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Bitter in taste, neutral in nature, enters the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian. Breaks blood stasis and promotes circulation, resolves accumulations and dissipates masses.

Bitter and acrid in taste, slightly warm in nature, enters the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian. Breaks stagnation and attacks hardness, resolves knots and moves blood stasis. Prepared with vinegar stir-frying.

Bitter and sweet in taste, slightly cold in nature, enters the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian. Harmonizes the zang-fu organs, induces vomiting to expel turbid stasis.

Bitter in taste, cold in nature, enters the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian and Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian. Promotes urination to drain dampness excess, moves blood stasis and induces vomiting to expel putrefied matter. Contraindicated for patients with blood loss.

Bitter and acrid in taste, warm in nature, enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian and Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian. Enters the Lung organ to act on the Qi level. Opens the pores to reach the skin layer. Excellent at venting Wei (Defensive) Qi stagnation, specifically disperses Cold pathogenic factors. Treats body pain caused by Wind-Dampness, cures foot swelling due to Cold-Dampness, dispels Feng-Shui (Wind-Water) syndrome, dissipates Yi-Yin (Overflowing Drink), eliminates cough with qi rebellion and lung distension, alleviates palpitations due to fright. Boil to remove foam; when used for diaphoresis (releasing the exterior), remove the root nodes. When used for arresting sweating and consolidating the exterior, use only the root nodes.

Sweet and acrid in taste, aromatic odor, warm in nature, enters the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian and Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian. Enters the Liver organ to act on the Blood level, travels through the meridians to reach Ying (Nutritive) Qi stagnation. Excellent at resolving Wind pathogenic factors, best at regulating Wood (Liver) Qi. Raises sinking Clear Yang, descends rebellious Turbid Yin. Relaxes acute spasms of sinews and vessels, unblocks obstructed joints. Enters the Liver and Gallbladder meridians to scatter suppression. Greatly relieves pain, unblocks meridians to open Bi (obstruction) and涩 (stagnation); strongly expels Damp-Cold, can arrest Ben-Tun (Rushing Pig) syndrome, further calms fright-induced palpitations. Use after removing the peel.

Acrid in taste, enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian. Descends rebellious Qi to drive out turbidity, resolves stagnation and dissipates knots.

Acrid in taste, slightly warm in nature, enters the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian. Disperses Cold and releases the exterior, drives out pathogens and eliminates Wind.

Acrid in taste, warm in nature, enters the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian, Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian, Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian, and Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian. Descends rebellion and stops vomiting, drains fullness and opens depression. Enters the Lung and Stomach to drive out turbidity, travels through the Liver and Spleen to move stagnation. Sweeps away blood stasis and fullness in the chest, discharges obstruction in the stomach. Excellent at relieving nasal congestion, best at stopping abdominal pain. Harmonizes the zang-fu organs, disseminates Ying and Wei Qi. An essential herb for circulating meridians, a fine medicine for releasing the exterior.

Acrid in taste, slightly cold in nature, enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian. Releases the exterior and induces sweating, drains dampness and clears Wind.