味苦，温，微寒，有大毒。主心痛寒热，结气积聚，伏梁，伤筋痿拘缓，利水道。除阴
下湿，风眩。生汉中山谷及冤句，二月八月采，阴干。
味苦甘，寒，有毒。主齿痛出虫，肉痹拘急，使人健行，见鬼。疗癫狂风痫，颠倒拘挛。
多食令人狂走。久服轻身，走及奔马，强志，益力，通神。一名横唐，一名行唐。生海滨川
谷及雍州，五月采子。
味辛，平，微温，有毒。主疟及咳逆寒热，腹中症坚痞结，积聚邪气，蛊毒鬼疰。疗胸
中邪结气，吐出之。生江林山川谷，及蜀汉中。常山苗也，五月采叶，阴干。
味苦辛，寒，微寒，有毒。主伤寒寒热，热发温疟，鬼毒，胸中痰结吐逆。疗鬼蛊，往
来水胀，洒洒恶寒，鼠 。一名互草。生益州川谷及汉中，八月采根阴干。
味苦，微寒，无毒。主邪气，皮肤中热，风瘙身痒，杀三虫，恶疮疥虱，痔蚀，下部
疮。子∶名草决明，疗唇口青。一名草蒿，一名萎蒿。生平谷道旁，三月采茎叶阴干，五月
六月采子。
味苦酸，寒，有毒。主邪气热气，疥瘙恶疡疮痔，去白虫。一名野狼牙，一名野狼齿
野狼子，一名犬牙。生淮南川谷及冤句，八月采根，曝干。中湿腐烂生衣者，杀人。
味苦甘，平，微寒，无毒。主痈肿疽疮，散结气，止痛，除热，目中赤，小儿惊痫，温
疟，女子阴中肿痛，下赤白，杀火毒。一名菟核，一名白草，一名白根，一名昆仑。生衡山
山谷，二月八月采根，曝干。
Mainly treats toxic swelling with accumulated heat.
Bitter in taste, warm and slightly cold in nature, highly toxic. Mainly treats heart pain accompanied by alternating chills and fever, qi stagnation forming accumulations (masses), fuliang (abdominal masses), damage to tendons causing flaccidity, spasms or laxity, promotes urination. Eliminates dampness in the yin region, treats wind-induced vertigo. Grows in valleys of Hanzhong and Yuanju, harvested in February and August, dried in shade.
Bitter and sweet in taste, cold in nature, toxic. Mainly treats toothache caused by worms, flesh bi (numbness and stiffness of muscles), enables agile walking, may cause hallucinations of seeing ghosts. Treats mania, wind-phthisis, presenting as sudden collapse and limb spasms. Excessive consumption causes people to run wildly. Long-term use lightens the body, enables running as fast as a galloping horse, strengthens willpower, increases strength, and enhances spiritual clarity. Also known as Hengtang, also known as Xingtang. Grows in coastal valleys and Yongzhou, seeds harvested in May.
Pungent in taste, neutral and slightly warm in nature, toxic. Mainly treats malaria and cough with rebellious qi accompanied by chills and fever, hard nodules and痞结 (obstructions) in the abdomen, accumulation of pathogenic factors, gu poison (parasitic disease) and guizhu (highly contagious wasting disease). Treats pathogenic qi obstruction in the chest, inducing vomiting to expel it. Grows in riverine forests, mountain valleys, and Shu-Hanzhong. It is the seedling of Changshan (Dichroa febrifuga), leaves harvested in May, dried in shade.
Bitter and pungent in taste, cold and slightly cold in nature, toxic. Mainly treats chills and fever from shanghan (cold damage), warm malaria triggered by heat, ghost toxins, phlegm obstruction in the chest leading to vomiting and reflux. Treats gu蛊 diseases, intermittent water distension, aversion to cold with shivering, shulou (scrofula/lymphatic tuberculosis). Also known as Hucao. Grows in Yizhou valleys and Hanzhong, roots harvested in August, dried in shade.
Bitter in taste, slightly cold in nature, non-toxic. Mainly treats pathogenic factors, heat in the skin, wind-rash with itching, kills three types of parasites (roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms), treats malignant sores, scabies, lice, hemorrhoid erosion, and lower body ulcers. Seeds: named Caojueming (Cassiae Semen), treats cyanosis of lips and mouth. Also known as Caohao, also known as Weihao. Grows beside paths in plains and valleys, stems and leaves harvested in March, dried in shade; seeds harvested in May and June.
Bitter and sour in taste, cold in nature, toxic. Mainly treats pathogenic heat, scabies, malignant sores, ulcers, and hemorrhoids, removes white worms (intestinal parasites). Also known as Yelangya, also known as Yelangchi, also known as Yelangzi, also known as Canya. Grows in Huainan valleys and Yuanju, roots harvested in August, sun-dried. If rotted by dampness and covered with fungal growth, it is lethal.
Bitter and sweet in taste, neutral and slightly cold in nature, non-toxic. Mainly treats carbuncles, sores, and ulcers, dissipates qi stagnation, relieves pain, clears heat, treats red eyes, pediatric convulsions and epilepsy, warm malaria, swelling and pain in the female vagina, leukorrhea with blood, kills fire toxins. Also known as Tuhé, also known as Baicao, also known as Baigen, also known as Kunlun. Grows in Hengshan valleys, roots harvested in February and August, sun-dried.