Library

Even more tragic. After years of profound contemplation, I extracted the essence from ancient texts, appended my own comments, and organized them into over thirty items, containing syndromes, herbs, discussions, and analyses, thereby completing this book for printing. This refers to Ma Ge (courtesy name Xin Zhi), mentioned in the previous preface, who was a close friend of Yishan.

Note: The edition compiled by Jisheng Bahui is not the complete work.

[Zhongjing Xiangbian] (Detailed Differentiation by Zhongjing), Volume 1. Lost.

[Shanghan Huohuo Lun] (Treatise on Resolving Doubts about Cold Damage). Lost.

[Jie Zhongjing Yi Ji] (A Collection Explaining Zhongjing). Lost.

Note: The above three books are cited in *Yixue Yuanliu Lun* (Discussion on the Origins and Development of Medicine).

[Xiong Shi (Jingxian) Shanghan Shengyi] (Xiong's Life-Preserving Intentions in Cold Damage), Lost.

Wu Cheng wrote in the preface: "Shengyi" refers to the medical formulas compiled by Master Jingxian Xiong of Chongren. The Xiong family has been prominent in Confucian studies for generations. Jingxian's grandfather specialized in the exegesis of the *Book of Documents* (*Shangshu*) and served as a tutor for jinshi candidates. Students traveled hundreds of miles to study under him. Jingxian inherited this family learning; in every examination, he outperformed his peers, nearly achieving success but failing to be recommended. Consequently, he devoted himself entirely to medicine, which was also a hereditary practice in his family. However, his understanding of pulse pathology was clear, and his treatment methods were rigorous; he cured diseases without fail, reaching a level of skillful precision, largely due to his extensive knowledge. In his leisure time, he compiled family-prescribed formulas and commonly used herbs that had proven effective through repeated trials, publishing this book for public dissemination. The virtue of Heaven and Earth is called "Life" (Sheng). To establish life for humans and sustain it is the Way of Confucianism. Medicine, which saves the unjustly treated and prevents premature death, is merely a secondary endeavor for Confucians. Although Jingxian's Confucian aspirations were unfulfilled, his medical practice brought relief, thus assisting the generative intent of Heaven and Earth. How great is his merit? (From *Wu Wending Gong Ji*)

The *Chongren County Gazetteer* states: Xiong Jingxian, courtesy name Zhongguang, was from Beiqi. His family practiced both Confucianism and medicine. He authored *Shanghan Shengyi*, which was praised by Wu Caolu and Cheng Xuelou for its excellence.

[Shang Shi (Congshan) Shanghan Jixuan] (Shang's Record of the Profound in Cold Damage), Medical Treasury Catalog, 10 volumes. Lost.

[Wu Shi (Guangji) Shanghan Yilan Fang] (Wu's Overview Formulas for Cold Damage). Lost.

Note: This book is frequently cited in *Wan'an Fang* (Universal Safe Prescriptions) by Monk Xingquan during the Zhenghe era of the Qing Dynasty. Some refer to the author as Wu Yuetan, but his origins and biography remain unknown. *Yixue Yuanliu* also notes that although printed copies circulated, the exact date and origin could not be detailed. The Zhenghe era began in the first year of Emperor Renzong's Huangqing reign. Thus, Wu Yuetan was likely a figure from the Jin-Yuan period.

[Cheng Shi (Dezhai) Shanghan Qianfa] (Cheng's Standard Methods for Cold Damage). Not seen.

Wang Lu stated: During the Taiding era of the Yuan Dynasty, Cheng Dezhai wrote *Shanghan Qianfa*. In his preface, he said, "If one can thoroughly study this book, one will understand the transmission of the Six Channels and the 397 treatment methods, all within the palm of one's hand." He further stated, "There are 211 methods for the Six Channels, 6 for Huoluan (cholera-like syndrome), 6 for post-recovery labor relapse and Yin-Yang exchange, 9 for dampness, 26 contraindications for sweating, 41 indications for sweating, 5 contraindications for vomiting, 5 contraindications for purging, 5 indications for sweating, and 5 indications for vomiting." Calculating these according to his statements yields only 318 methods, leaving a deficit of 78 methods from the claimed 397. Given his detailed preface, yet such an inaccurate count, it is evident he failed to ascertain the true numbers. Therefore, in the subsequent detailed enumeration, he merely restates the methods for the Six Channels, Huoluan, dampness, Yin-Yang exchange, and post-recovery relapse, omitting the repeat discussion of sweating/vomiting/purging indications. Why do recent annotators of *Shanghan Lun* fail to examine these errors and instead blindly follow his numbering system without correction? (From *Suhui Ji*)

Wan Quan stated: *Shanghan Qianfa* was fabricated by enthusiasts. Later generations believed it, causing much harm. Initially, I liked the book and read it without noticing flaws. Only after deeply studying the teachings of Xuanyuan and Qibo, and analyzing Zhongjing's works, did I realize its errors. Heaven regulates by the Six Qi, and Earth structures by the Five Phases. Used for recording years, a cycle lasts thirty years, allowing observation of winning and losing changes. Used for calculating time, the Six Qi form a cycle, distinguishing master and guest commands. Its discussions cover wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire, along with rain, cold, heat changes, and transformations of insects and plants, corresponding to disease mechanisms, colors, and pulses. It does not specifically posit theories for cold damage alone. Those creating the *Qianfa* treat the day of illness onset as the ruling Qi (Sitian) and seek pathogenesis based on human lifespan, implying a person only suffers from two channel diseases at any time—how absurd! Counting days for channel transmission and assigning treatments by number is even more erroneous. Only the theories regarding sweating, recovery, and burial approaches are somewhat reasonable. The claims of cure or severity are often inaccurate. Can the numbers of 397 methods and 113 formulas truly exhaust the variations of cold damage? (From *Baoming Gekuo*)

Xu Chunfu stated: *Shanghan Qianfa* was written by Ma Zongsu and Cheng Dezhai. It determines treatment based on the day and hour of illness onset, differing from Zhongjing's approach. This is fundamentally flawed. Using it brings no benefit and causes harm. I retain its name only for reference. (From *Gujin Yitong*)

[Du Shi (Ben) Shanghan Jinjing Lu] (Du's Golden Mirror Record of Cold Damage), Volume 1. Extant.

Autobiographical Preface: The pathogenic factors transmitted through channels in cold damage febrile diseases differ from miscellaneous diseases. One must differentiate pulse, symptoms, and tongue, applying sweating or purging based on exterior or interior patterns to avoid error. Pulse is the residence of blood, belonging to Yin. At the onset of disease, when righteous qi struggles against pathogens, if true qi is not depleted, the pulse will be slippery, rapid, and forceful. If the disease persists and the pulse becomes very rapid, qi is depleted, and the pulse will be faint, fine, and weak. When the pulse is rapid, the key to pulse diagnosis lies in nourishing Yin and retreating Yang. If initially presenting with aversion to cold and fever, followed by thirst and dry heat, or cold limbs and diarrhea, this indicates pathogenic heat transmitting through channels. If always presenting as heat signs, with heat but no aversion to cold, then initial headache without fever, aversion to cold, or thirst characterizes cold damage. If presenting immediately with heat syncope and diarrhea, or only aversion to cold without fever, this is a cold pattern. This is the subtlety of symptom differentiation. The root of the tongue is the orifice of the Heart; the center belongs to Fire, governing heat, symbolizing Li (Brightness). At the initial exterior stage, the tongue is naturally red without white coating. As exterior pathogens enter the half-exterior/half-interior space, the tongue color changes to white and becomes slippery. One must not ignore exterior signs; otherwise, pathogens entering the interior will manifest as yellow coating, indicating pathogen entry into the Stomach, requiring urgent purging. Once the yellow coating disappears, the disease resolves. If physicians ignore sequence, misuse damaging pills, or delay purging, the coating turns black, complications arise, and the condition becomes difficult to treat. If the coating appears like glossy pitch-black, survival is unlikely in ten cases, indicating Heart fire blazing and combining with pathogenic heat. Extreme heat transforms into Water imagery, hence the black color corresponding to Water transformation. If pathogens penetrate deep into organs, heat signs prevail. Purging removes Stomach heat; otherwise, heat disperses into collaterals and organs, leading to death. Like fire burning, initially red, eventually turning charcoal black. This illustrates the principle that excess leads to harm, and control follows. Twelve tongue images are clearly presented here. Fearing incompleteness, twenty-four diagrams and prescriptions are listed below, reflecting my effort to trace origins and flow, truly capable of determining life and death. Date: First decade of the first lunar month, Year 1 of Zhizheng.

Zheng Yuanyou stated: Mr. Du Ben, courtesy name Yuanfu, pseudonym Qingbi Xiansheng, from Jiangxi, studied classics and history diligently, copying many collections by hand. He was taciturn. He visited the capital once or twice, befriending nobles. Later, Zhan Jingren from Wuyi, serving as an official, invited him to Wuyi, purchasing property for long-term settlement. When the court compiled the Three Histories, selecting scholars from Mongol, Semu, Han, and Nanren groups, Du was selected as a Nanren scholar-official, appointed Hanlin Academician and Fengxun Dafu. He traveled to Qiantang but returned home due to illness. He died in August of the tenth year of Zhizheng. Unable to attend due to distance, his memory remains poignant. (From *Suichang Zalu*)

Xue Ji wrote in the preface: Among illnesses, cold damage is severe. Among treatments for cold damage, Zhongjing is most detailed. Everyone knows this, yet few can implement it, perhaps because the treatments are vast and hard to master quickly. Previously, Ao's *Jinjing Lu* focused solely on tongue color for diagnosis, illustrating shapes and conditions before prescribing. Opening the book reveals clarity. Though not explicitly claiming to match Zhongjing's text, it aligns with his principles, being profound yet concise. While serving in the capital, I had it carved at the Imperial Medical Bureau. Originally colored, fearing fading led to errors, so I annotated colors above the images for mental visualization. Now, Qian Tiren, Tingwei Jingshan, seeing and appreciating it, ordered its publication as *Waishang Jinjing Lu*. Cold injury originates externally, though internal injuries have signs too. I intend to compile and continue this, but separate external injuries here. The body is born of Heaven; the Heart is the Heavenly Ruler and master of the body. The tongue is the sprout of the Heart. All bodily diseases manifest here. What distinction of inside or outside exists? Only people fail to comprehend. Date: Autumn day, Bingchen year of Jiajing. Written by Xue Ji, retired Director of the Imperial Medical Bureau, Gusu.

Lu Fu wrote in the preface: Ao's identity is unknown. He had twelve tongue methods to verify exterior/interior cold damage. Du Qingbi revised them. Xue Lizhai polished them further, spreading them widely. The volume is thin, risking loss despite circulation. This method greatly aids cold damage practitioners, offering a quick diagnostic way. In cold damage, qi follows similarity; Kidney Water surplus attacks Heart Fire. This explains why "cold injury leads to heat disease." Colors manifest in the Heart's sprout, the tongue. To distinguish wind/cold vs. internal/external, the tongue is essential evidence. Ao and Du transmitted it but may not have fully grasped the rationale. I speculate thus. If cold damage is diagnosed via tongue, wind, summer-heat, and dampness might also have fixed methods, awaiting future authors.

Wang Hu stated: Ao's *Waishang Jinjing Lu* was written by Yuan Academician Du Ben (Qingbi). Traditionally attributed to Ao's thirty-six tongue verification methods. Wang Hu notes: Zhongjing mentions only white coating and slippery coating, whereas this text distinguishes pure red, pure yellow, black prickles, and cracks. Beyond Zhongjing's formulas (Minor/Major Bupleurum, White Tiger, Artemisia Coix, Gardenia Fermented Soybean, Wuling San, Three Chengqi Decoctions), it adds Top-Penetrating Cooling Powder, Cool Diaphragm Powder, Tian-Shui Powder, Coptis Decoction to Detoxify, and Scrophularia-Spatholobus Spot-Resolving Decoction. These are divine methods for treating cold damage and warm pathogens.

Note: Sun Tianren's *Wan'ying Fang*, Vol. 2, appends this book titled *Shanghan Bingjian Bianshe Lun* (Cold Damage Ice-Mirror Tongue Differentiation Treatise), with Du's preface, differing significantly. The post-preface dates to two days before Mid-Autumn, Xinmao year. Academician Du Ben died in the Gengyin year (Zhizheng 10); calling it Xinmao (the following year) is suspicious. Qing Li Tian's *Shanghan Sanshu Hebi* renamed it *Shanghan Shebian*, compiling Shen Douyuan's work into one volume.

[Ye Shi (Ru'an) Shanghan Dayilan] (Ye's Great Easy View of Cold Damage), Continuation of Comprehensive Examination of Literature, 1 volume. Lost.

Wang Qi stated: Ye Ru'an from Huanggang practiced medicine through Confucianism. His *Shanghan Dayilan* was highly respected by contemporaries.

[Xu Shi (Zhisshan) Shanghan Bumang Lun] (Xu's Supplemental Discourse on Lost Aspects of Cold Damage). Lost.

Note: Cited in *Gujin Yitong*.

[Wang Shi (Yi) Shanghan Gekuo] (Wang's Rhymes on Cold Damage). Lost.

Note: Cited in *Yangcheng County Gazetteer*.

[Zhu Shi (Zhenheng) Shanghan Fahui] (Zhu's Elucidation of Cold Damage), Continuation of Comprehensive Examination of Literature, missing volumes. Lost.

[Lv Shi (Fu) Changsha Lun Shanghan Shi Shi] (Lv's Ten Explanations of Changsha's Discussion on Cold Damage). Lost.

Note: Cited in *Jiulingshanfang Ji - Cangzhou Weng Zhuan*.

Lv Fu stated: Recent scholar Xu Zhisnan wrote *Shanghan Bumang Lun*, which may conflict with ancient sages' intentions. I therefore summarized major points to supplement Cheng Shi's Zhu Bei, hoping learned physicians might find value.

[Zhao Shi (Cixin) Shanghan Shiyi] (Zhao's Clarifications on Doubts in Cold Damage). Lost.

Note: Cited in *Shanghan Zhili*.

[Wang Shi (Lu) Shanghan Lifakao] (Wang's Examination of Legislation for Cold Damage), Volume 1. Not seen.

Note: Cited in *Zhutang Mulu*.

*Medical History* states: Wang Lu, courtesy name Andao, from Shanren. Studied medicine under Danyu Zhu Yanshou, mastering his teachings. He considered Zhang Zhongjing's *Shanghan Lun* the ancestor of all schools. Though later scholars proposed many theories, they rarely transcended its boundaries. Since *Suwen* states "human injury by cold leads to heat disease," describing constancy rather than change, Zhongjing deduced reasons for heat and cold. Wang Lu completed the study of constancy and change, writing *Shanghan Lifakao*. He noted omissions in *Shanghan Lun*: Yangming chapter lacks eye pain; Shaoyang chapter mentions chest/flank fullness but not pain; Taiyin chapter lacks sore throat; Jueyin chapter lacks scrotal retraction, suggesting lost bamboo slips. He removed duplicates from 397 methods, retaining 238, combined with others to total 397, extensively discussing external/internal injury differences and stroke/sunstroke distinctions, naming the collection *Suhui Ji* (Volume 1), *Yuanbingshi* (Title), *Baibing Gouxuan* (20 volumes), and *Yiyun Tongyi* (100 volumes). Wang Lu studied diligently, read widely, and excelled in prose and poetry. His painting followed Xia Gui's style, elegant and dense. Critics praised his blend of professional and literati styles. In late Yuan, he visited Mount Hua, drawing forty maps with poems. These are now collected by enthusiasts in Jiangnan.

Note: *Shanghan Lifakao* appears within *Suhui Ji*, suggesting it is not a separate book.