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Diarrhea refers to the condition where food and fluids in the stomach fail to separate clearly, mixing together and entering the large intestine. It is mostly caused by spleen deficiency with dampness retention and impaired transportation. As stated in the *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), "excessive dampness leads to five types of diarrhea." The root causes of this disease in children include internal injury from raw or cold milk and food, external contraction of wind-cold-summerheat-dampness pathogens, or irregular eating habits leading to spleen-stomach dysfunction. When cold and heat pathogens interfere with each other, diarrhea ensues. If diarrhea persists for a long time without stopping, primordial qi gradually declines, inevitably evolving into severe slow convulsion (Man Jing). Internal treatment should focus on resolving dampness through separation and warming-tonifying the spleen and kidney.

Specific massage techniques include: Fen Yin Yang (Dividing Yin and Yang) (200 times), Tui San Guan (Pushing the Three Gates) (100 times), Tui Liu Fu (Pushing the Six Palaces) (100 times), Tui Bu Pi Tu (Pushing and Tonifying Spleen Earth) (200 times), Tui Xin Jing (Pushing the Heart Meridian) (80 times), Tui Qing Shen Shui (Pushing and Clearing Kidney Water) (100 times), Qia Zuo Duan Zheng (Pinching Left Duanzheng) (24 times), Ce Tui Da Chang (Side-pushing Large Intestine) (80 times), Rou Wai Lao Gong (Kneading Outer Laogong) (49 times), Yun Ba Gua (Moving the Eight Trigrams) (100 times), Rou Qi Ji Gui Wei (Kneading the Umbilicus and Guizhou) (200 times), Qia Cheng Shan (Pinching Chengshan) (30 times), Da Ma Guo Tian He (Beating Horse Crossing the Heavenly River) (80 times), Yao Dou Zhou (Shaking the Bucket Elbow) (80 times). For cases belonging to cold syndrome, add Huang Feng Ru Dong (Yellow Bee Entering the Cave) (24 times); for cases belonging to heat syndrome, add Lao Ming Yue (Scooping the Bright Moon) (24 times).

Commentary: Diarrhea syndromes always involve dampness. In the early stage, it is appropriate to regulate the middle jiao and promote diuresis in the lower jiao. In chronic cases, raising yang qi is necessary. Only when prolapse and uncontrollable slipping occur should astringent herbs be used to consolidate.

Li Shicai proposed nine methods for treating diarrhea: light leaching, lifting and raising, cooling and clearing, draining and unblocking, sweet and緩缓 (gentle/slowing), sour and astringing, drying spleen, warming kidney, and consolidating and astringing. However, there are cases of diarrhea caused by phlegm, which should be treated with methods for resolving phlegm. Relying solely on massage would be too rigid. (Tili Zi)

Wind, cold, summerheat, dampness, dryness, and fire are known as the six excesses (Liu Yin). Zhang Zhongjing authored the *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage), which classifies manifestations according to the six meridians, listing 397 treatment methods and 113 prescriptions, which is indeed exquisite and comprehensive. For children suffering from cold syndromes, symptoms include aversion to cold, fear of wind, fever, headache, neck stiffness, joint pain, chest fullness and stuffiness. Internal treatment prioritizes releasing the exterior.

Specific massage techniques include: Fen Yin Yang (Dividing Yin and Yang) (200 times), Tui San Guan (Pushing the Three Gates) (100 times), Tui Liu Fu (Pushing the Six Palaces) (100 times), Yun Nei Ba Gua (Moving Inner Eight Trigrams) (50 times), Qia Wu Zhi Jian (Pinching the Tips of the Five Fingers) (50 times), Yao Dou Zhou (Shaking the Bucket Elbow) (50 times). If there is no sweating, add Qia Er Men Shan (Pinching Two Doors Gate) (50 times), Qia Xin Jing (Pinching Heart Meridian) (50 times), Rou Nei Lao Gong (Kneading Inner Laogong) (100 times), Tui Pi Tu (Pushing Spleen Earth) (100 times), Tian Men Ru Hu Kou (Heaven's Gate Entering Tiger's Mouth) (100 times), Tui Fei Shu Xue (Pushing Feishu Acupoint) (100 times), pushing from Dazhui to Guizhou (100 times). When applying pushing techniques, ginger and scallion water can be used as a medium. Regarding the method for releasing the exterior (see Volume 2, page 36), sweating method (see Volume 2, page 21), and pulse-unblocking method (see Volume 2, page 43).

Commentary: Among cold syndromes, common cold is mild, Shanghan (Cold Damage) is severe, and Zhonghan (Mid-cold) is particularly severe. Zhang Zhongjing states in the *Shanghan Lun*: "If one induces sweating inappropriately, it is called mistaken sweating." He also says: "If one purges inappropriately, it is called mistaken purging." The *Shanghan Lun* serves as a guide for correcting errors in later generations. Otherwise, if only a few prescriptions were needed to cover the six meridian syndromes, why would there be so many as 113? Alas! Zhang Zhongjing established these prescriptions to remedy potential errors, fearing that people might make mistakes. Therefore, those engaged in healing must not fail to expose the reasons for such errors and must embody Zhang Zhongjing's heart for saving the world. (Tili Zi)