生生子曰∶诸书有言癫狂者，有言癫痫者，有言风痫者，有言风癫者，有言惊痫者，有分癫痫为二
门者，略无定论。究其独言癫者，祖《内经》也。言癫痫，言癫狂者，祖《灵枢》也。要之，癫、痫、
狂，大相径庭，非名殊而实一之谓也。《灵枢》虽编癫狂为一门，而形症两具，取治异途，较之于痫，
又不相侔矣。诸书有云大人为癫，小儿为痫，此又大不然也。《素问》谓癫为胎病，自母腹中受惊所致
，今乃曰小儿无癫，可乎？痫病，大人历历有之，妇人尤多，予故据经文分为三目，庶治者有所辩别云。
明癫症
夫癫者,或狂或愚，或歌或笑,或悲或泣，如醉如痴，言语有头无尾，秽洁不知，积年累月不愈，俗名
曰心风。此志愿高硕，而不遂所欲者多有之。
明狂症
夫狂者，猖狂之谓也。言其病之发，猖獗刚暴，有如《伤寒论》阳明大实发狂，骂詈不避亲疏；甚
则登高而歌，弃衣而走，逾墙上屋，持刀执棍，日夜不止；狎之则笑，忤之则怒，如有邪根据附者是也。
明痫症
夫痫，时发时止者是也。有连日发者，有一日三
五发者。或因惊，或因怒，而动其痰火。发则昏昧不知人事，耳无所闻，目无所见，眩仆倒地，不省高下。
甚而螈 抽掣，目作上视，或口眼歪斜，或口作六畜之声。将醒时必吐涎沫。彼癫狂，皆无以上证也。用
此辩之，亦易详明，大抵皆痰火所致。
Mr. Shengsheng said: Various medical texts refer to this condition as "Dian-Kuang" (Manic-Depressive Psychosis), "Dian-Xian" (Epilepsy and Mania), "Feng-Xian" (Wind Epilepsy), or "Feng-Dian" (Wind Dian). Some divide "Dian-Xian" into two categories, yet none offer a definitive conclusion. Those who use only the term "Dian" follow the *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon); those who use "Dian-Xian" or "Dian-Kuang" follow the *Lingshu Jing* (Spiritual Pivot). In essence, "Dian", "Xian", and "Kuang" are vastly different; they are not merely different names for the same reality. Although the *Lingshu Jing* groups Dian and Kuang together, their clinical manifestations differ, and their treatments diverge; compared with Xian, they are not equivalent. Some texts claim that adults suffer from Dian while children suffer from Xian; this is entirely incorrect. The *Suwen* states that Dian is a congenital disease caused by fright in the womb; how can one now say that children do not suffer from Dian? Xian certainly occurs in adults, especially women. Therefore, based on the classic texts, I divide it into three categories so that practitioners may distinguish between them clearly.
Clarifying Dian Syndrome
Dian syndrome is characterized by alternating states of mania and stupidity, singing and laughing, weeping and grieving. The patient appears intoxicated or foolish, speaks incoherently without conclusion, lacks awareness of cleanliness or filth, and the condition persists for years without cure. In common parlance, this is called "Heart Wind" (Xin Feng). This condition often afflicts those with lofty ambitions who fail to achieve their desires.
Clarifying Kuang Syndrome
Kuang refers to a state of rampant madness. Upon onset, the patient becomes violent and aggressive, similar to the manic delirium seen in severe Yangming Fu organ excess patterns described in the *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders), where the patient curses without regard for kinship or strangers. In severe cases, the patient climbs high places to sing, discards clothing and runs about, jumps over walls and roofs, wields knives and sticks day and night without ceasing. If approached gently, the patient laughs; if opposed, the patient becomes angry, as if possessed by evil spirits.
Clarifying Xian Syndrome
Xian is characterized by intermittent episodes of seizure and remission. Attacks may occur for several consecutive days or three to five times a day. It may be triggered by fright or anger, which stirs up Phlegm-Fire. During an attack, the patient loses consciousness, cannot hear or see, experiences vertigo and falls, and loses awareness of spatial orientation. In severe cases, convulsions occur, eyes roll upward, facial features deviate, or the mouth produces sounds resembling livestock. Just before regaining consciousness, the patient typically vomits saliva and foam. None of these symptoms appear in Dian or Kuang syndromes. Using these distinctions makes differentiation clear; generally, all three are caused by Phlegm-Fire.