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Sweet in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily descends Qi and harmonizes the middle jiao (middle burner), assists Spleen Qi, and promotes bowel movement.

Sweet in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats heat distension in the heart and abdomen, dry mouth, and thirst. Its nature is cold and purgative; it originates from Yizhou and the Western Regions, made by boiling down cane sugar into cakes or blocks, yellowish-white in color.

Sweet in flavor, cold in nature, non-toxic. Its efficacy and substance are similar to Shimi (Rock Sugar/Honeycomb Sugar), but its cold and purgative properties are stronger. It is made by pressing sugarcane juice and boiling it; produced in Shu, the Western Regions, and Jiangdong.

Pungent in flavor, neutral in nature, toxic. Primarily relaxes the stomach and intestines, nourishes the skin and muscles, and lubricates the bowels. Also known as Tuzhi (Earth Ginseng).

Bitter and sweet in flavor, slightly cold in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst Syndrome/Diabetes), Bi syndrome with heat, warms the middle jiao, and benefits Qi. Also known as Jiegu, also known as Shuiping. Grows in February, leaves resemble taro leaves. Roots harvested on the third day of the third lunar month and dried in the shade.

Bitter and sweet in flavor, warm in nature, cold and purgative, toxic. Primarily treats coughing with rebellious Qi, borborygmus (rumbling in the intestines), Hou Bi (sore throat/dysphagia), descends Qi, postpartum lactation issues, Jin Chuang (traumatic wounds from metal weapons), cold pain in the heart, Ben Tun (Rushing Pig Syndrome/abdominal mass rising up), Jing Xian (convulsions/seizures), vexatious heat below the heart, wandering wind-pathogen, epidemic headaches, releases the muscle layer, eliminates urgency below the heart, and detoxifies dog poison. Harvested in May. Those with two kernels are lethal to humans and can be used to poison dogs.

Bitter in flavor, non-toxic. Primarily tonifies deficiencies, treats women's internal injury with cold-heat Bi syndrome, and Jue Ni (cold extremities/reversal).

Sour in flavor; excessive consumption damages sinews and bones. Grows in the mountains and valleys of Jin.

Bitter and sweet in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats blood stasis, blood obstruction, Zha masses and pathogenic factors, kills small parasites, stops coughing with rebellious Qi, eliminates hardness below the heart, removes sudden traumatic bleeding, breaks Zhuo Zha (fixed abdominal masses), regulates menstruation, relieves pain. Kernels harvested in July and dried in the shade.

Eliminates various evil spirits and enhances complexion. Bitter in flavor, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily resolves water retention, breaks Shi Lin (lithuria/kidney stones), promotes urination and defecation, expels three types of intestinal parasites, and beautifies the face. Harvested on the third day of the third lunar month and dried in the shade.

Bitter in flavor, slightly warm. Primarily eliminates hundred ghosts and spirit entities. Treats Zhong E abdominal pain, expels spirits, and resolves five poisons and inauspicious signs. Also known as Taonu (Peach Slave), also known as Xiaojing. Refers to fruits that remain attached to the tree without falling; those with solid centers are harvested in January.

Primarily treats lower bleeding Zha masses, cold-heat accumulations, infertility, Dai Xia diseases (leukorrhea disorders), and breaks hard obstructions. Scraped peach hairs are used for treatment.