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Huangfu Mi stated in *Diwang Shiji* (Chronicles of the Emperors): The Yellow Emperor ordered Leigong and Qibo to teach the making of the Nine Needles, composing the *Neiwaijing* (Classic of Internal and External Medicine) and the *Suwen* (Basic Questions), all originating from the Yellow Emperor. The *Huangdi Neizhuan* (Inner Biography of the Yellow Emperor) records: After ascending the throne as Son of Heaven, the Yellow Emperor’s techniques for puncturing meridians were complete. Therefore, medical texts such as the *Jingui* (Golden Cabinet) and *Jia Yi* (A B C) all revere the Yellow Emperor as their ancestral master.

Upon assuming power, the Yellow Emperor sat in the Mingtang (Bright Hall), observing the eight extreme directions and establishing the Five Constants (benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness). He reasoned that human beings carry Yin and embrace Yang, taste flavors, and indulge in beauty; cold and heat interact violently, while anger and joy invade alternately. Thus, he engaged in mutual questioning with Qibo, tracing heaven’s principles to their source, exploring geography to its depths, drawing analogies from distant things, and referencing the human body itself. Leigong and others received instruction and transmitted this knowledge, leading to the creation of the *Neijing* (Inner Canon). When the Zhou dynasty rose, Qin He expounded on the theory of the Six Qi (Wind, Cold, Summer-heat, Dampness, Dryness, and Fire), which was clearly recorded by the Left Historian. Later, Bian Que (Yue Ren) grasped its essence, elaborating it into the *Nanjing* (Classic of Difficult Issues). Cang Gong (Chunyu Yi) of the Western Han inherited his teachings, and Zhang Zhongjing (Zhang Ji) of the Eastern Han compiled his remaining discussions. Huangfu Mi of the Jin Dynasty selected and edited these into the *Jiayi Jing* (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion); Yang Shangshan of the Sui Dynasty compiled them into the *Taisu* (Grand Simplicity); Wang Bing of the Tang Dynasty cherished them greatly and provided detailed annotations. (Lin Yi, Preface to *Suwen*)

Ban Gu stated: The *Neijing* consists of eighteen volumes. The *Suwen* comprises nine of these volumes, combined with the nine chapters of the *Lingshu* (Spiritual Pivot), totaling this number. Although dynasties have changed, the transmission of learning remains. Fearing that later interpolations might obscure the original text, the seventh volume was kept by the Shi family; currently, only eight volumes are in circulation. The Zhou Dynasty had He and Huan; the Han Dynasty had Chunyu Yi; the Wei Dynasty had Zhang Ping and Hua Tuo; all were adept in the profound mysteries of this path. (Wang Bing, Preface to *Suwen*)

*Diwang Shiji* states: The Yellow Emperor appointed Qibo to oversee medical practices to treat various diseases. The *Shuowen Jiezi* states: Wu Peng was the first to create the concept of "medicine." The *Lüshi Chunqiu* also states: Wu Peng created medicine.

Although prescriptions and pharmacological methods in various books have been added or omitted over time, they generally follow the teachings of the Yellow Emperor. For instance, the *Maijue* (Pulse Secrets) originated from Wang Shuhe of the Jin Dynasty; the *Bingyuan* (Source of Diseases) from Chao Yuanfang of the Sui Dynasty; the *Tangye Jing* (Decoction Classic) from Yi Yin of the Shang Dynasty; the *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage) from Zhang Ji of the Han Dynasty; the *Qianjin Yaofang* (Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold) from Sun Simiao of the Tang Dynasty; and the *Waitai Miyao* (Secret Essentials from the Outer Cabinet) from Wang Tao of the Tang Dynasty. Our dynasty (Song) collected famous prescriptions from across the realm into the *Taiping Shenghui Fang* (Holy Benefit Formulas of the Taiping Era). Other miscellaneous works exist in every era. Gao’s *Xiaoshi* states: The Flame Emperor (Yandi) created medicinal formulas to cure contemporary epidemics. (*Shiwu Jiyuan*)

*Diwang Shiji* states: The Yellow Emperor ordered Leigong and Qibo to discuss the lateral connections of meridians through eighty-one questions and answers, known as the *Nanjing*. Yang Yuancuo, in his preface to the *Nanjing*, stated: The *Yellow Emperor’s Eighty-One Difficult Issues* was authored by Qin Yue Ren. According to the *Yellow Emperor’s Neijing*, there are nine volumes whose meanings are difficult to fully explore. Yue Ren therefore extracted the essentials, dividing them into eighty-one chapters to compose the *Nanjing*. (Ibid.)