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Bitter in flavor, cold in nature, enters the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin (Hand-Taiyin Lung Channel) and the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang (Foot-Taiyang Bladder Channel). Clears Metal (Lung) to drain heat, relieves thirst and removes irritability.

Bitter in flavor, cold in nature, enters the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin (Foot-Jueyin Liver Channel). Clears stagnant heat of Jueyin (Liver), stops the excessive dispersion of Wind-Wood (Liver Qi).

Acrid in flavor, cold in nature, enters the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin (Hand-Taiyin Lung Channel) and the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (Foot-Yangming Stomach Channel). Clears Metal (Lung) to stop dryness-thirst, drains heat to remove restlessness. Ground into fine powder, wrapped in cotton, and decocted with other herbs. Used for deficiency-heat patterns.

Bitter and sour in flavor, cold in nature, enters the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin (Foot-Jueyin Liver Channel), the Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang (Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Channel), and the Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin (Hand-Shaoyin Heart Channel). Drains fire and removes irritability, detoxifies and stops bleeding.

Bitter and salty in flavor, slightly cold in nature, enters the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin (Foot-Jueyin Liver Channel). Clears wind and brightens the eyes, drains heat and relaxes sinews.

Bitter and acrid in flavor, warm in nature, enters the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin (Foot-Jueyin Liver Channel). Dries dampness and dispels cold, warms the meridians and stops bleeding.

Acrid in flavor, warm in nature, enters the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin (Hand-Taiyin Lung Channel) and the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming (Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Channel). Opens chest bi (obstruction syndrome) and directs rebellious Qi downward, eliminates tenesmus and lifts sinking Qi. Most effective in dissipating fullness and pain, excels at stopping slippery diarrhea.

Acrid in flavor, warm in nature, enters the Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin (Foot-Taiyin Spleen Channel) and the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (Foot-Yangming Stomach Channel). Harmonizes the middle and regulates Qi, dries dampness and warms the interior to dispel cold. Treats spermatorrhea and turbid stranguria; simultaneously treats hematemesis and metrorrhagia. Remove the shell, stir-fry, and grind; also good for promoting digestion.

Acrid in flavor, fragrant, enters the Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin (Foot-Taiyin Spleen Channel) and the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (Foot-Yangming Stomach Channel). Harmonizes the middle and regulates Qi, moves stagnation and resolves thirst. Descends Stomach Yin to facilitate food intake, reaches Spleen Yang to transform grains. Effective for vomiting and diarrhea; excellent for cough and phlegm-fluid retention. Excels in treating dysphagia (yige), can calm pregnancy. Regulates putrid acid in the Upper Jiao, rectifies turbid Qi in the Lower Jiao, eliminates diseases of the throat, mouth, and teeth, and dissolves impactions caused by copper, iron, or bone splinters. Remove the shell, stir-fry, and grind.

Acrid in flavor, fragrant, enters the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (Foot-Yangming Stomach Channel) and the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin (Hand-Taiyin Lung Channel). Directs rebellious Qi of the Lung and Stomach downward, excellently stops vomiting. Opens depression and fullness in the chest and diaphragm, facilitates the descent of food and drink. Effective for dysphagia (yige); also good for malaria. Removes nebulae on the eye, dissipates abdominal distension and pain. Ground into fine powder, taken with a decoction.

Acrid in flavor, slightly warm, enters the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (Foot-Yangming Stomach Channel) and the Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin (Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Channel). Directs Qi downward and stops vomiting, warms the Stomach to aid digestion, warms the waist and knees, dissipates hernia.