阴静阳躁，阳生阴长，阳杀阴藏。阳化气，阴成形。寒极生热，热极生寒。寒气生浊，
热气生清。清气在下，则生飧泄；浊气在上，则生 胀。此阴阳反作，病之逆顺也。故
清阳为天，浊阴为地；地气上为云，天气下为雨；雨出地气，云出天气。故清阳出上窍，浊
阴出下窍；清阳发腠理，浊阴走五脏；清阳实四肢，浊阴归六腑。水为阴，火为阳。阳为气
，阴为味，味归形，形归气，气归精，精归化。精食气，形食味，化生精，气生形。味伤形
，气伤精，精化为气，气伤于味，阴味出下窍，阳气出上窍。味浓者为阴，薄为阴之阳；气
浓者为阳，薄为阴之阴。味浓则泄，薄则通；气薄则发泄，浓则发热。壮火之气衰，少火之
气壮。壮火食气，气食少火。壮火散气，少火生气。气味辛甘发散为阳，酸苦涌泄为阴。阴
胜则阳病，阳胜则阴病。阴病则热，阳病则寒（《素问》作阳胜则热，阴胜则寒）。重寒则热
，重热则寒。寒伤形，热伤气。气伤痛，形伤肿。故先痛而后肿者，气伤形也；先肿而后痛
者，形伤气也。风胜则动，热胜则肿，燥胜则干，寒胜则浮，湿胜则濡泄。天有四时五行
以生长收藏，以生寒暑燥湿风，人有五脏，化为五气，以生喜怒悲忧恐。故喜怒伤气，寒暑
伤形，暴怒伤阴，暴喜伤阳，厥气上行，满脉去形。故曰喜怒不节，寒暑过度，生乃不固
。重阴必阳，重阳必阴，此阴阳之变也。夫阴在内，阳之守也；阳在外，阴之使也。阳胜则
身热，腠理闭，喘息粗，为之后闷（《素问》作俯仰）汗不出而热，齿干，以烦闷腹胀死，耐
冬不耐夏。阴胜则身寒，汗出，身常清，数栗而寒，寒则厥，厥则腹满死，耐夏不耐冬。此
阴阳更胜之变，病之形能也。曰∶调此二者奈何？曰∶能知七损八益，则二者可调也；不知
用此，则早衰矣。清阳上天，浊阴归地。天气通于肺，地气通于咽，风气通于肝，雷气通于心
，谷气通于脾，雨气通于肾。六经为川，肠胃为海，九窍为水注之气，暴风象雷，逆气象阳
。故治不法天之纪，不用地之理，则灾害至矣。邪风之至，疾如风雨。故善治者治皮毛，
其次治肌肤，其次治筋脉，其次治六腑，其次治五脏。治五脏者，半生半死矣。故天之邪气
，感则害五脏；水谷之寒热，感则害六腑；地之湿气，感则害皮肉筋脉。故善用针者，从阴
引阳，从阳引阴，以右治左，以左治右，以我知彼，以表知里，以观过与不及之理，见微知
过，用之不殆。善诊者，察色按脉，先别阴阳。审清浊，而知部分；视喘息，听声音，而知
病所
则无失矣。故曰病之始起，可刺而已，其盛也，可待衰而已。故因其轻而扬之，因其重
而
下者，引而竭之。中满者，泻之于内。其有形者，渍形以为汗。其在皮者，汗而发之。其
悍者，按而收之。其实者，散而泻之。审其阴阳，以别柔刚。阳病治阴，阴病治阳。定
其血气，各守其乡，血实宜决之，气实宜掣之引之。阳从右，阴从左（《素问》作阳从左，
阴从右）。老从上，少从下。是以春夏归阳为生，归秋冬为死，反之则归秋冬为生。是以气
之多少逆顺，皆为厥。有余者，厥也。血上不下，寒厥到膝，少者秋冬死，老者秋冬生。气
上不下，头痛癫疾，求阳不得，求之于阴（《素问》作求阴不审），五部隔无征，若居旷野，
若伏空室，绵绵乎属不满目。
春三月之病，在理已尽，草与柳叶皆杀，阴阳皆绝，期在孟春。冬三月之病，病合阳
者，至春正月，脉有死征，皆归于春（《素问》作始春）。春三月之病，曰阳杀，阴阳皆绝，
期在草干。夏三月之病，至阴不过十日，阴阳交，期在 水。秋三月之病，三阳俱起，不
治自已。阴阳交合者，立不能坐，坐不能起。三阳独至，期在石水，二阴独至，期在盛水。
阴主静，阳主动；阳主生发，阴主成长；阳主肃杀，阴主闭藏。阳能化生无形之气，阴能凝聚有形之质。寒至极点则产生热，热至极点则产生寒。寒气生浊阴，热气生清阳。清阳之气若滞留于下部，就会发生完谷不化的泄泻；浊阴之气若停滞于上部，就会发生胸腹胀满。这就是阴阳运行颠倒，导致疾病逆顺失常的道理。所以，清阳上升构成天，浊阴下降构成地；地气上升化为云，天气下降化为雨；雨源于地气，云源于天气。因此，清阳出于上窍（眼、耳、口、鼻），浊阴出于下窍（前阴、后阴）；清阳发散于腠理（皮肤纹理及汗孔），浊阴走注于五脏；清阳充实于四肢，浊阴归聚于六腑。水属阴，火属阳。阳表现为气，阴表现为味。五味滋养形体，形体依赖气化功能；气化功能生成精微，精微又转化为气化功能。精微物质以气为食粮，形体以五味为营养，气化过程生成精微，气又能生成形体。五味过度损伤形体，气机过度损伤精微，精微可转化为气，但气也会因五味不当而受损。阴味的物质从下窍排出，阳气的物质从上窍宣发。味道浓厚的属于阴，味道淡薄的属于阴中之阳；气味浓厚的属于阳，气味淡薄的属于阴之阴。味道浓厚具有通泄作用，味道淡薄具有疏通作用；气味淡薄能发散透表，气味浓厚能引起发热。壮火（亢盛的阳气/病理之火）会消耗正气，少火（正常的阳气/生理之火）能壮大正气。壮火吞噬正气，正气滋养少火。壮火耗散正气，少火滋生正气。气味辛甘的具有发散作用，属于阳；气味酸苦的具有涌吐和泄降作用，属于阴。阴气偏胜则损伤阳气，阳气偏胜则损伤阴气。阴病多表现为热象，阳病多表现为寒象（《素问》中作：阳胜则热，阴胜则寒）。寒极则生热，热极则生寒。寒邪损伤形体，热邪损伤气机。气受伤则疼痛，形受伤则肿胀。所以先痛后肿的，是气伤及形；先肿后痛的，是形伤及气。风邪偏胜则出现动摇症状，热邪偏胜则出现红肿，燥邪偏胜则出现干燥，寒邪偏胜则出现浮肿，湿邪偏胜则出现濡滑泄泻。自然界有四季和五行，以此生长收藏，从而产生寒、暑、燥、湿、风六种气候；人有五脏，化生五气，从而产生喜、怒、悲、忧、恐五种情志。所以喜怒过度损伤气机，寒暑过度损伤形体，暴怒损伤阴血，暴喜损伤阳气，厥逆之气上行，会使脉道充盈而形体消瘦。所以说，喜怒没有节制，寒暑适应过度，生命就不稳固。阴重必转化为阳，阳重必转化为阴，这是阴阳变化的规律。阴在内，是阳的守持者；阳在外，是阴的役使者。阳气偏胜则身体发热，腠理闭塞，呼吸粗重，随后出现胸闷（《素问》作俯仰困难），汗不出而身热，牙齿干燥，最终因烦闷腹胀而死，这种体质耐寒不耐热。阴气偏胜则身体寒冷，出汗，身体常有清冷感，频繁战栗发冷，冷则手足厥逆，厥逆则腹部胀满而死，这种体质耐热不耐寒。这是阴阳交替偏胜的变化，也是疾病的形态表现。问：如何调治这两者？答：如果能掌握“七损八益”的道理，两者就可以调治；如果不了解运用这些道理，就会过早衰老。清阳上升为天，浊阴下降为地。天气与肺相通，地气与咽相通，风气与肝相通，雷气与心相通，谷气与脾相通，雨气与肾相通。六经如同河流，肠胃如同大海，九窍是水气灌注流通之处，暴风像雷，逆乱的气象像阳。所以治疗如果不效法自然的规律，不使用大地的道理，灾害就会降临。邪风的到来，快如风雨。所以高明的医生在皮毛阶段就进行治疗，其次在肌肤阶段，其次在筋脉阶段，其次在六腑阶段，其次在五脏阶段。如果病在五脏才治疗，一半能活一半会死。所以天之邪气，侵入则伤害五脏；水谷的寒热，侵入则伤害六腑；地的湿气，侵入则伤害皮肉筋脉。所以善于用针的人，从阴引阳，从阳引阴，以右治左，以左治右，通过自身情况推知彼处情况，通过表证推知里证，观察太过与不及的道理，见微知著，使用这种方法就不会失败。善于诊断的人，观察面色、按压脉搏，首先辨别阴阳。审察面色清浊，从而知道病变部位；视察呼吸喘息，听声音，从而知道病情所在，这样就不会有误。所以说，疾病初起，可以用针刺治愈；病势盛时，可以等待其衰退再治疗。所以对于轻浅的病，用扬散的方法；对于沉重的病，用攻下的方法；对于病在下部的，用引导排出的方法；中焦痞满的，从内部泻除；有形的积滞，用水渍法取汗；病在皮肤的，用发汗法；病势猛烈的，用按压收敛的方法；实证，用消散泻下的方法。审察阴阳，以区别刚柔。阳病治阴，阴病治阳。确定气血状况，各守其位，血实宜决破，气实宜牵引疏导。阳病从右侧治，阴病从左侧治（《素问》作阳从左，阴从右）。老年人病从上焦治，年轻人病从下焦治。因此，春夏顺应阳气为生，顺应秋冬为死，反之顺应秋冬为生。所以气的多少和逆顺，都会导致厥证。有余就是厥证。血气上逆不下，寒厥达到膝盖，年轻人秋冬季节死亡，老年人秋冬季节存活。气机上逆不下，导致头痛癫疾，求之于阳无效，求之于阴（《素问》作求阴不审），五脏之间隔绝无征象，如同身处旷野，如同伏在空室，绵绵不绝且视野不清。春季三个月得的病，如果到理气已尽，草木柳叶都枯死的时候，阴阳皆绝，预期在孟春（春季第一个月）死亡。冬季三个月得的病，如果病合于阳，到了春季正月，脉象出现死征，都归于春季死亡（《素问》作始春）。春季三个月得的病，称为阳杀，阴阳皆绝，预期在草干（秋季）死亡。夏季三个月得的病，如果至阴不过十日，阴阳交争，预期在水旺之时（冬季）死亡。秋季三个月得的病，三阳脉俱起，不治也能自愈。阴阳交合者，站立不能坐下，坐下不能站起。三阳独至，预期在石水（冬季结冰时）死亡，二阴独至，预期在盛水（夏季洪水时）死亡。
Yin is quiet, Yang is active; Yang generates, Yin grows; Yang kills (destroys), Yin stores. Yang transforms into Qi (vital energy), Yin forms into structure. Extreme cold generates heat, extreme heat generates cold. Cold Qi generates turbidity, Hot Qi generates clarity. If clear Yang remains below, it causes diarrhea with undigested food (Sunxie); if turbid Yin stays above, it causes abdominal distension. This is the reversal of Yin and Yang operations, indicating the adverse or favorable course of disease. Thus, clear Yang constitutes Heaven, turbid Yin constitutes Earth; Earth Qi rises to become clouds, Heaven Qi descends to become rain; rain originates from Earth Qi, clouds originate from Heaven Qi. Therefore, clear Yang exits through the upper orifices, turbid Yin exits through the lower orifices; clear Yang disperses into the Couli (interstitial spaces and pores), turbid Yin travels to the Zang organs; clear Yang fills the four limbs, turbid Yin returns to the Fu organs. Water is Yin, Fire is Yang. Yang manifests as Qi, Yin manifests as Flavor. Flavor nourishes Form, Form relies on Qi, Qi generates Essence, Essence transforms into Qi. Essence feeds on Qi, Form feeds on Flavor, transformation generates Essence, Qi generates Form. Excessive Flavor damages Form, excessive Qi damages Essence, Essence transforms into Qi, but Qi can be damaged by improper Flavor. Yin flavors exit through the lower orifices, Yang Qi exits through the upper orifices. Strong flavors belong to Yin, weak flavors belong to Yang within Yin; strong aromas belong to Yang, weak aromas belong to Yin within Yang. Strong flavors cause purgation, weak flavors cause unblocking; weak aromas cause sweating/dispersing, strong aromas cause fever. Zhuang Huo (vigorous/pathological fire) diminishes Qi, Shao Huo (mild/physiological fire) strengthens Qi. Zhuang Huo consumes Qi, Qi nourishes Shao Huo. Zhuang Huo scatters Qi, Shao Huo generates Qi. Pungent and sweet flavors and aromas disperse and are Yang; sour and bitter flavors and aromas induce vomiting/purgation and are Yin. Excess Yin damages Yang, excess Yang damages Yin. Yin disease presents as heat, Yang disease presents as cold (Suwen states: excess Yang presents as heat, excess Yin presents as cold). Extreme cold generates heat, extreme heat generates cold. Cold damages Form, Heat damages Qi. Qi injury causes pain, Form injury causes swelling. Thus, pain followed by swelling indicates Qi damaging Form; swelling followed by pain indicates Form damaging Qi. Wind excess causes movement/tremor, Heat excess causes swelling, Dryness excess causes dryness, Cold excess causes edema, Dampness excess causes loose stools. Heaven has Four Seasons and Five Elements for growth, flourishing, harvesting, and storing, generating Cold, Summer Heat, Dryness, Dampness, and Wind. Humans have Five Zang organs transforming into Five Qi, generating Joy, Anger, Sorrow, Worry, and Fear. Thus, excessive Joy/Anger damage Qi, excessive Cold/Summer Heat damage Form, sudden Anger damages Yin Blood, sudden Joy damages Yang Qi, Jue Qi ascending fills vessels and wastes Form. Hence, unregulated emotions and excessive exposure to climate lead to unstable life. Heavy Yin must transform into Yang, heavy Yang must transform into Yin; this is the variation of Yin and Yang. Yin inside is the guardian of Yang; Yang outside is the servant of Yin. Yang excess causes body heat, closed Couli, coarse breathing, followed by chest oppression (Suwen: difficulty in bending/stretching), no sweat but heat, dry teeth, dying of irritability and abdominal distension; tolerates winter but not summer. Yin excess causes body cold, sweating, constant chilliness, frequent shivering/cold, leading to Jue (cold extremities), then abdominal distension death; tolerates summer but not winter. This is the variation of alternating Yin/Yang excess, the form and capacity of disease. Question: How to regulate these two? Answer: Knowing Seven Losses and Eight Gains allows regulation; ignorance leads to premature aging. Clear Yang goes up to Heaven, turbid Yin goes down to Earth. Heaven Qi connects to Lung, Earth Qi connects to Pharynx, Wind Qi connects to Liver, Thunder Qi connects to Heart, Grain Qi connects to Spleen, Rain Qi connects to Kidney. Six Meridians are rivers, Intestines/Stomach are seas, Nine Orifices are passages for water Qi. Violent wind resembles thunder, rebellious Qi resembles Yang. Thus, treatment not following Heaven's laws or Earth's principles brings disaster. Evil wind arrives swiftly like wind and rain. The skilled healer treats at the hair/skin level first, then muscle/skin, then sinews/vessels, then Fu organs, then Zang organs. Treating Zang organs results in half survival, half death. Heaven's evil Qi harms Zang organs; water/grain cold-heat harms Fu organs; Earth's dampness harms skin/muscle/sinews/vessels. The skilled acupuncturist draws Yang from Yin, Yin from Yang, right treating left, left treating right, self knowing other, exterior knowing interior, observing excess/deficiency logic, seeing small signs to know errors, using this without danger. The skilled diagnostician observes complexion and pulses, first distinguishing Yin/Yang. Examining clear/turbid complexion knows the location; viewing respiration and listening to voice knows the disease site, thus avoiding error. Thus, early disease can be cured by acupuncture; when excessive, wait for decline. Light disease is dispersed/scattered; heavy disease is purged downward; disease below is drained; middle fullness is purged internally; formed pathogens induce sweat via soaking; disease in skin is released by sweating; fierce pathogens are pressed/restrained; excess conditions are scattered/purged. Examine Yin/Yang to distinguish soft/hard. Treat Yin for Yang disease, treat Yang for Yin disease. Determine blood/Qi status, each staying in its place; blood excess should be lanced/drained, Qi excess should be pulled/guided. Yang treated from right, Yin from left (Suwen: Yang from left, Yin from right). Elderly treated from above, young from below. Thus, Spring/Summer returning to Yang is life, returning to Autumn/Winter is death; conversely, returning to Autumn/Winter is life. Thus, Qi quantity and direction determine Jue. Excess is Jue. Blood/Qi rising not descending, cold Jue to knees: young die in Autumn/Winter, old survive in Autumn/Winter. Qi rising not descending, headache/mania: seeking Yang fails, seek Yin (Suwen: seeking Yin is unclear), five parts separated without signs, like in wilderness, like in empty room, continuous but vision unclear. Disease in Spring months, if Li Qi exhausted, grass/willow leaves kill, Yin/Yang both cut off, expected death in Meng Chun (first month of spring). Disease in Winter months, if combining with Yang, arriving at Zheng Yue of Spring, pulse shows death signs, all return to Spring death (Suwen: Shi Chun). Disease in Spring months, called Yang Sha, Yin/Yang both cut off, expected death when grass dries (Autumn). Disease in Summer months, if Zhi Yin does not exceed ten days, Yin/Yang intersect, expected death during Water season (Winter). Disease in Autumn months, Three Yang rise together, self-heals without treatment. Yin/Yang intersection: standing cannot sit, sitting cannot stand. Three Yang alone arrives, expected death in Stone Water (winter ice); Two Yin alone arrives, expected death in盛 Water (summer flood).