发热，恶寒，无汗，脉紧，为伤寒；发热，恶风，有汗，脉缓，为中风。中风者，津液
为风
所鼓动而外泄，外虽润而内实燥也；若加之以温邪，或误用麻、辛发散，便有鼻干，气促，
唇红，舌燥，面赤如醉，孔窍生烟之患矣。伤寒者，腠理为寒所紧束而不得泄，外虽燥而内
实润也；惟久而化热，卫气不得泄越，而内灼以耗其荣，乃有鼻燥气迫之事。喻嘉言谓∶伤
风小恙，亦有戴阳，总由真阴素亏，一经风热熏灼，遂致津液不能上腾，而呼吸逼迫，干燥
万状耳!故知治伤寒者，亦有时不可径用辛温；而治伤风者，断不可不佐以清润。
伤寒、伤风，汗之太过，或为亡阳，或传为阳明内实，昔人论之详矣。汗之不彻，身肤
作痒
，面色正赤，仲景有二一、各半汤之治矣。更有津液素充者，伤寒发热，日久不退，往往面
色正黄，皮肤 肿，有时作痒，甚且搔之破而流汁，余每仿二一、各半法汗之。其汗染衣
皆黄，汁流如涎，着手皆粘，气味腥臭，此乃津液菀蒸日久所化也。此汁若再热久不退，必
为灼干；或过用凉药清热，热退汁凝，阻塞玄府，卫气不通，营气不行，将成血痹骨蒸，而
入
劳瘵之途矣。故仲景以二一、各半汤，助生新津而峻汗之，其意深矣。旧解以二汤为缓汗法
者，非也。
发热，恶寒（怕冷），无汗，脉象紧，这是伤寒；发热，恶风（怕风），有汗，脉象缓，这是中风。所谓中风，是津液被风邪鼓动而向外泄出，体表虽然湿润但体内实际上干燥；如果再加上温邪侵袭，或者误用麻黄、桂枝等辛温发散药物，就会出现鼻干、气促、嘴唇红、舌燥、面色红赤如醉酒状、孔窍中似有烟熏之感的祸患。所谓伤寒，是腠理（皮肤毛孔）被寒邪紧紧束缚而不能宣泄，体表虽然干燥但体内实际上湿润；只有当病程久了化热，卫气不能宣泄越出，从而在内灼烧耗伤营阴，才会有鼻燥、气息迫促的情况。喻嘉言说：伤风虽是轻微病症，也会出现戴阳（虚阳上浮，面颊泛红）现象，总归是因为真阴素来亏虚，一经风热熏灼，导致津液不能向上腾升，从而呼吸逼迫，干燥到了极点！因此知道治疗伤寒的人，也有时候不能直接使用辛温药物；而治疗伤风的人，绝对不能不配合清润药物。
伤寒、伤风，发汗太过，有的会导致亡阳（阳气暴脱），有的会传变为阳明腑实证（胃肠实热积滞），前人对此论述得很详细了。发汗不彻底，身体皮肤作痒，面色正红，张仲景有用桂枝二麻黄一汤、桂枝麻黄各半汤的治疗方法。更有津液素来充足的人，患伤寒发热，日久不退，往往面色正黄，皮肤肿胀，有时作痒，甚至抓破后流出汁水，我每次模仿桂枝二麻黄一汤、桂枝麻黄各半汤的方法进行发汗。其汗液染衣皆黄，流出的汁水像涎沫一样，沾手皆粘，气味腥臭，这是津液郁蒸日久所化生的。这种汁水如果再因热久不退，必然会被灼干；或者过用凉药清热，热退后汁液凝结，阻塞玄府（汗孔），卫气不通，营气不行，将会形成血痹骨蒸（阴虚内热，骨骼感觉发热），从而步入劳瘵（肺结核等慢性消耗性疾病）的途径了。所以张仲景用桂枝二麻黄一汤、桂枝麻黄各半汤，帮助生成新津液而峻猛发汗，其中的用意很深啊。旧时的注解认为这两首方剂是缓汗法，这是不对的。
Fever, aversion to cold, absence of sweating, and a tight pulse indicate Cold Damage (Shanghan); fever, aversion to wind, presence of sweating, and a moderate pulse indicate Wind Strike (Zhongfeng). In Wind Strike, body fluids are agitated by the wind pathogen and leak outward; although the exterior is moist, the interior is actually dry. If compounded by warm pathogens or mistakenly treated with diaphoretic herbs such as Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang) and Cinnamomi Ramulus (Guizhi), complications may arise, including dry nose, shortness of breath, red lips, dry tongue, facial flushing resembling drunkenness, and a sensation of smoke rising from the orifices. In Cold Damage, the interstices (Couli) are tightly bound by cold pathogens and cannot vent; although the exterior is dry, the interior is actually moist. Only when the condition persists and transforms into heat, causing Defensive Qi (Wei Qi) to fail in venting and scorching the Interior to consume Nutritive Yin (Ying Yin), will symptoms such as dry nose and forced breathing occur. Yu Jiayan stated: "Even minor cases of Wind Strike can present with Floating Yang (Daiyang); this is fundamentally due to chronic deficiency of True Yin. Once subjected to the薰灼 (scorching) of wind-heat, body fluids fail to ascend, resulting in forced respiration and extreme dryness!" Therefore, it is known that treating Cold Damage sometimes precludes the direct use of acrid-warm methods; conversely, treating Wind Strike absolutely requires the assistance of clearing and moistening agents.
Regarding Cold Damage and Wind Strike, excessive sweating may lead to Collapse of Yang (Wang Yang) or transmission to Yangming Internal Excess (Yangming Neishi), as previously discussed in detail by earlier scholars. Inadequate sweating may result in pruritus of the skin and a flushed face; Zhang Zhongjing provided treatments using Guizhi Er Mahuang Yi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Twice, Ephedra One Decoction) and Guizhi Mahuang Ge Ban Tang (Equal Parts of Cinnamon Twig and Ephedra Decoction). Furthermore, in individuals whose body fluids are naturally abundant, prolonged fever from Cold Damage often presents with a yellowish complexion, skin swelling, occasional pruritus, and even weeping exudate upon scratching. I have frequently imitated the methods of Guizhi Er Mahuang Yi Tang and Guizhi Mahuang Ge Ban Tang to induce sweating. The sweat stains clothing yellow; the flowing exudate resembles saliva, is sticky to the touch, and has a fishy odor. This is transformed from body fluids stagnating and steaming for a long time. If this exudate remains hot and unresolved for a long period, it will inevitably be scorched dry; or if cooling herbs are overused to clear heat, the heat subsides but the fluid coagulates, blocking the Xu Fu (sweat pores), obstructing Wei Qi circulation and Ying Qi flow, potentially leading to Blood Bi (Blood Stasis Obstruction) and Bone Steaming (Gu Zheng), thereby entering the pathway of Lao Zhai (Consumption Disease/Tuberculosis). Thus, Zhang Zhongjing used Guizhi Er Mahuang Yi Tang and Guizhi Mahuang Ge Ban Tang to assist in generating new body fluids and inducing vigorous sweating; the intent behind this is profound. Old interpretations claiming these two formulas constitute mild diaphoresis methods are incorrect.