\r犀角\pd395.bmp\r
味苦、酸、咸，寒、微寒，无毒。主百毒蛊疰，邪鬼瘴气，杀钩吻、鸩羽、蛇毒，除
邪，不迷惑魇寐，疗伤寒温疫，头痛寒热，诸毒瓦斯。久服轻身，骏健。生永昌山谷及益州。
（松脂为之使，恶 菌、雷丸。）
陶隐居云∶今出武陵、交州、宁州诸远山。犀有二角，以额上者为胜。又有通天犀，角
上有
一白缕，直上至端，此至神验。或云是水犀角，出水中。《汉书》所云∶骇鸡犀者，以置米
中，鸡皆惊骇不敢啄；又置屋中，乌鸟不敢集屋上。又云∶通天犀者，夜露不濡，以此知之
。凡犀见成物，皆被蒸煮，不堪入药，唯生者为佳。虽是犀片亦是已经煮炙，况用屑乎？又
有犀，其角甚长，纹理亦似犀，不堪药用。唐本注云∶ 是雌犀，纹理细腻，斑白分明，
俗谓斑犀。服用为上，然充药不如雄犀也。今按陈藏器本草云∶犀肉，主诸蛊、蛇、兽咬毒
，功用劣于角。《本经》有通天犀，且犀无水陆二种，并以精粗言之。通天者，脑上角千岁
者长且锐白星彻，端能出气，通天则能通神，可破水、骇鸡，故曰通天。《抱朴子》曰∶通
天犀，有白理如线者以盛米，鸡即骇矣。其真者，刻为鱼，衔入水，水开三尺。其鼻角，一
名奴角，一名食角。臣禹锡等谨按陈藏器云∶《尔雅》云∶兕似牛，一角。犀似豕，三角
。复云多似象，复如豕三角。陶据《尔雅》而言，不知三角之误也。又曰∶雌者是兕而形不
同
，未知的实。药性论云∶牯犀角，君，味甘，有小毒。能辟邪精鬼魅，中恶毒瓦斯，镇心神，
解大热，散风毒，能治发背痈疽疮肿，化脓作水，主疗时疾热如火，烦闷，毒入心中，狂言
妄语。日华子云∶犀角，味甘、辛。治心烦，止惊，安五脏，补虚劳，退热，消痰，解山瘴
溪毒，镇肝明目，治中风失音，热毒风，时气发狂。
图经曰∶犀角，出永昌山谷及益州，今出南海者为上，黔、蜀者次之。犀似牛，猪首、
大腹
、痹脚，脚有三蹄。色黑。好食棘。其皮每一孔皆生三毛。顶一角，或云两角，或云三角。
谨
按郭璞《尔雅》注云∶犀，三角，一在顶上，一在额上，一在鼻上。鼻上者即食角也，小
而不椭（音堕）。亦有一角者。《岭表录异》曰∶犀有二角，一在额上为兕犀，一在鼻上为胡
帽
犀。牯犀亦有二角，皆为毛犀，而今人多传一角之说。此数种俱有粟纹，以纹之粗细为贵贱
。角之贵者，有通天花纹。犀有此角，必自恶其影，常饮浊水，不欲照见也。其纹理绝好者
，则有百物之形。或云犀之通天者是其病，理不可知也。纹有倒插者，有正插者，有腰鼓插
者。其倒插者，一半以下通；正插者，一半以上通；腰鼓插者，中断不通。其类极多，足为
奇异。故波斯呼象牙为白暗，犀角为黑暗，言难识别也。犀中最大者堕罗犀，一株有重七、
八斤者，云是牯犀额角，其花多作撒豆斑，色深者，堪带胯；斑散而色浅者，但可作器皿耳
。或曰∶兕是犀之雌者，未知的否？凡犀入药者，有黑、白二种，以黑者为胜，其角尖又胜
。方书多言生犀，相承谓未经水火中过者是，或谓不然。盖犀有捕得杀而取者为生犀，有
得其蜕角者为退犀，亦犹用鹿角法耳。唐相段文昌门下医人吴士皋，因职于南海，见舶主言
海
人取犀牛之法，先于山路多植木，如猪羊栈。其犀以前脚直，常根据木而息，多年植木烂，犀
忽倚之，即水折犀倒，久不能起，因格杀而取其角。又云∶犀每自退角，必培土埋之，海人
知处，即潜作木寓角而易之，再三不离其处，时复有得者，若直取之，则犀去于别山退藏，
不可寻也。未知今之取犀角，果如此否？
海药∶谨按《异物志》云∶山东海水中，其牛乐闻丝竹。彼人动乐，牛则出来，以此采
之。
有鼻角、顶角，鼻角为上。大寒，无毒。主风毒攻心， 热闷，拥毒赤痢，小儿麸豆，风
热
惊痫，并宜用之。凡犀屑了，以纸裹于怀中良久，合诸色药物，绝为易捣。又按∶通天犀，
胎时见天上物命过，并形于角上，故云通天犀也。欲验，于月下以水盆映，则知通天矣。《
正经》云∶是山犀，少见水犀。《五溪记》云∶山犀者，食于竹木，小便即竟日不尽，夷獠
家以弓矢而采，故曰黔犀。又刘孝标言∶犀堕角，里人以假角易之，未委虚实。雷公曰凡使
，勿用奴犀、 犀、病水犀、孪子犀、下角犀、浅水犀、无润犀。要使乌黑肌粗皱、坼裂光
润者上。凡修治之时，错其屑入臼中，捣令细，再入钵中研万匝，方入药中用之。妇人有
妊勿服，能消胎气。凡修治一切角，大忌盐也。食疗此只是山犀牛，未曾见人得水犀取其角。
此两种者，功亦同也。其生角，寒。可烧成灰，治赤痢。研为末，和水服之。又，主卒中恶
心痛，诸饮食中毒，及药毒，热毒，筋骨中风，心风烦闷，皆瘥。又，以水磨取汁，与小儿
服，治惊热。鼻上角尤佳。肉，微温，味甘，无毒。主瘴气百毒，蛊疰邪鬼，食之入山林，
不迷失其路。除客热头痛及五痔，诸血痢。若食过多，令人烦，即取麝香少许，和水服之，
即散也。圣惠方∶治雉肉作 食之吐下。用生犀角末方寸匕，新汲水调下即瘥。外台秘要
服药过剂及中毒，烦闷欲死。烧犀角末，水服方寸匕。千金方∶有蠼 虫尿人影着处，便令
人
体病疮，其状如粟粒累累，一聚渗痛，身中忽有处燥痛如芒刺，亦如刺虫所螫后细疮 ，作
丛如
茱萸子状也。四畔赤，中央有白脓如黍粟，亦令人皮急，举身恶寒壮热，极者连起竟腰、胁
、胸也。治之法∶初得磨犀角，涂之止。肘后方∶卧忽不寤，若火照之则杀人。但痛啮其踵
，又足拇指甲际，而多唾其面，即活。犀角枕佳。或以青木香内枕中并带。广利方∶治孩子
惊
痫不知人，迷闷，嚼舌仰目者。犀角末半钱匕，水二大合，服之立效。抱朴子郑君言，但习
闭
气至千息，久久则能居水中一日许，得真通天犀角三寸以上者，刻为鱼，衔之入水，水常为
开，方∶三尺，可得气息水中。又，通天犀赤理如 ，自本彻末，以角盛米着地，群鸡不敢
啄辄惊，故南人名为骇鸡犀。是故有虫毒之乡，于他家饮食，即以角搅之，白沫竦起，即为
有
毒，无沫，即无毒也。朝野佥载鸩食水处，有犀牛不濯角，其水物食之必死，为鸩食蛇之故
也。晋·温峤过牛渚矶，水深不可测，世云其下多怪物，峤遂毁犀角而照之，须臾见水族复
火，奇形异状，或乘马车，着赤衣者。峤其夜梦人谓己曰∶与君幽明自别，何意相照也，意
甚恶之，未旬而卒。太平广记通天犀为之骇鸡犀，以角煮毒药为汤，皆生白沫，无复毒势。
李司封宗易尝言，石驸马保吉知陈州，其州廨一皆新之，每毁旧屋，则坐于下风，尘自分去
，人皆惊怪之，盖其所服，带辟尘犀也。归田录人气粉犀。
衍义曰∶犀角，凡入药须乌色，未经汤水浸煮者，故曰生犀。川犀及南犀，纹皆细；乌
犀尚
有显纹者露；黄犀纹绝少，皆不及西番所出，纹高、两脚显也。物像黄、外黑者为正透，物
像
黑、外黄者为倒透。盖以乌为正，以形象肖物者为贵。既曰通犀，又须纹头显，黄黑分明，
透不脱，有两脚滑润者为第一。鹿取茸，犀取尖，其精锐之力尽在是矣。犀角尖，磨服为佳
，若在汤散，则屑之。西蕃者佳。
犀角
味苦、酸、咸，性寒、微寒，无毒。主治各种毒物、蛊毒、疰气（一种具有传染性的慢性消耗性疾病），驱除邪鬼瘴气，能杀灭钩吻（断肠草）、鸩羽（毒鸟羽毛）、蛇毒，祛除邪气，防止在睡眠中受到惊吓迷惑，治疗伤寒和温疫引起的头痛、寒热症状，以及各类毒气侵害。长期服用可使身体轻盈，精力强健。产于永昌山谷及益州。（松脂作为其引经药，畏菌、雷丸。）
陶隐居说：现在产自武陵、交州、宁州等偏远山区的犀牛。犀牛角有两支，以额头上的那支为优。还有一种通天犀，角上有一道白纹，笔直向上延伸至尖端，这种最为神验。有人说这是水犀角，产在水中。《汉书》所说的“骇鸡犀”，是将它放在米中，鸡都会惊骇不敢啄食；又放在屋檐下，乌鸦鸟类不敢栖息其上。又说通天犀，夜间露水打不湿它，以此可以辨认。凡是成品的犀角，都被蒸煮过，不堪入药，只有生犀才是佳品。即使是犀角片也是经过煮炙的，何况是用犀角屑呢？还有另一种犀，其角很长，纹理也像犀角，但不能入药。《唐本草》注解说：这是雌犀，纹理细腻，斑白分明，俗称斑犀。服用以之为上，但充药用不如雄犀。现在参考陈藏器《本草》说：犀肉，主治各种蛊毒、蛇咬、兽咬之毒，功效劣于犀角。《神农本草经》中有通天犀，况且犀没有水陆两种之分，只是以精粗来区分。所谓通天者，是脑上角的犀，千年长的犀角长而锐利，白色星点通透，端部能出气，通天则能通神，可破水、惊鸡，所以叫通天。《抱朴子》说：通天犀，有白色纹理如线一样的，用它盛米，鸡就会惊骇。真正的通天犀，刻成鱼形，衔入水中，水会分开三尺深。它的鼻角，一名奴角，一名食角。臣禹锡等人谨按陈藏器说：《尔雅》说：兕像牛，一角。犀像猪，三角。又说多像象，又像猪三角。陶弘景依据《尔雅》来说，不知道“三角”是错误的说法。又说：雌者是兕，但形状不同，不知是否属实。《药性论》说：牯犀角，作为君药，味甘，有小毒。能辟除邪精鬼魅，中和恶毒之气，镇定心神，解除大热，疏散风毒，能治疗发背痈疽疮肿，化脓成水，主治时行热病如火烧般，烦闷，毒入心中，胡言乱语。日华子说：犀角，味甘、辛。治疗心烦，止惊悸，安五脏，补虚劳，退热，消痰，解山瘴溪毒，镇肝明目，治疗中风失音，热毒风，时气发狂。
《图经》说：犀角，出产于永昌山谷及益州，现在出产于南海的最好，黔地、蜀地的次之。犀像牛，猪头、大肚子、痹脚（腿短），脚有三蹄。颜色黑。喜欢吃棘刺。它的皮每一孔都生出三根毛。头顶上一只角，有人说两只角，有人说三只角。谨按郭璞《尔雅》注说：犀，三角，一在顶上，一在额上，一在鼻上。鼻上的就是食角，小而不椭圆（音堕）。也有一只角的。《岭表录异》说：犀有二角，一在额上为兕犀，一在鼻上为胡帽犀。公犀也有二角，都是毛犀，而现在人多传讲一只角的说法。这几种都有粟纹，以纹理的粗细来定贵贱。犀角中珍贵的，有通天花纹。犀有此角，一定厌恶自己的影子，常饮浊水，不想照见自己。其纹理绝好的，则有百物的形状。有人说犀的通天者是生病所致，道理不可知。纹理有倒插的，有正插的，有腰鼓插的。倒插的一半以下通透；正插的一半以上通透；腰鼓插的中段不通。这类极多，足以称奇。所以波斯人把象牙称为白暗，犀角称为黑暗，意思是难以识别。犀中最大的是堕罗犀，一株重七、八斤，说是公犀额角，花纹多作撒豆斑，颜色深的，可以佩戴在胯间；斑散而颜色浅的，只能制作器皿罢了。有人说：兕是犀的雌性，不知是否如此？凡入药的犀，有黑、白两种，以黑色的为胜，犀角尖又胜过整角。方书多言生犀，相传指未经水火处理的是生犀，有人说不然。大概犀有捕得杀而取角为生犀，有得到其蜕落的角为退犀，也如同使用鹿角的方法一样。唐朝宰相段文昌门下的医生吴士皋，因职务在南海，听船主说海人取犀牛的方法，先在山路多植木桩，像猪羊圈栏一样。犀以前脚伸直，常依靠木头休息，多年植木腐烂，犀忽然倚靠，即折断倒下，久不能起，因此格杀而取其角。又说：犀每自行脱落角，必定培土埋好，海人知道位置，就偷偷做木盒装角并替换，再三不离其处，时常有收获，如果直接取走，则犀会去别山隐藏，不可寻找。不知现在取犀角，果真如此吗？
海药：谨按《异物志》说：山东海水中，有一种牛喜欢听丝竹音乐。当地人演奏音乐，牛就出来，以此捕捉它们。有鼻角、顶角，鼻角为上品。大寒，无毒。主治风毒攻心，热闷，壅毒赤痢，小儿麸豆病（可能指某种皮疹或发热病），风热惊痫，都适宜使用。凡犀屑制成后，用纸包裹放在怀中很久，与其他药物混合，极易捣碎。又按：通天犀，胎儿时期看到天上物命经过，并显形于角上，所以叫通天犀。要验证，在月下用水盆映照，就知道是否通天了。《正经》说：是山犀，少见水犀。《五溪记》说：山犀，吃竹木，小便整天不尽，夷獠人家用弓箭捕捉，所以叫黔犀。又刘孝标说：犀脱落角，当地人用假角替换，不知虚实。雷公说凡使用，不要用奴犀、病水犀、孪子犀、下角犀、浅水犀、无润犀。要使乌黑肌理粗糙皱裂、光泽润泽的为上品。凡修治时，锉其屑入臼中，捣令细，再入钵中研一万遍，才入药中使用。孕妇勿服，能消胎气。凡修治一切角，大忌盐。食疗这本书只提到山犀牛，未曾见人取水犀取其角。这两种功效也相同。其生角，寒。可烧成灰，治赤痢。研为末，和水服之。又，主治卒中恶心痛，各种饮食中毒，及药毒，热毒，筋骨中风，心风烦闷，都能治愈。又，以水磨取汁，给小儿服，治惊热。鼻上角尤其好。肉，微温，味甘，无毒。主治瘴气百毒，蛊疰邪鬼，食用后进入山林，不迷失道路。除客热头痛及五痔，各种血痢。如果吃得过多，令人烦躁，就取少许麝香，和水服之，即可消散。圣惠方：治疗吃野鸡肉导致呕吐腹泻。用生犀角末一方寸匕，新汲水调下即愈。外台秘要：服药过量及中毒，烦闷欲死。烧犀角末，水服一方寸匕。千金方：有蠼螋虫尿在人影处，便让人体患疮，其状如粟粒累累，一聚渗痛，身中忽有处燥痛如芒刺，也像刺虫叮咬后的细疮，成丛如茱萸子状。四畔红，中央有白脓如黍粟，也令人皮肤紧绷，全身恶寒壮热，极者连起竟腰、胁、胸。治疗方法：初得病磨犀角，涂之可止。肘后方：卧睡突然不醒，如果用火照则会杀人。只要痛咬其脚跟，又足拇指甲际，并多唾其面，即活。犀角枕较好。或者将青木香放入枕中并佩戴。广利方：治疗孩子惊痫不知人事，迷闷，嚼舌仰目者。犀角末半钱匕，水二大合，服之立效。抱朴子郑君说，只要练习闭气至千息，久久则能居水中一日许，得真通天犀角三寸以上者，刻为鱼，衔之入水，水常为开，方三尺，可得气息水中。又，通天犀赤理如线，自本彻末，以角盛米着地，群鸡不敢啄辄惊，故南人名为骇鸡犀。因此有虫毒之乡，在他家饮食，即以角搅之，白沫竦起，即为有毒，无沫，即无毒也。朝野佥载：鸩鸟吃的地方，有犀牛不洗角，其水物食之必死，因为鸩吃蛇的缘故。晋·温峤过牛渚矶，水深不可测，世云其下多怪物，峤遂毁犀角而照之，须臾见水族复火，奇形异状，或乘马车，着赤衣者。峤其夜梦人谓己曰：与君幽明自别，何意相照也，意甚恶之，未旬而卒。太平广记：通天犀为之骇鸡犀，以角煮毒药为汤，皆生白沫，无复毒势。李司封宗易曾言，石驸马保吉知陈州，其州廨一皆新之，每毁旧屋，则坐于下风，尘自分去，人皆惊怪之，盖其所服带辟尘犀也。归田录：人气粉犀。
衍义说：犀角，凡入药须乌色，未经汤水浸煮者，故曰生犀。川犀及南犀，纹皆细；乌犀尚有显纹者露；黄犀纹绝少，皆不及西番所出，纹高、两脚显也。物像黄、外黑者为正透，物像黑、外黄者为倒透。盖以乌为正，以形象肖物者为贵。既曰通犀，又须纹头显，黄黑分明，透不脱，有两脚滑润者为第一。鹿取茸，犀取尖，其精锐之力尽在是矣。犀角尖，磨服为佳，若在汤散，则屑之。西蕃者佳。
Rhinoceros Horn (Xijiao)
Taste: bitter, sour, salty. Nature: cold, slightly cold. Toxicity: non-toxic. Indications: Mainly treats various toxins, gu poison (a type of chronic infectious wasting disease), zhu qi (a contagious chronic condition), expels evil ghosts and miasma, kills gouwen (Gelsemium elegans, also known as "death vine"), zhen feather (poisonous bird feathers), snake venom, removes pathogenic factors, prevents confusion and nightmares during sleep, treats headache and chills/fever caused by shanghan (cold damage) and wenyi (epidemic febrile diseases), and various toxic vapors. Long-term use makes the body light and vigorous. Origin: Yongchang valleys and Yizhou. (Pine resin acts as an adjuvant; it is antagonistic to Jun fungus and Polyporus umbellatus.)
Tao Hongjing states: Currently produced in remote mountains of Wuling, Jiaozhou, and Ningzhou. Rhinoceros horns have two, with the frontal horn being superior. There is also a "Tongtian" (Heaven-Penetrating) rhino, which has a white stripe on the horn extending straight to the tip; this is extremely effective. Some say this is water rhino horn, found in water. The "Haiji" (Chicken-Startling) rhino mentioned in the *Book of Han*: when placed in rice, chickens are startled and dare not peck; when placed under eaves, birds dare not perch. Also, the Tongtian rhino horn remains dry even under night dew, which serves as identification. All finished rhino horns are steamed or boiled and are unsuitable for medicinal use; only raw (sheng) rhino horn is excellent. Even sliced rhino horn has been processed by heat; how much more so for rhino horn powder? There is another type of rhino with long horns resembling rhino texture but unsuitable for medicine. The *Tang Bencao* commentary notes: This is the female rhino, with fine texture and distinct white spots, commonly called Banxi (Spotted Rhino). It is best for consumption, but inferior to male rhino horn for medicinal purposes. According to Chen Cangqi's *Bencao*, rhino meat mainly treats various gu poisons, snake bites, and animal bites, but its efficacy is inferior to that of the horn. The *Shennong Bencao Jing* mentions Tongtian rhino; indeed, there is no distinction between aquatic and terrestrial rhinos, only by quality. "Tongtian" refers to the horn on the brain/frontal area; a thousand-year-old horn is long, sharp, and has white star-like spots penetrating through. The tip can emit vapor, connecting to heaven and thus spirit, capable of parting water and startling chickens, hence named Tongtian. *Baopuzi* states: Tongtian rhino with white linear texture, when used to hold rice, startles chickens. The true Tongtian rhino, carved into a fish shape and held in water, parts the water three chi deep. Its nasal horn is also called Nu jiao (Slave Horn) or Shi jiao (Eating Horn). Ministers Yuxi et al., following Chen Cangqi, note: *Erya* states: Si resembles an ox, one horn. Xi resembles a pig, three horns. It also says it resembles an elephant and a pig with three horns. Tao relied on *Erya*, unaware that "three horns" is erroneous. It also states: The female is Si, but the shape differs; whether this is accurate is unknown. *Yaoxing Lun* states: Gu xi jiao (Bull rhino horn) is the sovereign herb, taste sweet, slightly toxic. It expels evil spirits and demons, neutralizes malignant toxic vapors, calms the mind and spirit, resolves severe heat, disperses wind toxicity, treats back carbuncles and abscesses, transforms pus into fluid, treats epidemic fevers like fire, restlessness, toxin entering the heart causing delirium. Ri Huazi states: Rhino horn, taste sweet and pungent. Treats mental restlessness, stops惊悸 (palpitations/fright), calms the five zang organs, tonifies deficiency and fatigue, reduces fever, resolves phlegm, resolves mountain miasma and stream toxins, calms the liver and brightens the eyes, treats stroke-induced aphasia, heat-toxic wind, and epidemic mania.
*Tujing* states: Rhino horn originates from Yongchang valleys and Yizhou; currently, those from Nanhai are best, followed by those from Qian and Shu. The rhino resembles an ox, with a pig-like head, large belly, and short legs (bi jiao), having three hooves. Color black. Prefers eating thorns. Each pore on its skin produces three hairs. One horn on top, some say two, some say three. Following Guo Pu's commentary on *Erya*: Rhino has three horns, one on top, one on forehead, one on nose. The nasal one is the Shi jiao, small and not oval. There are also single-horned ones. *Lingbiao Luyi* states: Rhino has two horns, one on forehead is Si xi, one on nose is Humao xi. Male rhinos also have two horns, both Mao xi, yet people mostly transmit the single-horn theory. These types all have millet-like patterns; value depends on fineness. Precious rhino horns have Tongtian patterns. A rhino with such a horn hates its shadow, often drinking muddy water to avoid reflection. Patterns of supreme quality resemble hundred objects. Some say Tongtian is a disease state, reason unknown. Patterns include inverted insertion, upright insertion, and drum-shaped insertion. Inverted penetrates below half; upright penetrates above half; drum-shaped does not penetrate middle. Many varieties, truly奇异 (strange/wondrous). Persians call ivory "White Dark" and rhino horn "Black Dark," meaning hard to distinguish. The largest is Duoluo xi, weighing seven to eight jin per horn, said to be male frontal horn, pattern like scattered beans; dark color suitable for belt buckles; pale scattered pattern only for vessels. Some say: Si is female rhino, unknown if true. Medicinal rhino comes in black and white types, black is superior, tip is best. Medical texts often mention raw rhino; tradition holds unprocessed by fire/water as raw, but some disagree. Generally, rhino killed for horn is raw; shed horn is retired horn, similar to deer antler usage. Wu Shigao, physician to Tang Chancellor Duan Wenchang, heard in Nanhai about sea people capturing rhinos: planting wooden stakes like pens. Rhino rests leaning on them; rotten wood breaks, rhino falls, cannot rise, then killed for horn. Also, rhinos shed horns and bury them; sea people know locations, replace with wooden boxes, repeating until obtained. If taken directly, rhino hides elsewhere. Uncertain if current methods follow this.
Marine Drugs: Following *Yiwuzhi*: In Shandong seas, a type of cow loves music. People play music, cows come out, captured this way. Has nasal and frontal horns, nasal is superior. Greatly cold, non-toxic. Treats wind-toxicity attacking heart, heat oppression, toxic dysentery, infant fu-dou disease (likely rash/fever), wind-heat惊痫 (convulsions), all suitable. After processing rhino powder, wrap in paper, keep in bosom for a long time, mix with other drugs, easy to grind. Also: Tongtian rhino, fetal stage saw heavenly life passing, manifested on horn, hence Tongtian. To verify, reflect in water basin under moonlight, will know it connects to heaven. *Zhengjing* states: Mountain rhino, rarely water rhino. *Wuxi Ji* states: Mountain rhino eats bamboo/trees, urinates slowly all day, Yi-Liao people hunt with bows/arrows, hence Qian xi. Liu Xiaobiao says: Rhino sheds horn, locals replace with fake, truth unknown. Lei Gong states: Do not use Nu xi, sick water xi, twin xi, lower horn xi, shallow water xi, non-moist xi. Select black, coarse wrinkled, cracked yet glossy as superior. Processing: Grind powder in mortar, fine, then pound in bowl ten thousand times before use. Pregnant women should not take, as it dissipates fetal qi. Processing all horns strictly forbids salt. *Shiliao* only mentions mountain rhino, no record of water rhino horn taking. Both types have same efficacy. Raw horn is cold. Can be burned to ash for dysentery. Powder mixed with water. Also treats sudden evil heart pain, food/drug poisoning, heat toxicity, wind-stroke of sinews/bones, heart wind restlessness, all cured. Water-grinded juice given to children for heat-fright. Nasal horn best. Meat: slightly warm, sweet, non-toxic. Treats miasma hundred toxins, gu/zhu evil ghosts. Eating it prevents getting lost in mountains. Removes exterior heat headache, five hemorrhoids, blood dysentery. Overconsumption causes irritability; take musk with water to disperse. *Shenghui Fang*: Treats pheasant meat poisoning causing vomiting/diarrhea. Use raw rhino horn powder 1 cun-bi, mix with fresh water, cure immediately. *Waitai Miyao*: Overdose or poisoning, restlessness near death. Burn rhino horn powder, take 1 cun-bi with water. *Qianjin Fang*: Contact with Qu-she (earwig) urine causes sores like millet grains, painful clusters, sudden dry pain like thorns, similar to insect stings, clustered like cornel berries. Edges red, center white pus like millet, skin tight, whole body chills/high fever, extreme cases spread to waist/flanks/chest. Treatment: Grind rhino horn initially, apply to stop. *Zhouhou Fang*: Sudden unconsciousness, do not use fire to check or it kills. Bite heel and big toe nail edge, spit on face, revive. Rhino horn pillow is good. Or put Qingmuxiang in pillow and wear. *Guangli Fang*: Treats child惊痫 unconsciousness, confusion, tongue-chewing, eye-rolling. Rhinoceros horn powder 0.5 qian-bi, water 2 da-he, take for immediate effect. Baopuzi Master Zheng says: Practice breath retention to thousand counts, eventually stay in water one day. Get true Tongtian rhino horn over 3 cun, carve into fish, hold in mouth underwater, water parts three chi square, allowing breath. Also, Tongtian rhino has red linear texture from base to tip, holding rice on ground startles chickens, hence Haiji xi in South. In areas with insect toxins, stir food/drink with horn; white foam rising indicates poison, no foam means safe. *Chaoye Qianzai*: Where Zhen bird drinks, rhinos do not wash horns; water creatures drinking die, because Zhen eats snakes. Jin Dynasty Wen Qiao passed Niuzhu Ji, deep water unfathomable, said to have monsters below. Wen broke rhino horn to illuminate, saw aquatic creatures reflecting fire, strange shapes, some riding carriages, wearing red clothes. That night Wen dreamed a person said: You and I are separated by life and death, why illuminate us? He felt uneasy, died within ten days. *Taiping Guangji*: Tongtian xi is Haiji xi. Boiling poison with horn creates white foam, neutralizing toxicity. Li Sizhongyi stated: Shi Fuma Baoji governed Chenzhou, renovated offices, sat downwind when destroying old houses, dust parted naturally, people amazed, due to wearing Dust-Avoiding Xi. *Guitian Lu*: Qi ren Fenxi.
*Yanyi* states: For medicinal use, rhino horn must be black, unboiled/unsoaked, hence called raw xi. Chuan xi and Nan xi have fine patterns; Wu xi has visible patterns; Huang xi has few patterns, all inferior to Xifan (Western Regions) origin, which has high patterns and clear "two feet." "Zhengtou" is yellow image inside, black outside; "Daotou" is black image inside, yellow outside. Black is standard; pattern resembling objects is precious. If called Tongxi, must have clear pattern tips, distinct yellow/black, penetration without breaking, smooth "two feet" as first grade. Deer uses velvet, rhino uses tip; their essence lies here. Tip of rhino horn is best ground and taken; for decoctions/powders, use slices. Xifan origin is best.