and stagnation of old food, both are suitable for using Zhi Shi combined with Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome).
Bitter and salty. Slightly cold in nature. Non-toxic. Descending. Yin.
[Indications] Mainly treats wind-itching and numbness/paralysis. Unblocks and benefits joints. Treats cough due to laboring Qi. Relieves stuffiness and fatigue in the back and shoulders. Scatters retained phlegm-stagnation in the chest and diaphragm. Drives out water, reduces distension and fullness. [Treats] severe hypochondriac pain and distension, Five Obstructions (Wu Ge), and [other conditions].
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Lung and Stomach meridians. It is a substance that scatters knots and drives out stagnation. (Drains Lung Qi, removes chest fullness, stops pain, benefits [respiration]).
[Preliminary Discussion] Chen Cheng said: If the Spleen has no accumulated blood, there is no epigastric fullness. When turbid Qi rises to the upper part, it causes distension. Li Shizhen said: Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) and Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange)... [treat] the chest and diaphragm. Zhi Ke benefits the intestines and stomach. However, when Zhang Zhongjing treated Chest Bi (Xiong Bi) with fullness and palpitations, he used Zhi Shi as the essential herb. In various formulas treating lower bleeding, hemorrhoids, and dysentery, along with large intestine constipation and tenesmus, Zhi Ke is used as a purgative agent. Thus, Zhi Shi does not only treat lower conditions, nor does Zhi Ke only treat higher conditions. From the "Flying Gate" (nostrils) to the "Soul Gate" (anus), all are governed by the Lung. The Triple Burner is interconnected, consisting of one Qi alone. Therefore, distinguishing these two substances is acceptable, and not distinguishing them is also acceptable.
Ao's Commentary: Chest Bi with fullness, a disease located in the high part, Zhang Zhongjing treats it with Zhi Shi. Lower bleeding, hemorrhoids, dysentery, large intestine constipation, and tenesmus are diseases located in the [lower part]. When used appropriately in clinical practice, there should be many discussions and theories generated.
[Contraindications] Ju Zheng said: When Lung Qi is deficient, Spleen and Stomach are weak, Middle Qi fails to circulate, leading to phlegm obstruction, wheezing, and urgency. Cough not caused by Wind-Cold invading the Lung, but by Qi obstruction.