黄帝问曰∶人之欠者，何气使然？岐伯对曰∶卫气昼行于阳，夜行于阴；阴主夜，夜主
卧；阳主上，阴主下。故阴气积于下，阳气未尽，阳引而上，阴引而下，阴阳相引，故数欠
。阳气尽，阴气盛，则目瞑；阴气尽，阳气盛，则寤。肾主欠，故泻足少阴，补足太阳。曰
∶人之哕者何？曰∶谷入胃，胃气上注于肺。今有故寒气，与新谷气俱还入于胃，新故相乱
，真邪相攻相逆，复出于胃，故为哕。肺主哕。故补手太阴，泻足太阴。亦可以草刺其鼻，
嚏而已，无息而疾引之立已，大惊之亦可已。曰∶人之唏者何？曰∶此阴气盛而阳气虚，阴
气疾而阳气徐，阴气盛阳气终，故为唏者。阴盛阳绝，故补足太阳，泻足少阴。曰∶
人之振寒者何？曰∶寒气客于皮肤，阴气盛阳气虚，故为振寒寒栗，补诸阳。曰∶人之噫者
何？曰∶寒气客于胃，厥逆从下上散，复出于胃，故为噫。补足太阴、阳明（一云补眉本）。
曰∶人之嚏者何？曰∶阳气和利，满于心，出于鼻，故为嚏。补足太阳荥、眉本（一云眉上）
。曰∶人之 者何？曰∶胃不实则诸脉虚，诸脉虚则筋脉懈惰，筋脉懈惰，则行阴用力
，气不能复，故为 。因其所在补分肉间。曰∶人之哀而泣涕者何？曰∶心者五脏六
腑之主也；目者宗脉之所聚也，上液之道也；口鼻者气之门户也。故悲哀愁忧则心动，
心动则五脏六腑皆摇，摇则宗脉感，宗脉感则液道开，液道开故涕泣出焉。液者所以灌精濡
空窍者也，故上液之道开则泣，泣不止则液竭，液竭则精不灌，精不灌则目无所见矣，故名
曰夺精，补天柱，经侠颈，侠颈者头中分也。曰∶有哭泣而泪不出者，若出而少涕，不知
水所从生，涕所从出也？曰∶夫心者五脏之专精也，目者其窍，华色其荣。是以人有德，
则气和于目，有亡忧知于色。是以悲哀则泣下，泣下水所由生也。众精（《素问》作水宗）者积水也
；积水者至阴也；至阴者肾之精也。宗精之水所以不出者，是精持之也，辅
之裹之，故水不行也。夫气之传也，水之精为志，火之精为神，水火相感，神志俱悲，是以
目之水生也。故谚言曰∶心悲又名曰志悲。志与心精共凑于目也。是以俱悲则神气传于心
精，上下传于志而志独悲，故泣出也。泣涕者脑也，脑者阳（《素问》作阴）也；髓者
骨之充也；故脑渗为涕。志者骨之主也；是以水流涕从之者，其类也。夫涕之与泣者，譬
如人之兄弟，急则俱死，生则俱生（《太素》作出则俱亡），其志以早悲，是以涕泣俱出而
相从者，所属之类也。曰∶人哭泣而泣不出者，若出而少，涕不从之，何也？曰∶夫泣不出
者，哭不悲也。不泣者，神不慈也。神不慈则志不悲，阴阳相持，泣安能独来。夫志悲者
惋，惋则冲阴，冲阴则志去目，志去则神不守精，精神去目，涕泣出也。夫经言乎，厥则目
光无所见。（自涕之与泣者以下至目光无所见原本漏，今以《素问》《灵枢》补之）。夫人厥
则阳气并于上，阴气并于下，阳并于上，则火独光也；阴并于下则足寒，足寒则胀。夫一水
不能胜五火，故目盲。是以气冲风，泣下而不止，夫风之中目也。阳气内守于精，是火气燔
目，故见风则泣下也。有以比之，夫（《素问》下有火字）疾风生，乃能雨，此之类也（《九卷
》言其形，《素问》言其精，亦互相发明也）。曰∶人之太息者何？曰∶忧思则心系急，心系急
则气道约，约则不利，故太息以伸出之。补手少阴、心主，足少阳留之。曰∶人之羡下
者何？曰∶饮食皆入于胃，胃中有热，热则虫动，虫动则胃缓，胃缓则廉泉开，故HT 下
。补足少阴。曰∶人之耳中鸣者何？曰∶耳者，宗脉之所聚也。故胃中空则宗脉虚，虚则
下，溜脉有所竭者，故耳鸣。补客主人，手大指甲上与肉交者。曰∶人之自啮舌者何？曰
∶此厥逆走上，脉气皆至也。少阴气至则自啮舌，少阳气至则啮频；阳明气至则啮唇
矣。视主病者补之。曰∶人之善忘者何？曰∶上气不足，下气有余，肠胃实而心肺虚。虚则
荣卫留于下，久不以时上，故善忘也。曰∶人之善饥不嗜食者何也？曰∶精气并于脾则热
留于胃，胃热则消谷，消谷故善饥，胃气逆上故胃脘塞，胃脘塞故不嗜食。善忘及善饥，
先视其腑脏，诛其小过，后调其气，盛则泻之，虚则补之。凡此十四邪者，皆奇邪走空窍者
也。邪之所在，皆为不足。故上气不足，脑为之不满，耳为之善鸣，头为之倾，目为之瞑；
中气不足，溲便为之变，肠为之善鸣，补之足外踝下留之；下气不足，则乃为痿厥心闷。
急刺足大指上二寸留之，一曰补足外踝下留之。
黄帝问道：人打哈欠，是什么气引起的？岐伯回答说：卫气白天运行于阳分，夜晚运行于阴分；阴分主管夜间，夜间主管睡眠；阳分主管上升，阴分主管下降。所以阴气积聚在下部，阳气尚未耗尽，阳气牵引向上，阴气牵引向下，阴阳相互牵引，所以频频打哈欠。当阳气耗尽，阴气旺盛时，眼睛就闭合（入睡）；当阴气耗尽，阳气旺盛时，人就醒来。肾主司打哈欠，所以治疗应泻足少阴肾经，补足太阳膀胱经。
黄帝问：人呃逆（打嗝），是怎么回事？岐伯说：食物进入胃中，胃气向上注入肺脏。现在如果有旧的寒气，与新进入胃的食物之气一起返还入胃，新旧之气相混乱，真气与邪气相冲突、相逆乱，再次从胃中冲出，所以发生呃逆。肺主司呃逆。所以治疗应补手太阴肺经，泻足太阴脾经。也可以用草刺激鼻子，引起喷嚏来止住呃逆，屏住呼吸并迅速引导气机，呃逆立刻停止，或者突然惊吓他也可以止住。
黄帝问：人唏嘘叹息是怎么回事？岐伯说：这是阴气盛而阳气虚，阴气运行急促而阳气运行缓慢，阴气盛而阳气衰竭，所以发生唏嘘叹息。阴盛阳绝，所以治疗应补足太阳膀胱经，泻足少阴肾经。
黄帝问：人战栗发冷是怎么回事？岐伯说：寒气客居在皮肤之间，阴气盛而阳气虚，所以发生战栗发冷，应当补益诸阳经。
黄帝问：人嗳气是怎么回事？岐伯说：寒气客居在胃中，厥逆之气从下向上散发，再次从胃中冲出，所以发生嗳气。治疗应补足太阴脾经、足阳明胃经（另一种说法是补眉本穴）。
黄帝问：人打喷嚏是怎么回事？岐伯说：阳气调和顺畅，充满于心，出于鼻窍，所以发生喷嚏。治疗应补足太阳膀胱经的荥穴和眉本穴（另一种说法是眉上穴）。
黄帝问：人伸懒腰是怎么回事？岐伯说：胃气不实则各经脉空虚，各经脉空虚则筋脉懈怠松弛，筋脉懈怠松弛，则在阴分用力行走，气不能恢复，所以发生伸懒腰。根据病变所在部位，补益分肉之间。
黄帝问：人悲哀哭泣流泪是怎么回事？岐伯说：心是五脏六腑的主宰；眼睛是宗脉汇聚的地方，也是上部津液通行的道路；口鼻是气体出入的门户。所以悲哀愁忧会使心动，心动则五脏六腑都摇动，摇动则宗脉受感应，宗脉受感应则津液通道打开，津液通道打开所以鼻涕眼泪流出。津液是用来灌注精髓、滋润空窍的，所以上部津液通道打开就会流泪，流泪不止则津液枯竭，津液枯竭则精髓得不到灌注，精髓得不到灌注则眼睛看不见东西了，所以名叫“夺精”，治疗应补天柱穴，该穴位在颈部经脉旁，侠颈指的是头部分界线两侧。
黄帝问：有人哭泣但不出泪，或者出了泪但鼻涕很少，不知道水是从哪里产生的，鼻涕是从哪里出来的？岐伯说：心是五脏精华的专聚之处，眼睛是其外窍，面色是其荣华表现。所以人有德行，则气机调和于目，有忧患则表现在面色上。所以悲哀则眼泪流出，眼泪流出的水是由此产生的。众精（《素问》作水宗）就是积水；积水来源于至阴；至阴就是肾的精髓。宗精之水之所以不流出，是因为精髓固持着它，辅佐包裹着它，所以水不流动。气的传导方面，水的精华为志，火的精华为神，水火相互感应，神与志都感到悲伤，所以眼中产生泪水。所以谚语说：心悲又名曰志悲。志与心精共同凑集于目。所以都悲伤时，神气传导于心精，上下传导于志而志独自悲伤，所以眼泪流出。涕和泪来源于脑，脑属阳（《素问》作阴）；髓是充养骨骼的；所以脑渗出的液体成为鼻涕。志是骨骼的主宰；所以水流鼻涕与之同类。涕与泪，就像人的兄弟，紧急时一起死亡，生存时一起生存（《太素》作出则俱亡），因为志预先悲伤，所以鼻涕眼泪一起流出且相随，因为它们所属类别相同。
黄帝问：人哭泣但不出泪，或者出了泪但很少，鼻涕不随之而来，这是为什么？岐伯说：不出泪，是因为哭得不悲伤。不流泪，是因为神不慈爱。神不慈爱则志不悲伤，阴阳相互持衡，眼泪怎么能单独出来。如果志悲伤则内心郁结，郁结则冲击阴分，冲击阴分则志离开眼睛，志离开则神不能守持精髓，精神离开眼睛，鼻涕眼泪就流出了。经文说，厥逆则目光无所见。（从“自涕之与泣者以下”到“目光无所见”原本遗漏，现以《素问》《灵枢》补充）。人发生厥逆则阳气并于上部，阴气并于下部，阳并于上，则火独显光芒；阴并于下则脚冷，脚冷则腹胀。一水不能胜五火，所以眼睛失明。所以气冲风，泪流不止，这是因为风邪中伤眼睛。阳气内守于精髓，这是火气焚烧眼睛，所以见到风就流泪。这可以类比，疾风生起，才能下雨，这就是这一类情况（《九卷》言其形态，《素问》言其精微，也互相阐明）。
黄帝问：人长叹气是怎么回事？岐伯说：忧思则心脉拘急，心脉拘急则气道约束，约束则不通利，所以长叹气以伸展它。治疗应补手少阴心经、手厥阴心包经，足少阳胆经留针。
黄帝问：人流口水是怎么回事？岐伯说：饮食都进入胃中，胃中有热，热则虫动，虫动则胃弛缓，胃弛缓则廉泉穴开放，所以流口水。治疗应补足少阴肾经。
黄帝问：人耳朵鸣响是怎么回事？岐伯说：耳朵是宗脉汇聚的地方。所以胃中空虚则宗脉虚弱，虚弱则下行，溜脉有所竭尽，所以耳鸣。治疗应补客主人穴，以及手大指甲上与肉交接处。
黄帝问：人自己咬舌头是怎么回事？岐伯说：这是厥逆之气走上，脉气都到达头部。少阴气到达则自己咬舌头，少阳气到达则咬脸颊；阳明气到达则咬嘴唇。观察主要病证所在的经络进行补法治疗。
黄帝问：人容易健忘是怎么回事？岐伯说：上部气不足，下部气有余，肠胃充实而心肺虚弱。虚弱则营卫之气滞留于下部，长时间不能上行，所以容易健忘。
黄帝问：人容易饥饿但不想吃东西是怎么回事？岐伯说：精气合并于脾则热气留在胃中，胃热则消化食物快，消化快所以容易饥饿，胃气逆上则胃脘堵塞，胃脘堵塞所以不想吃东西。对于健忘和易饥，先观察其脏腑，纠正小的过失，然后调理其气机，实证则泻之，虚证则补之。
凡是这十四种邪气，都是奇邪走窜空窍的。邪气所在之处，都是因为正气不足。所以上部气不足，头脑就不饱满，耳朵就容易鸣响，头容易倾斜，眼睛容易昏暗；中部气不足，大小便就会变化，肠道就容易鸣响，治疗应补足外踝下穴并留针；下部气不足，就会发生痿厥、心中烦闷。急刺足大指上二寸处并留针，一种说法是补足外踝下穴并留针。
Huangdi asked: What causes yawning in humans? Qibo replied: Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) circulates in the Yang aspects during the day and in the Yin aspects at night; Yin governs the night, and the night governs sleep; Yang governs ascent, and Yin governs descent. Therefore, when Yin Qi accumulates below and Yang Qi has not yet exhausted, Yang pulls upward while Yin pulls downward. The mutual pulling of Yin and Yang results in frequent yawning. When Yang Qi is exhausted and Yin Qi is abundant, the eyes close (sleep); when Yin Qi is exhausted and Yang Qi is abundant, one awakens. The Kidney governs yawning; therefore, treatment involves reducing the Foot Shaoyin (Kidney) channel and supplementing the Foot Taiyang (Bladder) channel.
Huangdi asked: What causes hiccups? Qibo said: Food enters the Stomach, and Stomach Qi flows upward to the Lung. If old Cold pathogen remains and mixes with the new food Qi returning to the Stomach, the new and old Qi become chaotic, and True Qi conflicts with Pathogenic Qi, reversing and rushing out from the Stomach, thus causing hiccups. The Lung governs hiccups; therefore, treatment involves supplementing the Hand Taiyin (Lung) channel and reducing the Foot Taiyin (Spleen) channel. Alternatively, stimulating the nose with grass to induce sneezing can stop hiccups. Holding the breath and rapidly guiding the Qi will also immediately resolve it, or startling the patient may also stop it.
Huangdi asked: What causes sighing? Qibo said: This occurs when Yin Qi is excessive and Yang Qi is deficient, with Yin Qi moving swiftly and Yang Qi moving slowly. When Yin is excessive and Yang is depleted, sighing occurs. Due to Yin excess and Yang depletion, treatment involves supplementing the Foot Taiyang (Bladder) channel and reducing the Foot Shaoyin (Kidney) channel.
Huangdi asked: What causes shivering and coldness? Qibo said: Cold pathogen lodges in the skin. With Yin Qi excessive and Yang Qi deficient, shivering and cold chills occur. Treatment involves supplementing all Yang channels.
Huangdi asked: What causes belching? Qibo said: Cold pathogen lodges in the Stomach. Jue Ni (Rebellious Qi) rises from below and scatters, then rushes out from the Stomach, causing belching. Treatment involves supplementing the Foot Taiyin (Spleen) and Foot Yangming (Stomach) channels (another version suggests supplementing Meiben).
Huangdi asked: What causes sneezing? Qibo said: When Yang Qi is harmonious and smooth, filling the Heart and emerging from the Nose, sneezing occurs. Treatment involves supplementing the Ying (Spring) point of the Foot Taiyang (Bladder) channel and Meiben (another version suggests points above the eyebrows).
Huangdi asked: What causes stretching? Qibo said: When Stomach Qi is not solid, the meridians become empty. Empty meridians lead to laxity and slackness of sinews and vessels. When sinews and vessels are lax, exerting effort in Yin activities prevents Qi from recovering, resulting in stretching. Treatment involves supplementing the space between the muscles according to the location of the pathology.
Huangdi asked: What causes crying and weeping tears due to sorrow? Qibo said: The Heart is the master of the Zang-Fu organs; the Eyes are the gathering place of the Zong Mai (Major Vessels) and the pathway for fluids from above; the Mouth and Nose are the portals of Qi. Sorrow and worry cause the Heart to move; when the Heart moves, all Zang-Fu organs tremble. Trembling stimulates the Zong Mai, which opens the fluid pathways, causing tears and mucus to flow. Fluids nourish essence and moisten orifices. When the upper fluid pathway opens, tears flow. If tearing continues without stopping, fluids are depleted; if fluids are depleted, essence is not nourished; if essence is not nourished, vision is lost. This is called "Loss of Essence." Treatment involves supplementing Tianzhu, located on the meridians flanking the neck, specifically where the neck meets the head's midline.
Huangdi asked: Why do some people cry without tears, or produce few tears and little mucus, not knowing where the water comes from or where the mucus originates? Qibo said: The Heart is the specialized accumulation of the essence of the five Zang organs, and the Eyes are its orifice, with facial luster being its manifestation. Virtue brings harmony to the eyes; worry manifests in color. Thus, sorrow causes tears to flow. The source of tear fluid is derived from here. "Zhong Jing" (Many Essences, referred to as Shui Zong/Water Ancestor in *Suwen*) refers to accumulated water; accumulated water comes from Zhi Yin (Extreme Yin); Zhi Yin is the essence of the Kidney. The water of Zong Jing does not flow because essence holds it, assisted and wrapped by other structures, preventing flow. Regarding Qi transmission: the essence of Water is Zhi (Will), and the essence of Fire is Shen (Spirit). When Water and Fire interact, both Shen and Zhi feel sorrow, causing water to appear in the eyes. Hence the proverb: Heart sorrow is also called Will sorrow. Zhi and Heart essence gather at the eyes. When both are sorrowful, Shen Qi transmits to Heart essence, circulating up and down to Zhi, making Zhi alone sorrowful, thus causing tears. Mucus and tears originate from the Brain; the Brain is Yang (Yin in *Suwen*); Marrow fills the bones; thus, brain seepage becomes mucus. Zhi is the master of bones; thus, flowing water and mucus follow this category. Tears and mucus are like brothers: in urgency, they die together; in life, they live together (*Taisu* says: appearing together they vanish). Since Zhi grieves early, mucus and tears emerge together following each other, belonging to the same category.
Huangdi asked: Why do some people cry without tears, or with few tears that are not accompanied by mucus? Qibo said: Absence of tears indicates lack of deep sorrow. Lack of tears means Shen is not compassionate. If Shen is not compassionate, Zhi is not sorrowful. Yin and Yang hold each other in balance, so how can tears come alone? If Zhi is sorrowful, there is internal depression; depression attacks Yin; attacking Yin causes Zhi to leave the eyes; when Zhi leaves, Shen cannot guard essence; when Spirit and Essence leave the eyes, mucus and tears flow. The classics state: Jue Ni leads to blindness. (The section from "regarding mucus and tears" to "blindness" was originally missing, now supplemented from *Suwen* and *Lingshu*). In Jue Ni, Yang Qi merges upward and Yin Qi merges downward. Yang merging upward means Fire shines alone; Yin merging downward causes cold feet, leading to distension. One water cannot overcome five fires, hence blindness. Thus, Qi surges with wind, causing endless tears, because Wind pathogen invades the eyes. If Yang Qi is internally retained in essence, Fire Qi burns the eyes, causing tearing upon exposure to wind. This is analogous to strong winds generating rain. (*Jiujuan* describes the form, *Suwen* describes the essence, mutually illuminating each other).
Huangdi asked: What causes long sighs? Qibo said: Worry and thought cause the Xin Mai (Heart Vessel) to contract. Contraction restricts the Qi pathway, causing obstruction. Long sighs serve to extend and relieve this. Treatment involves supplementing the Hand Shaoyin (Heart) and Hand Jueyin (Pericardium) channels, and retaining needle insertion in the Foot Shaoyang (Gallbladder) channel.
Huangdi asked: What causes drooling? Qibo said: Food enters the Stomach. Heat in the Stomach causes worms to move. Worm movement relaxes the Stomach. Stomach relaxation opens Lianquan, causing drooling. Treatment involves supplementing the Foot Shaoyin (Kidney) channel.
Huangdi asked: What causes tinnitus? Qibo said: The Ear is the gathering place of Zong Mai. Emptiness in the Stomach leads to deficiency in Zong Mai. Deficiency causes downward flow, and exhaustion in Liú Mai (Sliding Meridians) results in tinnitus. Treatment involves supplementing Kerenzhuren and the point at the junction of flesh and nail on the thumb.
Huangdi asked: What causes self-biting of the tongue? Qibo said: This is due to Jue Ni rising, with pulse Qi reaching the head. Arrival of Shaoyin Qi causes biting of the tongue; arrival of Shaoyang Qi causes biting of the cheeks; arrival of Yangming Qi causes biting of the lips. Treat by supplementing the primary diseased channel.
Huangdi asked: What causes forgetfulness? Qibo said: Upper Qi is insufficient, Lower Qi is excessive. The Intestines and Stomach are full, while the Heart and Lungs are deficient. Deficiency causes Ying (Nutritive) and Wei (Defensive) Qi to remain below, failing to ascend in time, leading to forgetfulness.
Huangdi asked: What causes hunger without desire to eat? Qibo said: Essence and Qi merge into the Spleen, leaving heat in the Stomach. Stomach heat accelerates digestion, causing hunger. Rebellious Stomach Qi causes epigastric blockage, leading to loss of appetite. For forgetfulness and hunger, first examine the Fu organs, correct minor errors, then regulate Qi. Excess conditions are reduced, deficiency conditions are supplemented.
These fourteen pathologies are all odd pathogens affecting the orifices. Wherever the pathogen resides, there is a deficiency. Upper Qi deficiency leads to an unfilled brain, tinnitus, tilting head, and dim vision. Middle Qi deficiency leads to abnormal urination/defecation and borborygmus; treat by supplementing the point below the lateral malleolus and retaining. Lower Qi deficiency leads to Wei Jue (flaccidity/cold limbs) and chest oppression. Acupuncture urgently at two cun above the big toe and retain; alternatively, supplement the point below the lateral malleolus and retain.