之谓哉？明乎此，则家之于财也亦然。故善保富者宜散其财，苟不知此而徒欲家之肥，必至子孙愚悖，多藏浓
亡而后已。良由昧于物性，遂以梏其人性。呜呼！猪之肥者猪之患，此养身保家之不可不知物性也。爱纵笔及
之。
丁香油出南番，乃用母丁香榨取。其油色紫，芳香辛烈。番人以琉璃器盛之，盖偶不密，即香达于外。性大
热，透关窍，祛寒湿，力更敏于丁香。凡胸腹痛胀，呕呃泄泻，痞聚疝瘕诸证之属于寒者，用涂患处及脐中，皆效。若
紫中带黄黑色，辛烈触鼻作樟脑气者，乃樟木油也，不可不辨。更有肉桂油、檀香油，主治可以类推。
（校）近有薄荷油，亦自舶上来。患风热头疼龈痛者，搽患处亦良。
（刊）恕轩先生钱塘人，着《利济十二种》∶《本草纲目拾遗》十卷，《医林集腋》十六卷，《祝由录验》
四卷，《本草话》二十二卷，《花药小名录》四卷，《摄生闲览》四卷，《奇药备考》六卷，《养素园传信方》
六卷，《囊露集》四卷，《串雅》八卷，《升降秘要》二卷，《药性元解》四卷。载桐乡顾 《书目合编》
。惜书多未梓，惟望藏其全稿者力谋寿世为幸。
解诸药毒 浓煎甘草汤凉饮。饮地浆水。白扁豆生研末。凉水和服。
解误服人参 生芦菔捣汁饮，或芦菔子煎汤服。
解诸热药毒 绿豆或甘草煎浓汤冷服。
解蒙汗药毒 饮冷水。忌服姜。白茯苓（五钱），生甘草（二钱），甜瓜蒂（七个），陈皮（五分），水
煎冷服，大吐而愈。
解巴豆毒 芭蕉叶或石菖蒲捣汁饮。大黄、黄连煎汤冷服。巴豆贴肉溃烂，生黄连末水调敷。
解椒毒 地浆水或新汲水饮。啖大枣数枚。
解冰片毒 饮新汲水。
解附子乌头天雄草乌射罔毒 绿豆或黑豆煎汤冷冻饮料。甘
草、黑豆同煎冷服。
解钩吻毒 麻油或桐油或韭菜汁灌之。白矾化水服。金银花、甘草（各一两），生大黄（一钱），煎服。
解藜芦毒 雄黄（一钱），研水饮。藜芦敷肉，毒瓦斯入内，煎葱汤服。
解仙茅毒 大黄、朴硝煎服。
解芫花毒 防风煎汤服。
解藤黄毒 齑菜水温服。
解误服相反药毒 蚕退纸烧灰，冷水和服。
解野蕈毒 生甘草（二两），白芷（三钱），煎服，以鹅翎探喉，不吐即泻。金银花捣汁饮。绿豆生研，
新汲水搅之，澄清服。
解白果毒 白果壳煎汤服。白鲞头煎汤频灌。滚水磨木香，入麝香少许灌之。
解苦杏毒 杏树皮煎汤服。
解樱桃毒 青蔗浆灌之。
解诸果毒 猪骨烧灰煎服。玉枢丹水调灌。
解桐油毒 食干柿。
解石药毒 芹菜或葵菜捣汁饮。
解钟乳毒 猪肉煮食。
解雄黄毒 防己煎服。
解皂矾毒 麦面打糊频服。
解砒毒 硼砂（一两）研末，鸡子清（七枚）调灌。 树根或冬青叶或夏枯草捣汁饮。明矾、大黄研末，
新汲水调灌。中砒毒
浑身紫瘰者，急作地浆频灌，待瘰散尽，一吐即苏，虽冬月亦须此法。砒霜敷身，患处痛溃，以湿泥频涂，设
毒瓦斯入内而作吐泻，饮冷米醋解之，或生绿豆研末，麻油调服。
瓷锋入腹 生红芦菔杵烂吞。干饧糖频吞。
玉石入腹 葱白煮浓汁服。
金银入腹 红枣煮烂恣食。鸡矢（半升），水淋取汁（一升），饮之，日三、四次，死者可活。
铜铁锡入腹 木贼草研末，鸡子清调服．连根葱煮汁，麻油和服。
解铅粉毒 芦菔或荸荠捣汁饮。麻油、蜂蜜、饴糖和服。
解银黝毒 生羊血灌之，吐尽即愈。
（刊）“黝”字俗写甚多，诸书所说不一。雄幼时不知所从，夜忽梦一人大声曰∶当从北宫黝之“黝”为
是，醒而异之。遍考字义，固宜作黝。语云∶思之思之，鬼神通之。岂不信然！故附识之。
解水银毒 开口花椒吞（二钱）。
解轻粉毒 川椒去目，白汤吞服。生扁豆浸透，捣汁饮。
解蛊毒 浓煎石榴皮饮。
解斑蝥 青毒 六一散凉水和服。
解黄蜡毒 冬葵子或白菜煎汤饮。
解蟹毒 生姜汁或藕汁、芦根汁灌之。误犯荆芥，误同柿食，均浓煎木香汤饮。
解虾毒 橘皮煎汤饮。
解蛙毒 车前草捣汁饮。
解河豚毒 麻油灌之。茅根、芦根（各一两），瓜蒂（一个），煎服。紫苏或薄荷捣绞浓汁饮，或以干者
煎浓服。
解鳖毒 靛青水灌。盐化水饮。
解鳝鱼毒 食蟹即愈，或地浆灌。犯荆芥亦饮地浆。
解鸩羽毒∶ 犀角磨汁饮。金银花（八两），煎汁二碗，入白矾、寒水石、花粉（各三钱），石菖蒲（二
钱），麦冬（五分），煎灌，待目不上视，口中能言，照方减半，再服二剂即愈。
解鹤顶毒 糯米煮粥杵烂，过量啜之，亦解鸩羽毒。
解雄鸡毒 磨犀角饮。醋饮之。
解牛马肉毒 饮人乳。石菖蒲研水服。芦根或菊花连根捣汁，和酒服。
解马肝毒 猪骨烧灰，或淡豆豉，或头垢，并水调服。服猪脂（一斤）。
解狗野狼肉毒 芦根捣汁饮。杏仁去皮尖（四两），研，开水和，分三服。
解羊肉毒 甘草煎服。栗子壳煎饮。
解猪肉毒 芭蕉根捣汁饮。白沙糖（一两），白汤调服。
解盐卤毒 生甘草（三两），煎汁冷冻饮料。生黄豆水研绞汁饮。
解酒毒 人乳和热黄酒服，外以生熟汤浸其身，则汤化为酒，而人醒矣。
解烧酒毒 芦菔汁、青蔗浆随灌。绿豆研水灌，或浓煎
枳子汤灌。大醉不醒，急以热豆腐遍体贴之，冷即易，以醒为度。外用井水浸其发，并以故帛浸湿，贴于胸
膈，仍细细灌之，至苏为度。凡烧酒醉后吸烟，则酒焰内燃而死。亦有醉后内火如焚而反恶寒者，浓加衣被亦
能致死。即口渴饮冷，只宜细细饮之，以引毒火外达，若连饮过多，热毒反为骤冷所遏，无由外达，亦多闭伏
不救。
（刊）海阳汪葵田先生《古愚消夏录》云∶毒之为毒，暗藏于服食起居中，更有令人不可方物者，如日用
饮食；其物性相反，不知误食，以及庖人不善烹饪，未得其法，食之即为中毒，不必服砒、鸩始为中毒也。此
言良是。其所辑《解毒编》一卷，最为详备，而近来尤有甚于砒、鸩者，则亚片烟也。以砒、鸩不易得，而亚
片烟遍地皆有，故杀人为独广焉。爱附解救方如下∶
解亚片毒 肥皂或金鱼杵烂，或猪矢水和绞汁灌之，吐出即愈。生南瓜捣烂，绞汁频灌。甘草煎浓汁，候
冷频灌。以亚片灌猪肠中，扎其两头，悬而待之，久则肠裂而断，其性之毒烈，能消刮脂膏也如此，忆甘蔗名
接肠草，且甘凉解毒，榨汁频灌，必可得生。
葭管飞灰，惟河内县之葭应候而飞，可见药之所产，各有地土之宜矣。而物性各有专长，如蜜者密也，故
能固密护内；酥者苏也，故能融化攻坚。又各有所制，如象牙以醋浸一宿则软如腐，再用木贼水煮之则坚如故；
白银触倭硫黄则色黑；犀、羚之角畏人气，珍珠畏尸气，并不可近铁与柏木，梨与芦菔同藏、冬采橙橘藏绿豆
中，皆不坏；铜以凫茈水煮可刻字，木槿叶揉水浸丝，络则不乱；桃。杏仁可澄水∶血污衣嚼芦菔擦之即洁，
墨污衣生半夏或白果、杏仁杵烂揉之即去；治胞
衣不下，用芡叶囫囵不碎者一张，煎汤服立效，若芡叶裂作两片者，胞衣亦分裂而下，真奇方也。此皆不可以
理测者。围炉炭烈，分开易灭，不分易炽，用草纸一张覆于火顶，烧过灰存，则火不焰而四布矣。严冬向火，
惟桑柴炭不燥皮肤。养老者宜知之，不但为煎药所珍也。
（校）上论药性。
毕拱辰云∶泰西格致名流，值有殊死重因，多生购之，层剥寸 ，批 导 ，毫发无不推勘，故其着论致
为详尽。按新莽时捕得王孙庆，使太医尚方与巧屠共刳剥之，量度五脏，以竹 导其脉，知所终始，亦可治病。
又宋庆历间待制杜杞，执湖南贼欧希范与酋领数十人，尽磔于市，皆剖腹刳其肾肠，使医与画人一一探索，绘
以为画，事与西土颇类。至于精思研究，不作一影响揣度语，则西士所独也。愚谓人与动物皆气以成形，经云
“出入废则神机化灭”，如革囊盛水而不漏，其活时之元府已无可验，故有形之死质可睹，无形之功用不可睹
也。纵精思研究，断不能如《西游记》所说钻入人腹，周行脏腑经络，尽悉其所以然，而后出以着书，不过批
导 ，推测其所当然而已。故其所着《人身说概》、《人身图说》等书，虽有发明，足补华人所未逮，然不
免穿凿之弊。信其可信，阙其可疑，是皮里春秋读法也。
（校）人身经络脏腑，虽《灵枢》、《素问》言之凿凿，然上古圣人以不忍之心行不忍之政，着书疗病，
意在仁民，不过以天纵之明，推测其理而已。见其生，不忍见其死，庖厨尚远，岂忍剖割同类，而为屠刽作俑哉
！新莽、杜杞忍为此事，
而太医之书，画人之图，皆不传于世。后之谈内景者，又不屑询于屠刽之流。若非泰西之书入于中国，则脏腑
真形，虽饮上池水者，亦未曾洞见也。
（注）《说概》云∶人周身骸骨，大者二百余块，细小者一百余块。小者之形，如米粒、脂麻，用以联系接
台于大骨交界处，共成全体。按《洗冤录》云∶人骨三百六十五节，合周天三百六十五度，而此但云大小三百
余块，竟不定其数者，以人身骨数略有多少不同也。《金鉴》云∶男子巅顶骨三叉缝，女人十字缝，是骨形不
同也。又《洗冤录》云∶男子骨白，女人骨黑，是骨色不同也。男子头骨八片，蔡川有九片者，女子头骨六片，
是骨数不同也。男子肋骨二十四条，庆元人有二十二条者，女人肋骨二十八条。转肘骨、辅腿骨并名髀骨，女
子皆无。按晋文公骈胁，是肋骨不同；文之明脊骨连脑，是脊骨不同；张奖誉口齿四十，是齿骨不同；胡敏庶
兄弟三人，手十指各生六节，是指骨不同，张文昌膝骨大于腿，是膝骨不同。他如平人肋骨有十六、十八条者，
齿亦有二十三、四不等者。盖天地生人，秉气浓薄，赋质不齐，无足为异。杨素园明府云∶此说是也。尝检头
骨，有浑成不分片数者。其女子之骨，较男子尤莹白，未见有黑色者。故《洗冤录》一书，最不可泥。《说概》
又云∶背脊骨共三十四节，悉有管轴相连承受，如门臼枢轴然。每节两边有小窍，以通筋脉，脊骨中有髓，上
下相通。按此当从《内经》二十四节为是。《洗冤录》云∶颈项骨五节，脊背骨六节，脊膂骨七节，腰眼骨五节，
方骨一节，共二十四节。方骨形长方，有八窍，作两行，如博具中人牌式。其下即尾蛆骨，男子者缀脊处凹，
两旁皆有尖瓣如菱角，周布九窍，女人者缀脊处平直，周布六窍。《新论》亦云脊骨二十四节，颈骨第一节，
乃承头之首节，其形与别节有异，因其功用不同也。其中孔大于下节，如瓠芦之形，孔前近边有微凹，盖衔接
次节之榫，使头转动利便也。此两节之所以异于余节者，因人首必须左右转盼，故次节有榫凸出如门之枢，后
有坚韧筋带紧相缠缚，使首节转顾灵活。尝见人以两手挟把小儿头，而悬举以为戏者，殊险极可畏也。盖下体
之重，系于次节，若使筋带裂绝，则枢纽脱陷，而首节开离，一坏髓柱即能害命，或骤然扭举，害尤甚焉。《
说概》论脆骨云∶其在内为护守、为粘连，在眼司开阖，在耳司听，在鼻司臭，在喉司呼吸。又曰∶心窝之下，
皆脆骨。按《洗冤录》云∶心骨一片，状如钱大，即心坎骨。《金鉴》名蔽心骨，亦名鸠尾骨。损此骨者立毙。
又胯骨分左右，形如月牙，其两骨梢头镶拢处名架骨。架骨之上有羞秘骨一块，如指头大，薄如指甲，极柔脆，
色白如玉。私一人即有一点青痕，阅人多则青黑殆遍，死后日久即腐化。此二脆骨西人未详，不知何故。
又《人身图说》所言脏腑之形，与《灵》、《素》、《难经》之论迥然不同，或者疑中外人形稍异，脏象
亦殊。道光间，玉田王勋臣先生谓着书不明脏腑，真是痴人说梦，治病不明脏腑，何异盲子夜行！概古人以无
凭之谈，作欺人之事。谓心、肝、肺以分两计之，每件重几许，大、小肠以尺丈计之，每件长若干，胃大几许，
容谷几斗几升。其言仿佛似真，其实
脏腑未见。因不避秽污，亲历审视，虚心访察，积四十年之考证，而着《医林改错》一书，所载脏腑诸形，与
《图说》略同。近阅惠爱医馆《全体新论》云∶世有古今、地分中外，人之形貌，各有不同，至脏腑功用、血
气营运，无少焉异。俞理初熟于《内经》，因未见《改错》，过信古书，遂谓中外禀质不同，生源亦异。噫！
此何异俗吏做案以合例哉？且云因脏腑不同，故立教不同。夫泰西之教，虽不同于中国，而彰善瘅恶，未尝不
同。盖立教不同者，何必脏腑不同耶？孔、孟、杨、墨，并生中国，而立教不同者，非有形之脏腑不同，乃无
形之性道不同也。推之舜、象、惠、跖，生于一本，而圣狂迥别者，岂脏腑之不同乎？世斥谬妄者曰∶此人别
有肺肠。非言其肺肠之形不同也，亦言其无形之心术不端，以致气质偏戾而志向乖僻也。想俞氏误解此言，故
这就叫做什么呢？明白了这个道理，那么家庭对于财富也是如此。所以善于保持富裕的人应当散财，如果不懂这个道理而只想让家庭富有，必然导致子孙愚昧悖逆，最终因积蓄过多而招致灭亡。这主要是因为不明事物本性，从而束缚了人的本性。唉！猪长得太肥是猪的祸患，这是养生保家不可不明白事物本性的原因。于是挥笔写下这些。
丁香油产自南洋，是用母丁香榨取而成的。其油色紫，气味芳香且辛辣猛烈。番人用琉璃器皿盛装它，因为如果不密封严密，香气就会散发到外面。药性大热，能透达关窍，祛除寒湿，效力比丁香更敏捷。凡是胸腹疼痛胀满、呕吐呃逆、泄泻，以及痞块积聚、疝气瘕聚等属于寒证的病症，涂抹在患处及肚脐中，都有效。如果油中带有黄黑色，辛辣刺鼻带有樟脑气味的，那是樟木油，不可不辨别。还有肉桂油、檀香油，主治功效可以类推。
（校注）近来有薄荷油，也是从海外运来的。患有风热头痛、牙龈疼痛的人，涂抹在患处也很好。
（刊注）恕轩先生是钱塘人，著有《利济十二种》：《本草纲目拾遗》十卷，《医林集腋》十六卷，《祝由录验》四卷，《本草话》二十二卷，《花药小名录》四卷，《摄生闲览》四卷，《奇药备考》六卷，《养素园传信方》六卷，《囊露集》四卷，《串雅》八卷，《升降秘要》二卷，《药性元解》四卷。记载于桐乡顾氏的《书目合编》中。可惜书籍大多未刻印出版，只希望收藏其全稿的人尽力谋求刊行以造福世人，便是幸事。
解各种药物中毒：浓煎甘草汤凉服。饮地浆水。白扁豆生研末，凉水调服。
解蒙汗药中毒：饮冷水。忌服姜。白茯苓（五钱），生甘草（二钱），甜瓜蒂（七个），陈皮（五分），水煎冷服，剧烈呕吐后痊愈。
解巴豆中毒：芭蕉叶或石菖蒲捣汁饮用。大黄、黄连煎汤冷服。巴豆贴肉导致溃烂，用生黄连末加水调敷。
解附子、乌头、天雄、草乌、射罔中毒：绿豆或黑豆煎汤冷冻后饮用。甘草、黑豆同煎冷服。
解钩吻中毒：灌入麻油或桐油或韭菜汁。白矾化水服用。金银花、甘草（各一两），生大黄（一钱），煎服。
解藜芦中毒：雄黄（一钱），研末用水冲服。藜芦敷肉，毒气入内，煎葱汤服用。
解藤黄中毒：腌菜水温服。
解误服相反药物中毒：蚕退纸烧成灰，冷水调服。
解野蘑菇中毒：生甘草（二两），白芷（三钱），煎服，用鹅毛探喉催吐，不吐则泻。金银花捣汁饮用。绿豆生研，新汲水搅拌，澄清后服用。
解白果中毒：白果壳煎汤服用。白鲞头煎汤频频灌服。滚水磨木香，加入少许麝香灌服。
解樱桃中毒：灌青蔗浆。
解砒霜中毒：硼砂（一两）研末，鸡蛋清（七个）调匀灌服。树根或冬青叶或夏枯草捣汁饮用。明矾、大黄研末，新汲水调匀灌服。中砒毒全身出现紫色肿块者，急作地浆频频灌服，待肿块消散尽，一吐即苏醒，即使是冬天也必须用此法。砒霜敷身，患处疼痛溃烂，用湿泥频频涂抹，假如毒气入内引起呕吐腹泻，饮冷米醋解毒，或生绿豆研末，麻油调服。
玉石刺入腹中：葱白煮浓汁服用。
金银刺入腹中：红枣煮烂随意食用。鸡矢（半升），用水淋取汁（一升），饮用，每天三四次，濒死者可救活。
铜铁锡刺入腹中：木贼草研末，鸡蛋清调服。连根葱煮汁，麻油调服。
解银黝中毒：灌生羊血，吐尽即愈。
（刊注）“黝”字俗写很多，诸书说法不一。我年幼时不知从哪个写法为准，夜里忽然梦见一个人大声说：“应当遵循北宫黝的‘黝’字才是对的”，醒来觉得奇异。遍考字义，确实应该作黝。俗话说：思考思考，鬼神也会相通。难道不是这样吗！所以记录下来。
解水银中毒：开口花椒吞服（二钱）。
解蛊毒：浓煎石榴皮饮用。
解螃蟹中毒：生姜汁或藕汁、芦根汁灌服。误犯荆芥，误与柿同食，均浓煎木香汤饮用。
解虾中毒：橘皮煎汤饮用。
解蛙毒：车前草捣汁饮用。
解河豚中毒：灌麻油。茅根、芦根（各一两），瓜蒂（一个），煎服。紫苏或薄荷捣绞浓汁饮用，或用干的煎浓服用。
解鸩羽中毒：犀角磨汁饮用。金银花（八两），煎汁两碗，加入白矾、寒水石、花粉（各三钱），石菖蒲（二钱），麦冬（五分），煎服灌下，待眼睛不再上视，口中能说话，照原方减半，再服两剂即愈。
解鹤顶红中毒：糯米煮粥捣烂，过量喝下，也能解鸩羽毒。
解雄鸡毒：磨犀角饮用。醋饮用。
解牛马肉中毒：饮人乳。石菖蒲研水服用。芦根或菊花连根捣汁，和酒服用。
解马肝中毒：猪骨烧成灰，或淡豆豉，或头垢，并用水调服。服猪脂（一斤）。
解狗、野狼肉中毒：芦根捣汁饮用。杏仁去皮尖（四两），研碎，开水调和，分三次服用。
解盐卤中毒：生甘草（三两），煎汁冷冻后饮用。生黄豆水研绞汁饮用。
解酒中毒：人乳和热黄酒服用，外用生熟汤浸泡身体，则汤化为酒，人也就醒了。
解烧酒中毒：萝卜汁、青蔗浆随量灌服。绿豆研水灌服，或浓煎枳子汤灌服。大醉不醒，急用热豆腐遍体贴在身上，冷了即换，以醒为度。外用井水浸泡头发，并用旧布浸湿，贴在胸膈，仍细细灌服，至苏醒为度。凡烧酒醉后吸烟，则酒焰内燃而死。也有醉后内火如焚却反而恶寒的，加厚衣被也能致死。即使口渴饮冷，也只宜细细饮用，以引毒火外达，若连饮过多，热毒反为骤冷所遏制，无法外达，也多闭伏不救。
（刊注）海阳汪葵田先生《古愚消夏录》说：毒之为毒，暗藏于服食起居中，更有令人不可名状的，如日用饮食；其物性相反，不知误食，以及厨师不善烹饪，未得其法，食之即为中毒，不必服砒、鸩才算是中毒。这话很对。他所辑录的《解毒编》一卷，最为详备，而近来更有甚于砒、鸩的，则是鸦片烟。因为砒、鸩不易得到，而鸦片烟遍地皆有，所以杀人最广泛。于是附上解救方如下：
解鸦片中毒：肥皂或金鱼捣烂，或猪矢水和绞汁灌服，吐出即愈。生南瓜捣烂，绞汁频频灌服。甘草煎浓汁，候冷频频灌服。用鸦片灌入猪肠中，扎紧两头，悬挂等待，久了肠裂而断，其性之毒烈，能消刮脂膏也如此，记得甘蔗名叫接肠草，且甘凉解毒，榨汁频频灌服，必定可得生。
芦苇管中的飞灰，只有河内县的芦苇应候而飞，可见药物之所产，各有地域的适宜。而物性各有专长，如蜜者密也，所以能固密护内；酥者苏也，所以能融化攻坚。又各有所制，如象牙用醋浸泡一夜则软如腐，再用木贼水煮之则坚如故；白银触倭硫黄则色黑；犀、羚之角畏人气，珍珠畏尸气，都不可与铁与柏木靠近，梨与萝卜同藏、冬天采橙橘藏在绿豆中，都不会坏；铜用凫茈水煮可刻字，木槿叶揉水浸丝线，络则不乱；桃仁、杏仁可澄清水：血污衣服嚼萝卜擦之即洁，墨污衣服生半夏或白果、杏仁捣烂揉之即去；治胞衣不下，用芡叶囫囵不碎的一张，煎汤服用立效，若芡叶裂作两片者，胞衣亦分裂而下，真是奇方啊。这些都不可以用常理推测。围炉炭火猛烈，分开易灭，不分易炽，用草纸一张覆于火顶，烧过灰存，则火不焰而四布矣。严冬向火，只有桑柴炭不燥皮肤。养老的人应该知道，不仅是为了煎药所珍贵。
（校注）上文论述药性。
毕拱辰说：西方格致名家，遇到殊死重囚，多花钱购买尸体，层层剥寸，剖析导引，毫发无不推勘，所以他们的著论极为详尽。按新莽时期捕获王孙庆，派太医尚方与巧屠共同剖剥，量度五脏，用竹管导其脉，知所终始，也可以治病。又宋庆历年间待制杜杞，抓获湖南贼欧希范与酋领数十人，全部肢解于市，都剖腹剖肾肠，使医与画人一一探索，绘以为画，事情与西方颇类似。至于精思研究，不作一点凭空揣度的话，则是西士所独有的。我认为人与动物都是气以成形，经云“出入废则神机化灭”，如革囊盛水而不漏，其活时的元府已无可验证，所以有形之死质可睹，无形之功用不可睹也。纵然精思研究，断不能像《西游记》所说钻入人腹，周行脏腑经络，尽悉其所以然，而后出以着书，不过是剖析导引，推测其所当然而已。所以他的著《人身说概》、《人身图说》等书，虽有发明，足补华人所未逮，然而不免穿凿之弊。信其可信，阙其可疑，是皮里春秋读法也。
（校注）人身经络脏腑，虽然《灵枢》、《素问》言之凿凿，然而上古圣人以不忍之心行不忍之政，著书疗病，意在仁民，不过以天纵之明，推测其理而已。见其生，不忍见其死，庖厨尚远，岂忍剖割同类，而为屠刽作俑哉！新莽、杜杞忍为此事，而太医之书，画人之图，皆不传于世。后之谈内景者，又不屑询于屠刽之流。若非泰西之书入于中国，则脏腑真形，虽饮上池水者，亦未曾洞见也。
（注）《说概》说：人周身骸骨，大的二百余块，细小的百余块。小的形状，如米粒、脂麻，用以联系接台于大骨交界处，共成全体。按《洗冤录》说：人骨三百六十五节，合周天三百六十五度，而这里只说大小三百余块，竟不定其数，是因为人身骨数略有多少不同。《金鉴》说：男子巅顶骨三叉缝，女人十字缝，是骨形不同。又《洗冤录》说：男子骨白，女人骨黑，是骨色不同。男子头骨八片，蔡川有九片的，女子头骨六片，是骨数不同。男子肋骨二十四条，庆元人有二十二条的，女人肋骨二十八条。转肘骨、辅腿骨并名髀骨，女子皆无。按晋文公骈胁，是肋骨不同；文之明脊骨连脑，是脊骨不同；张奖誉口齿四十，是齿骨不同；胡敏庶兄弟三人，手十指各生六节，是指骨不同，张文昌膝骨大于腿，是膝骨不同。其他如平人肋骨有十六、十八条的，齿也有二十三、四不等的。盖天地生人，秉气浓薄，赋质不齐，无足为异。杨素园明府说：这个说法是对的。曾检查头骨，有浑成不分片数的。其女子的骨，较男子尤莹白，未见有黑色的。所以《洗冤录》一书，最不可拘泥。《说概》又说：背脊骨共三十四节，悉有管轴相连承受，如门臼枢轴然。每节两边有小窍，以通筋脉，脊骨中有髓，上下相通。按此当从《内经》二十四节为是。《洗冤录》说：颈项骨五节，脊背骨六节，脊膂骨七节，腰眼骨五节，方骨一节，共二十四节。方骨形长方，有八窍，作两行，如博具中人牌式。其下即尾蛆骨，男子的缀脊处凹，两旁皆有尖瓣如菱角，周布九窍，女子的缀脊处平直，周布六窍。《新论》也说脊骨二十四节，颈骨第一节，乃承头之首节，其形与别节有异，因其功用不同也。其中孔大于下节，如瓠芦之形，孔前近边有微凹，盖衔接次节之榫，使头转动利便也。此两节之所以异于余节者，因人首必须左右转盼，故次节有榫凸出如门之枢，后有坚韧筋带紧相缠缚，使首节转顾灵活。曾见人以两手挟把小儿头，而悬举以为戏者，殊险极可畏也。盖下体之重，系于次节，若使筋带裂绝，则枢纽脱陷，而首节开离，一坏髓柱即能害命，或骤然扭举，害尤甚焉。《说概》论脆骨说：其在内为护守、为粘连，在眼司开阖，在耳司听，在鼻司臭，在喉司呼吸。又说：心窝之下，皆脆骨。按《洗冤录》说：心骨一片，状如钱大，即心坎骨。《金鉴》名蔽心骨，亦名鸠尾骨。损此骨者立毙。又胯骨分左右，形如月牙，其两骨梢头镶拢处名架骨。架骨之上有一羞秘骨一块，如指头大，薄如指甲，极柔脆，色白如玉。私一人即有一点青痕，阅人多则青黑殆遍，死后日久即腐化。此二脆骨西人未详，不知何故。
又《人身图说》所言脏腑之形，与《灵》、《素》、《难经》之论迥然不同，或者疑中外人形稍异，脏象亦殊。道光间，玉田王勋臣先生谓著书不明脏腑，真是痴人说梦，治病不明脏腑，何异盲子夜行！概古人以无凭之谈，作欺人之事。谓心、肝、肺以分两计之，每件重几许，大、小肠以尺丈计之，每件长若干，胃大几许，容谷几斗几升。其言仿佛似真，其实脏腑未见。因不避秽污，亲历审视，虚心访察，积四十年之考证，而著《医林改错》一书，所载脏腑诸形，与《图说》略同。近阅惠爱医馆《全体新论》说：世有古今、地分中外，人之形貌，各有不同，至脏腑功用、血气营运，无少焉异。俞理初熟于《内经》，因未见《改错》，过信古书，遂谓中外禀质不同，生源亦异。噫！此何异俗吏做案以合例哉？且云因脏腑不同，故立教不同。夫泰西之教，虽不同于中国，而彰善瘅恶，未尝不同。盖立教不同者，何必脏腑不同耶？孔、孟、杨、墨，并生中国，而立教不同者，非有形之脏腑不同，乃无形之性道不同也。推之舜、象、惠、跖，生于一本，而圣狂迥别者，岂脏腑之不同乎？世斥谬妄者曰：此人别有肺肠。非言其肺肠之形不同也，亦言其无形之心术不端，以致气质偏戾而志向乖僻也。想俞氏误解此言，故
What is this called? Understanding this, the same applies to a family's wealth. Therefore, those who are good at maintaining wealth should disperse it. If one does not understand this and merely desires the family to become rich, it will inevitably lead to descendants being foolish and rebellious, ultimately resulting in destruction due to excessive hoarding. This is primarily because of ignorance of the nature of things, thereby shackling human nature. Alas! A pig becoming too fat is a disaster for the pig; this is why understanding the nature of things is indispensable for preserving health and protecting the family. Thus, I have written these words.
Dingxiang You (Clove Oil) originates from the Southern Seas and is extracted by pressing female cloves. The oil is purple in color, with an aromatic and pungent odor. People from that region store it in glass vessels because if not sealed tightly, the fragrance will escape. Its nature is extremely hot; it penetrates orifices and collaterals, dispels cold and dampness, and its efficacy is more potent than that of cloves. For conditions belonging to cold, such as chest and abdominal pain and distension, vomiting, hiccupping, diarrhea, and masses like痞聚 (accumulation of qi and blood) and 疝瘕 (hernia and tumors), applying it to the affected area and the umbilicus is effective. If the oil contains yellow-black hues and has a pungent smell resembling camphor, it is Zhangmu You (Camphor Wood Oil), which must be distinguished. Similarly, Rougui You (Cinnamon Bark Oil) and Tanxiang You (Sandalwood Oil) can be understood by analogy regarding their indications.
(Collated) Recently, Bohe You (Peppermint Oil) has also arrived from overseas. It is beneficial for applying to the affected area in cases of wind-heat headache and gum pain.
(Published) Mr. Xu Xuan was from Qiantang and authored "Liji Shierzong" (Twelve Works of Liji): "Bencao Gangmu Shiyi" (Supplement to Compendium of Materia Medica) ten volumes, "Yilin Jiye" (Collected Gems from the Medical Forest) sixteen volumes, "Zhuyou Luyan" (Records of Verified Divination Healing) four volumes, "Bencao Hua" (Conversations on Materia Medica) twenty-two volumes, "Huayao Xiaominglu" (Small Record of Flower Medicines) four volumes, "Shesheng Xianlan" (Leisurely Reading on Health Preservation) four volumes, "Qiyao Beikao" (Preliminary Research on Strange Medicines) six volumes, "Yangsu Yuan Chuanxin Fang" (Prescriptions from Yangsu Garden) six volumes, "Nanglu Ji" (Collection of Dew) four volumes, "Chuan Ya" (Itinerant Medicine) eight volumes, "Shengjiang Mi Yao" (Secrets of Ascending and Descending) two volumes, "Yaoxing Yuanjie" (Original Explanation of Drug Properties) four volumes. Recorded in Gu's "Mulu Hebian" (Combined Catalogue) from Tongxiang. Unfortunately, most books were not printed. We only hope that those who possess the complete manuscripts will strive to publish them for the benefit of the world.
To resolve poisoning from various drugs: Decoct Gancao Tang (Licorice Decoction) thickly and drink when cool. Drink Dijiang Shui (Earth Soil Water). Grind Bai Biandou (White Hyacinth Bean) raw into powder and take with cool water.
To resolve poisoning from accidental ingestion of Renshen (Ginseng): Crush fresh Lubo (Radish) and drink the juice, or decoct Lubu Zi (Radish Seed) and take the soup.
To resolve poisoning from various heat-inducing drugs: Decoct Lüdou (Mung Bean) or Gancao (Licorice) thickly and drink when cold.
To resolve poisoning from Menghan Yao (Knockout Drug): Drink cold water. Avoid taking Jiang (Ginger). Use Baifuren Wuqian (Bai Fu Ling 5 qian), Sheng Gancao Erqian (Raw Licorice 2 qian), Tiangu Di Qige (Sweet Melon Stalk 7 pieces), Chenpi Wufen (Tangerine Peel 0.5 fen), decoct in water, drink when cold; recovery follows severe vomiting.
To resolve poisoning from Badou (Croton Seed): Crush Bajiao Ye (Banana Leaf) or Shichangpu (Acorus) and drink the juice. Decoct Dahuang (Rhubarb) and Huanglian (Coptis) and drink when cold. If Badou applied to skin causes ulceration, apply Sheng Huanglian Mo (Raw Coptis Powder) mixed with water.
To resolve Jiaojiao (Sichuan Pepper) poisoning: Drink Dijiang Shui (Earth Soil Water) or Xinji Shui (Fresh Well Water). Eat several dates.
To resolve Bingpian (Borneol) poisoning: Drink Xinji Shui (Fresh Well Water).
To resolve poisoning from Fuzi (Prepared Aconite Root), Wutou (Aconite Mother Root), Tianxiong (Male Aconite Root), Caowu (Tubers of Purple Aconite), and She Wang (Poisonous Extract): Decoct Lüdou (Mung Bean) or Heidou (Black Soybean) and drink when frozen/cold. Decoct Gancao (Licorice) and Heidou (Black Soybean) together and drink when cold.
To resolve Gouwen (Aconitum brachypodum) poisoning: Instill Mahua (Hemp Oil), Tongyou (Tung Oil), or Jiucai Zhi (Chinese Chive Juice). Dissolve Bai Fan (Alum) in water and take. Use Jinyinhua (Honeysuckle) and Gancao (Licorice) (each 1 liang), Sheng Dahuang (Raw Rhubarb) (1 qian), decoct and take.
To resolve Lilu (Veratrum) poisoning: Use Xionghuang (Realgar) (1 qian), grind and take with water. If Lilu applied to skin allows poison to enter internally, decoct Congtang (Onion Soup) and take.
To resolve Xianmao (Curculigo Rhizome) poisoning: Decoct Dahuang (Rhubarb) and Puxiao (Mirabilite) and take.
To resolve Yuanhua (Genkwa Flower) poisoning: Decoct Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia) and take.
To resolve Tenghuang (Gamboge) poisoning: Take with warm pickled vegetable water.
To resolve poisoning from accidentally taking incompatible drugs: Burn Cantui Zhi (Silkworm Cocoon Paper) to ash, mix with cold water, and take.
To resolve Ye Xun (Wild Mushroom) poisoning: Use Sheng Gancao (Raw Licorice) (2 liang), Baizhi (Angelica Dahurica) (3 qian), decoct and take; use goose feather to induce vomiting, if no vomiting then diarrhea occurs. Crush Jinyinhua (Honeysuckle) and drink the juice. Grind Lüdou (Mung Bean) raw, stir with Xinji Shui (Fresh Well Water), clarify, and take.
To resolve Baiguo (Ginkgo Nut) poisoning: Decoct Baiguo Qiao (Ginkgo Shell) and take. Decoct Baixian Tou (Dried Fish Head) and instill frequently. Grind Muxiang (Aquilaria) in boiling water, add a little Shexiang (Musk), and instill.
To resolve Ku Xing (Bitter Apricot Kernel) poisoning: Decoct Xingshu Pi (Apricot Tree Bark) and take.
To resolve Yingtao (Cherry) poisoning: Instill Qingzhe Jiang (Green Sugarcane Juice).
To resolve poisoning from various fruits: Burn Zhugu (Pig Bone) to ash, decoct and take. Mix Yushudan (Jade Pill) with water and instill.
To resolve Tongyou (Tung Oil) poisoning: Eat dried persimmons.
To resolve Shi Yao (Mineral Drug) poisoning: Crush Qincai (Celery) or Kuicai (Malva) and drink the juice.
To resolve Zhongru (Stalactite) poisoning: Boil and eat pork.
To resolve Xionghuang (Realgar) poisoning: Decoct Fangji (Stephania Tetrandra) and take.
To resolve Zaofan (Vitriol) poisoning: Make paste from Maifan (Wheat Flour) and take frequently.
To resolve Pi Du (Arsenic Poisoning): Grind Pengsha (Borax) (1 liang) into powder, mix with Jizi Qing (Egg White) (7 eggs), and instill. Crush Shugen (Tree Root), Dongqing Ye (Wintergreen Leaf), or Xiaku Cao (Prunella) and drink the juice. Grind Mingfan (Alum) and Dahuang (Rhubarb), mix with Xinji Shui (Fresh Well Water), and instill. In cases of arsenic poisoning where the whole body presents with purple nodules, urgently prepare Dijiang (Earth Soil Water) and instill frequently. Wait until nodules dissipate; after one episode of vomiting, consciousness returns. This method is necessary even in winter. If arsenic ointment is applied to the skin causing painful ulceration, frequently apply wet mud. If poison enters internally causing vomiting and diarrhea, drink cold rice vinegar to resolve it, or grind Sheng Lüdou (Raw Mung Bean) into powder, mix with Mahua (Hemp Oil), and take.
For Porcelain Shard Embedded in Abdomen: Crush Sheng Hong Lubo (Red Radish) and swallow. Frequently swallow Gan Xingtang (Dry Maltose Sugar).
For Jade/Stone Embedded in Abdomen: Decoct Congbai (Scallion White) thickly and take the juice.
For Gold/Silver Embedded in Abdomen: Boil Hongzao (Red Date) until soft and eat freely. Use Jishi (Chicken Dropping) (half sheng),淋取汁 (drip water to extract juice) (1 sheng), drink, 3-4 times a day; death can be reversed.
For Copper/Iron/Tin Embedded in Abdomen: Grind Muzei Cao (Equisetum) into powder, mix with Jizi Qing (Egg White) and take. Decoct Ligen Cong (Scallion with roots) and mix with Mahua (Hemp Oil) to take.
To resolve Qianfen (Lead Carbonate) poisoning: Crush Lubo (Radish) or Qibi (Water Chestnut) and drink the juice. Take Mahua (Hemp Oil), Fengmi (Honey), and Yitang (Maltose) mixed together.
To resolve Yin You (Silver Sulfide/Patina) poisoning: Instill Sheng Yangxue (Raw Sheep Blood); recovery follows complete vomiting.
(Published Note) The character "You" has many vulgar variants, and different books give different explanations. When I was young, I did not know which to follow. One night I suddenly dreamed of a person shouting loudly: "You should follow the 'You' from Bei Gong You." I woke up feeling it was strange. After examining the meanings of characters extensively, it indeed should be written as "You". As the saying goes: "Think deeply, and spirits will connect." Is this not true? Therefore, I record this.
To resolve Shuiyin (Mercury) poisoning: Swallow Kaikou Huajiao (Open-mouthed Sichuan Pepper) (2 qian).
To resolve Qingfen (Calomel) poisoning: Remove eyes from Chuanjiao (Sichuan Pepper), swallow with white boiled water. Soak Sheng Biandou (Raw Hyacinth Bean) thoroughly, crush, and drink the juice.
To resolve Gu Du (Gu Poison): Decoct Shiliupi (Pomegranate Peel) thickly and drink.
To resolve Banmao (Blister Beetle) and Qing Du (Green Poison): Mix Liuyisan (Six-One Powder) with cool water and take.
To resolve Huangla (Yellow Wax) poisoning: Decoct Dongkuizi (Malva Seed) or Baicai (Chinese Cabbage) and drink.
To resolve Crab Poisoning: Instill Shengjiang Zhi (Ginger Juice), Ou Zhi (Lotus Root Juice), or Lugen Zhi (Reed Root Juice). If mistakenly exposed to Jingjie (Schizonepeta) or eaten with persimmons, decoct Muxiang (Aquilaria) thickly and drink.
To resolve Shrimp Poisoning: Decoct Jupí (Orange Peel) and drink.
To resolve Frog Poisoning: Crush Cheqiancao (Plantain Herb) and drink the juice.
To resolve Pufferfish Poisoning: Instill Mahua (Hemp Oil). Decoct Maogen (Imperata Root) and Lugen (Reed Root) (each 1 liang), and Goudi (Melon Stalk) (1 piece) and take. Crush Zisu (Perilla) or Bohe (Peppermint) to extract thick juice and drink, or decoct dried herbs thickly and take.
To resolve Turtle Poisoning: Instill Dianqing Shui (Indigo Water). Dissolve salt in water and drink.
To resolve Eel Poisoning: Eating crab cures it, or instill Dijiang (Earth Soil Water). If exposed to Jingjie (Schizonepeta), also drink Dijiang (Earth Soil Water).
To resolve Zhen Yu (Poisonous Bird Feather) Poisoning: Grind Xijiao (Rhino Horn) and drink the juice. Use Jinyinhua (Honeysuckle) (8 liang), decoct to obtain two bowls of juice, add Baifan (Alum), Hanshui Shi (Calcite), Huafen (Trichosanthes Root) (each 3 qian), Shichangpu (Acorus) (2 qian), Maidong (Ophiopogon) (0.5 fen), decoct and instill. Wait until eyes stop rolling upward and speech resumes, then halve the dosage and take two more doses for recovery.
To resolve Heding Du (Rooster Comb Poison): Cook glutinous rice into porridge, mash it, and drink excessively; it also resolves Zhen Yu (Poisonous Bird Feather) poisoning.
To resolve Rooster Poison: Grind Xijiao (Rhino Horn) and drink. Drink vinegar.
To resolve Beef/Horse Meat Poison: Drink Renru (Human Milk). Grind Shichangpu (Acorus) with water and take. Crush Lugen (Reed Root) or Juhua (Chrysanthemum) with roots and take with wine.
To resolve Horse Liver Poison: Burn Zhugu (Pig Bone) to ash, or use Danshichui (Fermented Soybean), or Toutou Gou (Earwax), mix with water and take. Take Zhu Zhi (Pig Fat) (1 jin).
To resolve Dog/Wild Wolf Meat Poison: Crush Lugen (Reed Root) and drink the juice. Remove skin and tips from Xingren (Apricot Kernel) (4 liang), grind, mix with boiling water, and divide into three doses.
To resolve Mutton Poison: Decoct Gancao (Licorice) and take. Decoct Lizike (Chestnut Shell) and drink.
To resolve Pork Poison: Crush Bajiao Gen (Banana Root) and drink the juice. Mix Baishatang (White Rock Sugar) (1 liang) with white boiled water and take.
To resolve Salt Brine Poison: Decoct Sheng Gancao (Raw Licorice) (3 liang), freeze the juice, and drink. Grind Sheng Huangdou (Raw Soybean) in water, squeeze, and drink the juice.
To resolve Alcohol Poison: Mix Renru (Human Milk) with hot yellow wine and take. Externally, soak the body in raw and cooked hot water; the water transforms into alcohol, and the person awakens.
To resolve Distilled Spirits Poison: Instill Lubo Zhi (Radish Juice) or Qingzhe Jiang (Green Sugarcane Juice) as needed. Grind Lüdou (Mung Bean) in water and instill, or decoctor Zhi Zi (Gardenia) thickly and instill. For severe drunkenness without waking, urgently apply hot tofu all over the body; replace when cold, until awake. Externally, soak hair in well water, and apply old cloth soaked in water to the chest and diaphragm, still instilling slowly until awakening. Smoking after drinking distilled spirits causes internal fire from alcohol flames leading to death. Some experience internal burning heat but feel aversion to cold after drunkenness; adding thick clothes and blankets can also cause death. Even if thirsty and drinking cold liquids, one should sip slowly to guide toxic heat outward. Drinking too much at once suppresses toxic heat with sudden cold, preventing it from exiting, often leading to fatal closure.
(Published Note) Mr. Wang Kuitian of Haiyang in "Guyu Xiaoxia Lu" says: Poison hides secretly in food and daily life, sometimes in ways indescribable, such as in daily diet. If substances have opposing natures and are mistakenly eaten, or if cooks are incompetent and fail to master methods, eating them causes poisoning; one does not need to consume arsenic or poisonous bird feathers to be poisoned. This statement is correct. His compiled "Jiedu Bian" (Compilation of Antidotes) one volume is the most detailed. However, recently there is something worse than arsenic and poisonous bird feathers: opium smoke. Since arsenic and poisonous bird feathers are hard to obtain, while opium smoke is everywhere, it kills people most widely. Therefore, I attach the following rescue formulas:
To resolve Opium Poison: Crush Soapfish or Goldfish, or mix Pig Manure with water, squeeze juice, and instill; recovery follows vomiting. Crush Sheng Nangua (Raw Pumpkin), squeeze juice, and instill frequently. Decoct Gancao (Licorice) thickly, let cool, and instill frequently. By instilling opium into pig intestines, tying both ends, and hanging them, the intestines eventually rupture and break due to the toxicity's ability to dissolve fat. Remembering sugarcane is called "Intestine-Reconnecting Grass," and since it is sweet, cool, and detoxifying, squeezing juice and instilling frequently will surely save life.
The flying ash in reed tubes only flies in Heyang County reeds according to the seasons, showing that medicinal materials have specific geographical preferences. Each substance has specialized properties; for example, honey implies density, so it can consolidate and protect the interior; butter implies revitalization, so it can melt and overcome hardness. Each has specific controls: Ivory becomes soft as rot after soaking in vinegar overnight, then becomes hard again after boiling in Muzei (Horsetail) water; Silver turns black upon contact with Japanese sulfur; Rhino and Antelope horns fear human breath, pearls fear corpse breath, and none should be near iron or cypress wood. Storing pears and radishes together, or storing winter oranges and tangerines in mung beans prevents spoilage. Copper can be engraved after boiling in Fuci (Water Chestnut) water; Hibiscus leaf water soaked silk threads do not tangle; Peach and Apricot kernels can clarify water; chewing radish cleans blood-stained clothes; crushing Sheng Banxia (Raw Pinellia), Baiguo (Ginkgo), or Xingren (Apricot Kernel) removes ink stains from clothes. To treat retained placenta, decoct one intact Qieye (Euryale Leaf) and take; if the leaf is split into two, the placenta also splits and descends—a truly miraculous formula. These cannot be measured by ordinary logic. Regarding charcoal fires: splitting them makes them easy to extinguish, keeping them together makes them burn fiercely. Covering the fire top with a sheet of grass paper burns to ash but spreads heat without flame. In severe winter, Sangchai Tan (Mulberry Charcoal) does not dry the skin. Those caring for the elderly should know this, not just for decocting medicine.
(Collated) The above discusses drug properties.
Bi Gongchen said: Western experts in natural sciences, when encountering serious criminals sentenced to death, often purchase bodies, dissect layer by layer, and examine every detail meticulously, so their theories are extremely detailed. According to records, during the Xin Mang period, Wang Sunqing was captured and ordered to be dissected by Imperial Physicians and skilled butchers, measuring organs and using bamboo tubes to trace meridians to understand origins and endings, which could also treat diseases. Later, during the Song Qingli era, Du Qi captured Ou Xifan and dozens of leaders in Hunan, executed them publicly, dissected their abdomens and kidneys, and had physicians and painters explore and draw them, similar to Western practices. However, meticulous research without baseless speculation is unique to Western scholars. I believe humans and animals are formed by Qi. The Classic says, "If entry and exit cease, the spirit mechanism perishes." Like a leather bag holding water without leaking, the vital pores of the living cannot be verified, so the form of dead matter is visible, but invisible functions are not. Even with meticulous research, one cannot drill into the abdomen, traverse organs and meridians, understand everything, and then write books as described in "Journey to the West"; it is merely dissecting and inferring what ought to be. Thus, his works "Renshen Shuogai" (General Description of the Human Body) and "Renshen Tushuo" (Illustrated Description of the Human Body), although innovative and supplementing Chinese knowledge, inevitably suffer from forced interpretations. Believe what is credible, omit what is doubtful; this is the method of reading "Spring and Autumn Annals" within.
(Collated) Although "Ling Shu" and "Su Wen" clearly discuss human meridians and organs, ancient sages acted with compassion, writing books to treat diseases with the intent to benevolently serve the people, inferring principles through heavenly brilliance. Seeing life, they could not bear to see death; far removed from butchery, how could they bear to dissect kindred beings and initiate slaughter? Xin Mang and Du Qi endured doing this, but medical texts and painter diagrams did not survive. Later discussants of internal scenery disdain consulting butchers. Without Western books entering China, even those who drank Shangchi Water (water from the upper pool, implying profound medical knowledge) would never have seen the true form of organs.
(Note) "Shuogai" states: The human body has over 200 large bones and over 100 small bones. Small bones are shaped like rice grains or sesame seeds, connecting large bones at joints to form the whole body. "Xiyuan Lu" states: Human bones have 365 segments, corresponding to the 365 degrees of the celestial sphere, but here only 300+ are mentioned because bone counts vary slightly. "Jin Jian" states: Men have a trifurcated suture at the vertex, women have a cross-shaped suture, indicating shape differences. "Xiyuan Lu" also states: Men's bones are white, women's are black, indicating color differences. Men have 8 cranial bones, some in Caichuan have 9; women have 6, indicating number differences. Men have 24 ribs, some in Qingyuan have 22; women have 28. Zhuanzhou Gu (Trans-elbow bone) and Fului Gu (Auxiliary leg bone) are named Bigu (Thigh Bone), absent in women. Duke Wen of Jin had fused ribs, indicating rib differences; Wen's bright spine connected to the brain, indicating spine differences; Zhang Jiangyu had 40 teeth, indicating tooth differences; Hu Min's three brothers had six joints in each finger, indicating finger differences; Zhang Wenchang's knee bones were larger than legs, indicating knee differences. Others have 16 or 18 ribs, 23 or 24 teeth. Heaven and Earth generate humans with varying Qi density and constitution, so this is not strange. Mayor Yang Suyuan said: This view is correct. I have examined skulls that are integral without segmentation. Women's bones are whiter than men's, rarely black. Thus, "Xiyuan Lu" should not be taken literally. "Shuogai" further states: The vertebral column has 34 segments, connected by tubes and axes like door hinges. Each segment has small holes on both sides to connect tendons and vessels, with marrow inside connecting up and down. This should follow "Nei Jing"'s 24 segments. "Xiyuan Lu" states: Cervical vertebrae 5, Thoracic 6, Lumbar 7, Sacral 5, Coccygeal 1, total 24. The sacrum is rectangular with 8 holes in two rows like dice. Below is the coccyx; in men, the attachment to the spine is concave with diamond-like spines and 9 holes; in women, it is flat with 6 holes. "Xin Lun" also states 24 vertebral segments. The first cervical vertebra supports the head, differing in shape due to function. Its central hole is larger than lower segments, shaped like a gourd, with a slight depression near the front edge to connect the second segment, facilitating head rotation. These two segments differ because the head must turn left and right; the second segment has a protruding tenon like a hinge, bound by tough ligaments behind, allowing flexibility. Holding a child's head by the ears and swinging it is extremely dangerous. The weight of the lower body rests on the second segment; if ligaments tear, the joint dislocates, the head separates, and damage to the spinal cord is fatal. Sudden twisting is even more harmful. "Shuogai" discusses cartilage: Internally for protection and adhesion, in eyes for opening/closing, in ears for hearing, in nose for smelling, in throat for breathing. Below the heart pit, all are cartilage. "Xiyuan Lu" states: Heart bone is one piece, coin-sized, called Xinkan Gu (Heart Pit Bone). "Jin Jian" calls it Bixin Gu (Covering Heart Bone) or Jiawei Gu (Swallow Tail Bone). Damage leads to immediate death. Hip bones are left and right, crescent-shaped; the junction is called Jiagu (Frame Bone). Above Jiagu is Xiemi Gu (Modesty Bone), finger-sized, thin as a nail, very fragile, white as jade. One sexual act leaves a blue mark; many acts cover it in blue-black; it rots after long post-mortem time. Westerners did not detail these two cartilages.
The organ shapes in "Renshen Tushuo" differ greatly from "Ling", "Su", and "Nan Jing". Some suspect Chinese and foreign bodies differ slightly, so organ manifestations differ. During Daoguang era, Wang Xunchen of Yutian said: Writing books without understanding organs is nonsense; treating disease without understanding organs is like blind men walking at night. Ancient people used unfounded talk to deceive. They weighed heart, liver, lungs, measured large/small intestines, estimated stomach capacity. Their words seemed true, but they hadn't seen organs. Avoiding filth, personally inspecting, investigating humbly, accumulating 40 years of research, he wrote "Yilin Gaicuo" (Correction of Errors in the Medical Forest), whose organ descriptions match "Tushuo" roughly. Recently reading "Quanti Xinlun" (New Discussion of the Whole Body) from Hui'ai Hospital: Times change, East and West differ, human appearances vary, but organ functions and Qi/Blood circulation are identical. Yu Lichu, familiar with "Nei Jing", having not seen "Gaicuo", overly trusted ancient books, claiming Chinese and foreign constitutions and sources differ. Alas! Is this not like petty officials forcing cases to fit regulations? He claims different religions stem from different organs. Although Western teachings differ from China, promoting good and condemning evil is the same. Why must teaching differences imply organ differences? Confucius, Mencius, Yang Zhu, Mozi lived in China with different teachings, not due to different organs but different natures and paths. Similarly, Shun and Xiang, Hui and Zhi, born from the same source, differ vastly in sagehood and madness, not due to organs. When criticizing absurdity, people say "this person has different lungs and intestines," meaning not physical difference but crooked mind and biased temperament. Yu likely misunderstood this.