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味咸，温，无毒。主益气，浓肠胃，补肾气，令人耐饥。生山阴，九月采。
陶隐居云∶今会嵇最丰，诸暨（音既）栗形大，皮浓不美。剡（时冉切）及始丰，皮薄
而甜。相
传有人患脚弱，往栗树下食数升，便能起行，此是补肾之义，然应生啖之。若饵服，故宜蒸
曝之。唐本注云∶栗作粉，胜于菱芡（音俭）。嚼生者涂疮上，疗筋骨断（音段）碎，疼痛
肿瘀
血，有效。其皮名扶，捣为散，蜜和涂肉，令急缩。毛壳，疗火丹，疗毒肿。实饲孩儿，令
齿不生。树白皮水煮汁，主溪毒。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本图经云∶树高二、三丈，叶似栎，花
青黄色，似胡桃花。实大者如拳，小如桃李。又有板栗、佳栗，二树皆大。又有茅栗，似板
栗
而细。其树虽小，然叶与诸栗不殊，惟春生、夏花、秋实、冬枯。今所在有之。孟诜云∶栗
子，生食治腰脚。蒸炒食之，令气拥，患风水气，不宜食。又，树皮，主瘅疮毒。谨按
宜日中曝干，食即下气补益。不尔犹有木气，不补益。就中吴栗大，无味，不如北栗也。其
上
薄皮，研，和蜜涂面，展皱。又，壳，煮汁饮之，止反胃，消渴。今所食生栗，可于热灰火
中煨令汗出，食之良。不得通热，热则拥气。生即发气。故火煨杀其木气耳。陈士良云∶栗
有数种，其性一类，三颗一球。其中者，栗榍也，理筋骨风痛。日华子云∶栗榍，生食，破
冷癖，日生吃七个。又生嚼 ，可出箭头，亦 恶刺，并敷瘰 、肿毒痛。树皮煎汁，治
沙虱，溪毒。壳煮治泻血。
图经曰∶栗，旧不着所出州土，但云生山阴，今处处有之，而兖州、宣州者最胜。木极
类栎
，花青黄色，似胡桃花。实有房，汇若拳，中子三五
拆
子出。凡栗之种类亦多。《诗》云∶树之莘（音榛）栗。陆机疏云∶栗，五方∶皆有之，周、
秦、吴、扬特饶，吴越被城表里皆栗，惟濮阳及范阳栗，甜美味长，他方者悉不及也。倭、
韩国诸岛上，栗大如鸡子，亦短味不美。桂阳有莘而丛生，实大如杏子中仁，皮、子形色与
栗
无异也，但差小耳。又有奥栗，皆与栗同，子圆而细，或云即莘也。今此色惟江湖有之。又
有茅栗、佳栗，其实更小，而木与栗不殊，但春生、夏花、秋实、冬枯为异耳。栗房当心一
子，谓之栗楔，治血尤效。今衡山合活血丹用之。果中，栗最有益。治腰脚宜生食之，仍略
曝干，去其木气。惟患风水气不宜食，以其味咸故也。壳煮汁饮，止反胃及消渴。木皮主疮
毒，医家多用。
外台秘要∶治小儿疳疮，栗子嚼敷之。肘后方∶丹者，恶毒之疮，五色无常。治之，煮
栗
皮有刺者，洗之佳。又方∶治熊、虎爪甲所伤，嚼栗敷之。经验后方∶治肾虚，腰脚无力。
生
栗袋盛，悬干。每日平明吃十余颗，次吃猪肾粥。孙真人云∶栗，味咸，肾病宜食。胜金方∶
治马
汗入肉血疮，用栗肉嚼敷之。
衍义曰∶栗，欲干莫如曝，欲生收莫如润，沙中藏至春末夏初，尚如初收摘。小儿不可
多食
，生者难化，熟即滞气，隔食，生虫，往往致小儿病，人亦不知。所谓补肾气者，以其味咸，
又滞其气尔。湖北路有一种栗，顶圆末尖，谓之旋栗。《图经》引《诗》言莘（音榛）栗者，
谓其象形也。
栗
味道咸，性温，无毒。主要功效为益气，厚肠胃，补肾气，使人耐饥。产于山北（阴面），九月采收。
陶隐居说：如今会稽地区产量最丰富，诸暨的栗子个头大，但皮厚不好看。剡县和始丰的栗子，皮薄且甜。相传有人患脚弱无力症，在栗树下吃了几升栗子，就能起身行走，这体现了补肾的作用，然而应当生吃。如果是作为药物服用，则适宜蒸熟后晒干。《唐本草》注解说：将栗子制成粉，比菱角和芡实更好。嚼碎生栗子涂抹在疮口上，治疗筋骨断裂、破碎、疼痛、肿胀及瘀血，有疗效。栗子的外皮名为“扶”，捣成散剂，用蜂蜜调和后涂抹于肌肉处，可使肌肉迅速收缩。栗子的毛壳，用于治疗火丹（一种急性皮肤感染）和毒肿。用栗子果实喂养幼儿，会导致牙齿不生。用栗树的白皮水煮取汁液，主治溪毒（山林间的水毒）。臣禹锡等人谨按《蜀本图经》记载：栗树高两到三丈，叶子像栎树，花呈青黄色，像胡桃花。果实大的如拳头，小的如桃李。又有板栗、佳栗两种，这两种树都长得高大。还有茅栗，形状像板栗但较小。这种树虽然小，但叶子与其他栗子树没有区别，只是春天发芽、夏天开花、秋天结果、冬天枯萎。现在各地都有生长。孟诜说：栗子，生吃治疗腰脚病。蒸熟或炒熟食用，会导致气机壅滞，患有风水气（水肿类疾病）的人不宜食用。另外，树皮主治瘅疮毒。谨按：应当在中午晒干，食用则能下气补益。如果不这样处理，仍带有木气，不能起到补益作用。其中吴地的栗子个头大，但没有味道，不如北方的栗子。其上部的薄皮，研磨后与蜂蜜混合涂抹面部，可舒展皱纹。另外，栗壳煮水饮用，可治疗反胃和消渴（糖尿病症状）。现在食用的生栗子，可以在热灰火中煨烤至出汗，食用效果良好。不可通体加热，加热会导致气机壅滞。生吃会引发气滞。所以用火煨是为了消除其木气。陈士良说：栗子有多种，其药性一类，每三个聚成一球。其中的核心部分叫“栗楔”，可调理筋骨风痛。日华子说：栗楔，生吃可破除冷癖（寒积之症），每天生吃七个。又生嚼栗楔，可拔出箭头，也可拔除恶刺，并敷治瘰疬（淋巴结核）、肿毒疼痛。树皮煎汁，治疗沙虱、溪毒。栗壳煮水治疗便血。
《图经》说：栗子，旧籍未注明出产州土，只说生于山北，现在到处都有，而兖州、宣州的栗子最好。树木极像栎树，花青黄色，像胡桃花。果实有房，汇聚如拳，中间有三五个核子伸出。凡栗的种类也很多。《诗经》说：“树之莘栗。”陆机疏解说：栗，五方都有，周、秦、吴、扬特别丰富，吴越地区城内外都是栗树，只有濮阳和范阳的栗子，甜味足且味道持久，其他地方的都不如。倭国、韩国诸岛上，栗子大如鸡蛋，也短小味道不佳。桂阳有莘栗丛生，果实大如杏子中的仁，皮、子形色与栗子无异，只是稍小罢了。又有奥栗，都与栗子相同，子圆而细，有人说就是莘栗。现在这种颜色只在江湖地区有。又有茅栗、佳栗，果实更小，树木与栗子无区别，只是春生、夏花、秋实、冬枯有所不同。栗房当心有一子，称为栗楔，治疗血证尤其有效。现在衡山制作活血丹时使用。水果中，栗子最有益。治疗腰脚宜生吃，略微晒干以去除木气。只有患风水气的人不宜食用，因为其味咸的缘故。栗壳煮水饮用，止反胃及消渴。木皮主治疮毒，医家多用。
《外台秘要》：治疗小儿疳疮，嚼碎栗子敷贴。《肘后方》：丹者，是恶毒的疮，五色无常。治疗时，煮有刺的栗皮清洗患处较好。又一方：治疗被熊、虎爪甲所伤，嚼碎栗子敷贴。《经验后方》：治疗肾虚，腰脚无力。将生栗子装入袋中，悬挂晾干。每天清晨吃十余颗，接着吃猪肾粥。孙真人说：栗子，味咸，肾病适宜食用。《胜金方》：治疗马汗进入肉血形成的疮，用栗肉嚼碎敷贴。
《衍义》说：栗子，想要干燥不如日晒，想要保持生鲜不如湿润收藏，藏在沙中到春末夏初，还像刚采摘时一样。小儿不可多吃，生者难消化，熟则滞气，导致隔食（饮食停滞），生虫，往往导致小儿生病，人们也不知道。所谓补肾气，是因为其味咸，又能阻滞其气。湖北路有一种栗子，顶端圆末端尖，称为旋栗。《图经》引用《诗经》言莘栗，是说其象形。
Li (Castanea mollissima)
Taste: Salty. Nature: Warm. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Main actions: Tonify Qi, thicken the stomach and intestines, tonify Kidney Qi, and enable endurance of hunger. Grows on the shady side of mountains; harvested in the ninth lunar month.
Tao Hongjing states: Currently, Kuaiji produces the most abundant harvest. The chestnuts from Zhuji are large but have thick, unappealing skins. Those from Shan and Shifeng have thin skins and are sweet. It is said that someone suffering from weakness of the legs ate several sheng of chestnuts under a chestnut tree and was then able to walk, which illustrates the principle of tonifying the Kidneys. However, they should be eaten raw. If used as medicine, it is appropriate to steam them and then dry them in the sun. The *Tang Bencao* commentary notes: Chestnut powder is superior to water caltrop (*Trapa natans*) and Chinese water chestnut (*Eleocharis dulcis*). Chewing raw chestnuts and applying them to sores treats broken or shattered tendons and bones, pain, swelling, and blood stasis, with efficacy. The skin of the chestnut is called "Fu"; when pounded into a powder and mixed with honey for topical application to muscles, it causes rapid contraction. The spiny husk treats Huodan (erysipelas-like acute skin infection) and toxic swellings. Feeding the nuts to infants prevents tooth eruption. Boiling the white bark of the tree yields a juice that treats Xidu (water toxicity from mountain streams). Chen Yuxi et al., according to the *Shu Ben Tu Jing*, record: The tree is two to three zhang high; leaves resemble those of the oak (*Quercus* spp.); flowers are greenish-yellow, resembling walnut flowers. Fruits are fist-sized when large, or size of peach/plum when small. There are also Banli (Chestnut) and Jiali, both trees growing very tall. There is also Maoli, which resembles Banli but is smaller. Although the tree is small, its leaves are indistinguishable from other chestnuts, differing only in that it sprouts in spring, flowers in summer, fruits in autumn, and withers in winter. It is found everywhere today. Meng Shen states: Raw chestnuts treat waist and leg conditions. Steamed or roasted chestnuts cause Qi stagnation; those suffering from Fengshui Qi (edema-type diseases) should not eat them. Additionally, the tree bark treats Danchuang Du (toxic sores). Commentary: They should be dried in the midday sun; consumption then promotes descending Qi and tonification. Otherwise, the "wood Qi" remains, failing to provide tonification. Among these, Wu chestnuts are large but tasteless, inferior to Northern chestnuts. The thin inner skin, ground and mixed with honey, applied to the face, reduces wrinkles. Additionally, boiling the shell provides a drink that treats regurgitation (fanwei) and Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome). Current practice involves roasting raw chestnuts in hot ashes until moisture appears; this is beneficial. One must avoid heating them thoroughly, as heat causes Qi stagnation. Eating them raw induces Qi stagnation. Thus, fire-roasting eliminates the wood Qi. Chen Shiliang states: There are several varieties of chestnut, sharing similar properties, often clustering in groups of three. The core within is called Li Xi, which regulates wind-pain in tendons and bones. Ri Hua Zi states: Li Xi, eaten raw, breaks up cold accumulation (Lengpi); eat seven daily raw. Also, chewing Li Xi raw can extract arrowheads and splinters, and can be applied to Luoli (scrofula), painful swellings, and toxins. Bark decoction treats Shali and Xidu. Shell decoction treats bloody stool.
The *Tu Jing* states: Chestnut, old texts do not specify the province of origin, only stating it grows on the shady side of mountains; now it is found everywhere, but those from Yanzhou and Xuanzhou are the best. The tree closely resembles the oak; flowers are greenish-yellow, like walnut flowers. The fruit has a burr, clustered like a fist, containing three to five kernels protruding. There are many varieties of chestnut. The *Classic of Poetry* says: "Planting Shen Li." Lu Ji's commentary states: Chestnut is found in all five directions; Zhou, Qin, Wu, and Yang regions are particularly rich. In Wu and Yue, cities inside and out are surrounded by chestnut trees. Only those from Puyang and Fan Yang are sweet and long-lasting; others cannot compare. On islands of Wa and Korea, chestnuts are egg-sized, short, and taste poor. Guiyang has Shen chestnuts growing in clusters; fruits are as large as apricot kernels, with skin and kernel color/shape identical to chestnuts, just smaller. There is also Aoli, identical to chestnut, with round, fine kernels; some say it is Shen. This variety exists only in the Jianghu region. There are also Maoli and Jiali, with even smaller fruits, trees indistinguishable from chestnuts, differing only in the cycle of spring sprouting, summer flowering, autumn fruiting, and winter withering. The single kernel at the center of the burr is called Li Xi, especially effective for treating blood disorders. It is currently used in Hengshan for making Huoxue Dan (Blood-Invigorating Pill). Among fruits, chestnut is most beneficial. For waist and leg issues, eat raw, slightly dried to remove wood Qi. Only those with Fengshui Qi should avoid eating it, due to its salty taste. Drinking shell decoction stops regurgitation and wasting-thirst. Tree bark treats sore toxins, widely used by physicians.
*Waitai Miyao*: Treat pediatric gan sores by chewing chestnuts and applying as a poultice. *Zhouhou Fang*: Dan refers to malignant sores of varying colors. Treatment: Wash the affected area with boiled water from prickly chestnut skins. Another prescription: Treat wounds from bear or tiger claws by chewing chestnuts and applying as a poultice. *Jingyan Houfang*: Treat Kidney deficiency causing weak waist and legs. Store raw chestnuts in bags, hang to dry. Eat over ten each morning at dawn, followed by pork kidney congee. Sun Simiao states: Chestnut is salty; suitable for Kidney diseases. *Shengjin Fang*: Treat sores caused by horse sweat entering the flesh/blood by chewing chestnut meat and applying as a poultice.
*Yanyi* states: To dry chestnuts, sun-drying is best; to keep them fresh, moist storage is best. Stored in sand until late spring/early summer, they remain as fresh as newly picked. Children should not eat too many; raw ones are hard to digest, cooked ones cause Qi stagnation, food retention, and worm generation, often causing illness in children, though people are unaware. The claim that it tonifies Kidney Qi is because it is salty and tends to stagnate Qi. In Hubei Road, there is a variety called Xuanli, round at the top and pointed at the bottom. The *Tu Jing*'s citation of "Shen Li" from the *Classic of Poetry* refers to its shape resemblance.