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Cold damage (Shanghan) and warm disease (Wenbing) originate from different qi natures. *Suwen: Shengqi Tongtian Lun* states: "The key to yin and yang is that when yang is dense, it secures; if yang becomes excessive and cannot be dense, yin qi will perish." Exposure to wind leads to cold-heat disorders. Therefore, injury by cold in winter results in warm disease in spring.

*Jingui Zhenyan Lun* says: "Essence (Jing) is the root of the body." Thus, those who store essence well in winter do not suffer from warm disease in spring. "Injury by cold in winter" is a variant expression for "failure to store essence in winter." Yang qi generates in spring, grows in summer, harvests in autumn, and stores in winter. The warmth underground during winter is due to the dense storage of yang qi. At this time, humans should follow the natural timing to store yang qi. Hibernation and storage are the functions of kidney essence (Shen Jing); precise storage allows yang qi to remain hidden. If essence is not stored in winter, yang qi leaks out. Although heaven experiences extreme cold, the human body acts under the command of midsummer heat, with ministerial fire (Xiang Huo) blazing and evaporating, causing the consumption of essence fluids. This is termed "injury by cold in winter." This is not because kidney essence failed to secure itself in winter, causing flying yang and soaring fire to injure the cold-water hibernating command, nor is it because catching cold pathogens causes disease in winter. Once entering spring and summer, when wood and fire govern the qi, internal heat increases further. Occasionally, invasion by wind and dew damages the body, stagnating the internal heat, thereby forming warm disease (called warm disease in spring, hot disease in summer; although seasons and names differ, the syndrome is essentially the same). The etiology involves external contraction but originates from internal injury. Pathogens affect meridians but ultimately injure zang-fu organs. When pathogens transmit to the three yang channels, they connect internally to the three yang fu organs; when transmitting to the three yin channels, they connect internally to the three yin zang organs. Whether in zang or fu, there is only heat without chills, because there was originally internal heat which, due to exterior stagnation, erupts from the interior. After six days, completing the meridian cycle, both zang-fu organs and meridians, interior and exterior, are affected by heat. Thus, it is said that "the three yin and three yang, five zang and six fu organs all receive disease" (*Suwen: Relun*).

Cold damage (Shanghan) and wind strike (Zhongfeng) originally lack internal heat; they arise solely from external contraction of wind-cold, affecting meridians rather than zang-fu organs. Excess yang transmits later to the fu organ of Yangming; excess yin transmits later to the zang organ of Taiyin. This differs from warm disease where heat erupts from within. Transmission to yang fu organs results in hot diseases; transmission to yin zang organs results in cold conditions (termed 'disease entering solid interior,' a self-disease of qi). This also differs from warm disease where both exterior and interior are hot. Wang Shuhe confused hot disease with cold damage (citing texts on hot disease to explain cold damage in his *Xu Li*, author of *Hanre Bing Lun*), leading to the erroneous view among later generations that transmitted stages become hot diseases. Dozens of commentators on *Shanghan* deviated from Zhang Zhongjing's original intent, following Wang Shuhe's theory. This theoretical error has caused disaster for millennia. Although this is Wang Shuhe's fallacy, it is also the ignorance of later generations. Zhang Zhongjing's *Shanghan Lun* is as clear as the sun and stars, yet later generations did not understand a single word, no wonder they were bewildered by false doctrines. (After Zhang Zhongjing, medical methods were lost; not only *Shanghan Zabing Lun*, but ancestral lineages became erroneous, and descendant branches even more absurd. Vulgar and妄 (arbitrary) practitioners followed one after another, innumerable.)