Bitter and salty in taste, cold in nature, slightly cold, with slight toxicity. Primarily kills the three parasites (San Chong), expels toxic vapors (Du Wa), clears heat in the stomach, benefits men but is not suitable for women. Can be made into a massage ointment to eliminate various diseases in children. Expels pathogenic factors, treats aversion to wind with sweating, clears heat nodules in the skin, accumulates gu poison, white worms (Cun Bai, tapeworms), and symptoms of uncontrolled discharge. Long-term use causes impotence. Also known as Leishi or Leishi. The red variety is lethal. Grows in Shicheng valleys and soil in Hanzhong; roots are harvested in August and sun-dried.

Acrid and bitter in taste, cold in nature, slightly cold, non-toxic. Primarily clears heat in the body's skin, expels pathogenic factors, stops enuresis, promotes urination, clears heat in the stomach, directs qi downward, and can be used to make bathing decoctions. Also known as Jugu. Grows in Xiong'er river valleys and old mound ruins in fields; harvested in April.

Greatly cold in nature. Primarily treats epidemic headaches (Shixing Tou Tong) and heat accumulation in the intestines and stomach.

Bitter in taste, non-toxic. Primarily treats toxic wind, Hong Kong foot swelling (Zu Zhong), flaccidity and weakness of the four limbs, toxic vapors wandering in the skin, phlegm stagnation, etc. Soaked in wine and taken orally; leaves that are round, large, have small pedicels, and move spontaneously without wind are preferred.

Young branches are bitter in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treat chronic dysentery with red and white discharge (Jiu Li Chi Bai); crushed, mixed with water, juice extracted and taken, one sheng per dose, twice daily, with great efficacy.

Acrid and bitter in taste, warm in nature, with slight toxicity. Primarily treats severe wind diseases (Da Feng), wind affecting the head, face, hands, and feet, epilepsy, mania, spasms, bi-syndrome due to cold-dampness causing pain. Widely used in folk prescriptions, but not recorded in Ben Cao, with no other aliases. There is Luān flower, but its functions differ and it is not this flower.

Bitter in taste, greatly cold in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats mouth ulcers with sweet sensation (Kou Chuang Gan), kills various parasites, removes heat from the heart and abdomen. Also known as Shanshiliu.

Sweet and bitter in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats the three parasites, directs qi downward, aids digestion of grains.

Slightly cold in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats alternating chills and fever in children, and twelve types of infantile convulsions (Shi Er Jing Xian).

Acrid in taste, warm in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats pathogenic factors, various bi-syndromes causing pain and soreness, heals fractures and injuries, supplements bone marrow. Also known as Lianmu. Grows in valleys of Shujun; harvest time is unrestricted.

Acrid and salty in taste, warm in nature, with slight toxicity. Primarily treats wind-bi syndrome, dead muscle tissue (Si Ji), pathogenic factors, headache with tearing, promotes the opening of the nine orifices, kills spirit entities (Jing Wu). Treats abdominal fullness, aids digestion, relieves cough, scrotal knots (Nang Jie), uterine prolapse in women, brightens eyes, and benefits essence. Can be used for bathing medicinals, but not for decoction. Grows in river valleys of Yongzhou and Zou County in Lu. Those resembling pig teeth are of good quality. Pods are harvested in September and October and dried in the shade.

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