至真要大论篇 帝曰∶夫百病之生也，皆生于风寒暑湿燥火，以之化之变也。经言
盛者泻之，虚者补之。工巧神圣，可得闻乎？岐伯曰∶审察病机，无失气宜，此之谓也。曰∶愿
闻病机。曰∶诸风掉眩，皆属于肝。
诸寒收引，皆属于肾。诸气 郁，皆属于肺。诸湿肿满，皆属于脾。诸热瞀 ，皆属于火。诸痛
疮痒，皆属于心。诸厥固泄，皆属于下。诸痿喘呕，皆属于上。诸禁鼓栗，如丧神守，皆属于火。
诸痉项强，皆属于湿。诸逆冲上，皆属于火。诸腹胀大，皆属于热。诸躁狂越，皆属于火。诸暴
强直，皆属于风。诸病有声，鼓之如鼓，皆属于热。诸病 肿，疼酸惊骇，皆属于火。诸转反戾，
水液混浊，皆属于热。诸病水液，澄澈清冷，皆属于寒。诸呕吐酸，暴注下迫，皆属于热。
（此言百病皆生于五脏，五脏之病又不外乎风寒暑湿燥火之六淫，而诸病莫不兼之，病机大
要实病于此矣。）
故大要曰∶谨守病机，各司其属，有者求之，无者求之，盛者责之，虚者责之，必先五胜，
疏其血气，令其条达，而致和平，此之谓也。
（此总结上文之意，有无求之，求其五脏六淫之有无也；盛虚责之，责其五脏六淫之虚实也，
如虚则补之，实则泻之。五胜，五运之胜也。）
风论篇 帝曰∶风之伤人也，或为寒热，或为热中，或为寒中，或为厉风，或为偏枯，
或为风也，（或，当作均。）其病各异，其名不同，或内至五脏六腑，不知其解，愿闻其说。岐
伯对曰∶风气藏于皮肤之间，内不得通，外不得泄；风者善行而数变，腠理开则洒然寒，闭则热
而闷，其寒也则衰饮食，其热也则消肌肉，故使人 栗而不能食，名曰寒热。风气与阳明入胃，
循脉而上至目内 ，其人肥则风气不得外泄，则为热中而目黄；人瘦则外泄而寒，则为寒中而泣出。
风气与太阳俱入，行诸脉俞，散于分肉之间，与卫气相干，其道（气道也）不利，故使肌肉愤
而有疡，卫气有所凝而不行，故其肉有不仁也。
厉者，有荣卫热 ，其气不清，故使鼻柱坏而色败，皮肤疡溃，风寒客于脉而不去，名曰厉风。
（此风气入于经脉之中也，荣行脉中，故风入脉中与荣气合，则热而血腐坏也。其气不清，
言溃乱也。然而血脉溃乱，荣复挟风，阳脉上头，鼻为呼吸之所，故鼻柱坏而色为恶，皮肤破而溃烂。经曰∶
脉风盛为疠溃是也。）
以春甲乙伤于风者为肝风，以夏丙丁伤于风者为心风，以季夏戊己伤于邪者为脾风，以秋庚
辛中于邪者为肺风，以冬壬癸中于邪者为肾风。风中五脏六腑之俞，亦为脏腑之风，各入其门户，
所中则为偏风。风气循风府而上，则为脑风。风入系头，则为目风，眼寒。饮酒中风，则为漏风。
入房汗出中风，则为内风。新沐中风，则为首风。久风入中，则为肠风飧泄。外在腠理，则为泄
风。故风者百病之长也，至其变化，乃为他病也，无常方，然致（《甲乙经》作故字。）有风气
也。帝曰∶五脏风之形状不同者何？愿闻其诊及其病能。岐伯曰∶肺风之状，多汗恶风，色 然
白，时咳短气，昼日则瘥，暮则甚，诊在眉上，其色白。
（肺脏有风，则眉间 白色。 ，薄白，肺色薄白，时咳短气，昼则阳气在表故瘥，暮则阳
气入里，风内应之，故甚。）
心风之状，多汗恶风，焦绝，善怒吓，赤色，病甚则言不可快，诊在口，其色赤。
（焦绝，谓唇焦而文理断绝，风薄于心则神乱，故善怒而吓人也。舌为心之苗，故病甚则舌
强而言不快也。）
肝风之状，多汗恶风，色微苍，嗌干善怒，时憎女子，诊在目下，其色青。
（善怒时憎女子，皆木之性曲而又直故也。）
脾风之状，多汗恶风，身体怠惰，四肢不欲动，色薄微黄，不嗜食，诊在鼻上，其色黄。
（脾主四肢，故不欲动。鼻于中而主土，故脾候之而色黄也。）
肾风之状，多汗恶风，面庞然浮肿，脊痛不能正立，隐曲不利，诊在肌上，其色黑。
（庞然，言肿起也。肾脉起于足下，上股内后廉贯脊，故脊痛不能正立也。隐曲者，谓隐蔽
委曲之处，肾风薄精气内微，故隐曲之事不利为也。）
胃风之状，颈多汗恶风，饮食不下，鬲塞不通，腹善满，失衣则 胀，食寒则泄，诊形瘦而腹大。
（胃风失衣，则外寒而内热，故 胀。胃合脾而主肉，胃气不足则肉不长，故瘦也。）
首风之状，头面多汗恶风，当先风一日，则病甚，头痛不可以出内，至其风日，则病少愈。
漏风之状，或多汗，常不可单衣，食则汗出，甚则身汗，喘息恶风，衣常濡，口干善渴，不能劳事。
（因醉取风为漏风，其状口干善渴，近衣则身热如火，临食则汗流如雨，骨节懈怠，不欲自劳。）
泄风之状，多汗，汗出泄衣上，口中干，上渍，其风不能劳事，身体尽痛则寒。
（泄风汗多，则津液涸而亡阳，故口干而寒也，此为泄风。）
痹论篇 帝曰∶痹之安生？岐伯对曰∶风寒湿三气杂至合而为痹也。其风气胜者为行
痹，寒气胜者为痛痹，湿气胜者为着痹也。帝曰∶其有五者何也？岐伯曰∶以冬遇此者为骨痹，
以春遇此者为筋痹，以夏遇此者为脉痹，以至阴遇此者为肌痹，以秋遇此者为皮痹。帝曰∶内舍
五脏六腑，何气使然？岐伯曰∶五脏皆有合，病久而不去者，内舍于其合也。故骨痹不已，复感
于邪，内舍于肾；筋痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于肝；脉痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于心；肌痹不已，
复感于邪，内舍于脾；皮痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于肺。所谓痹者，各以其时重感于风寒湿之气
也。凡痹之客五脏者，肺痹者，烦满喘呕；心痹者，脉不通，烦则心下鼓，暴上气而喘，嗌干善
噫，厥气上则恐；肝痹者，夜卧则惊，多饮数小便，上为引如怀；（小便上引而痛，如怀孕之状。）
肾痹者，善胀，尻以代踵，脊以代头；脾痹者，四肢懈怠，发咳呕汁，上为大塞；肠痹者，数饮
而出不得，中气喘争，时发飧泄；胞痹者，少腹膀胱按之内痛，若沃以汤，涩于小便，上为清涕。
（以上十二痹证，皆风寒湿外邪所伤而致之也。邪舍于其脏腑，则其脏腑之证见焉，治者审之。）
淫气喘息，痹聚在肺；淫气忧思，痹聚在心；淫气遗溺，痹聚在肾；淫气乏竭，痹聚在肝；
淫气肌绝，痹聚在脾。诸痹不已，亦益内也。
（此属内伤外邪合而为痹是也。）
其风胜者，其人易已也。帝曰∶痹其时有死者，或痛久者，或易已者，其故何也？岐伯曰∶其入脏者死，
其留连于筋骨间者疼久，其留皮肤间者易已。曰∶其客于六腑何也？曰∶此亦其饮食居处，为其病本也。
四方土地高下温凉不同，物性刚柔飧居亦异。经曰∶水谷之寒热，感则害六腑是也。
六腑亦各有俞，风寒湿气中其俞，而食饮应之，循俞而入，各舍其腑也。曰∶以针治之奈何？
曰∶五脏有俞，六腑有合，循脉之分，各有所发，各随（一作治）其过，则病瘳也。曰∶荣卫之气亦
令人痹乎？曰∶荣者，水谷之精气也，调和于五脏，洒陈于六腑，乃能入于脉也。故循脉上下，
贯五脏，络六腑也。卫者，水谷之悍气也，其气 疾滑利，不能入于脉也，故循皮肤之中，分肉
之间，熏于肓膜，散于胸腹，逆其气则病，从其气则愈，不与风寒湿气合，故不为痹。帝曰∶善。
（此言水谷之精，冲盛荣卫，邪气自不能入而为害，何痹之有？）
帝曰∶痹或痛，或不痛，或不仁，或寒，或热，或燥，或湿，其故何也？岐伯曰∶痛者，寒
气多也，有寒故痛也。其不痛不仁者，病久入深，荣卫之行涩，经络时疏，故不痛，皮肤不荣，
故为不仁。其寒者，阳气少，阴气多，与病相益，故寒也。其热者，阳气多，阴气少，病气胜，
阳遭阴，故为痹热。其多汗而濡者，此其逢湿甚也，阳气少，阴气盛，两气相感，故汗出而濡也。
曰∶夫痹之为病，不痛何也？岐伯曰∶痹在于骨则重，在于脉则血凝而不流，在于筋则屈不伸，
在于肉则不仁，在于皮则寒。故具此五者，则不痛也。凡痹之类，逢寒则虫，（当作急。）逢热
则纵。帝曰∶善。
痿论篇 帝曰∶五脏使人痿何也？岐伯曰∶肺主身之皮毛，心主身之血脉，肝主身之
筋膜，脾主身之肌肉，肾主身之骨髓。故肺热叶焦，则皮毛虚弱急薄，着则生痿 也；心气热，
则下脉厥而上，上则下脉虚，虚则生脉痿，枢折挈，胫纵而不任地也；肝气热，则胆泄口苦，筋
膜干，则筋急而挛，发为筋痿；脾气热，则胃
干而渴，肌肉不仁，发为肉痿；肾气热，则腰脊不举，骨枯而髓减，发为骨痿。帝曰∶何以得之？
岐伯曰∶肺者，藏之长也，为心之盖也，有所失亡，所求不得，则发肺鸣，鸣则肺热叶焦，故曰∶
五脏因肺热叶焦，发为痿 。此之谓也。
（五脏之痿，皆固肺热而致之，然本脏各有相火而生痿也。）
悲哀太甚，则胞络绝，胞络绝则阳气内动，发则心下崩数溲血也。故本病曰∶大经空虚，发
为肌痹，传为脉痿。思想无穷，所愿不得，意淫于外，入房太甚，宗筋弛纵，发为筋痿，及为白
淫。故《下经》曰∶筋痿者，生于肝使内也。（使内谓劳役筋力，费竭精气。）有渐于湿，以水
为事，若有所留，居处相湿，肌肉濡溃，痹而不仁，发为肉痿。故《下经》曰∶肉痿者，得之湿
地也。有所远行劳倦，逢大热而渴，渴则阳气内伐，内伐则热舍于肾，肾者水藏也，今水不胜火，
则骨枯而髓虚，故足不任身，发为骨痿。故《下经》曰∶骨痿者，生于大热也。（《下经》，古
经也。）帝曰∶何以别之？岐伯曰∶肺热者色白而毛败，心热者色赤而络脉溢，肝热者色苍而爪
枯，脾热者色黄而肉蠕动，肾热者色黑而齿槁。帝曰∶如夫子言可矣，论言治痿者独取阳明，何
也？岐伯曰∶阳明者，五脏六腑之海，主润宗筋，宗筋主束骨而利机关也。冲脉者，经脉之海也，
主渗灌溪谷，与阳明合于宗筋，阴阳总宗筋之会，会于气街，而阳明为之长，皆属于带脉，而络
于督脉。故阳明虚则宗筋纵，带脉不引，故足痿不用也。帝曰∶治之奈何？岐伯曰∶各补其荣而
通其俞，调其虚实，和其逆顺，筋脉骨肉各以其时受月，则病已矣。
（时受月，谓受气之时月，如肝王甲乙，心王丙丁之类是也。）
厥论篇 帝曰∶厥之寒热者何也？岐伯曰∶阳气衰于下，则为寒厥；阴气衰于下，则
为热厥。（阳谓足之三阳脉也；阴谓足之三阴脉也。）帝曰∶热厥之为热也，必起于足下者何也？
岐伯曰∶阳气起于足五指之表，阴脉者集于足下而聚于足心，故阳气胜则足下热也。曰∶寒厥之
为寒也，必从五指而上于膝者何也？曰∶阴气起于五指之里，
集于膝下而聚于膝上，故阴气胜则从五指至膝上寒，其寒也，不从外，皆从内也。曰∶寒厥何失
而然也？曰∶前阴者，宗筋之所聚，太阴阳明之所合也。春夏则阳气多而阴气少，秋冬则阴气盛
而阳气衰。此人者质壮，以秋冬夺于所用，下气上争不能复，精气溢下，邪气因从之而上也。气
因于中，阳气衰，不能渗营其经络，阳气日损，阴气独在，故手足为之寒也。帝曰∶热厥何为而
然也？岐伯曰∶酒入于胃，则络脉满而经脉虚；脾主为胃行其津液者也，阴气虚则阳气入，阳气
入则胃不和，胃不和则精气竭，精气竭则不营其四肢也。此人必数醉若饱以入房，气聚于脾中不
得散，酒气与谷气相搏，热盛于中，故热遍于身，内热而溺赤也。夫酒气盛而 悍，肾气日衰，
阳气独胜，故手足为之热也。
（此言寒热二厥，皆损其阳气，竭其精气之所致也。四肢无气以营乏，则为厥逆。寒热虽异，虚损则同。）
帝曰∶厥或令人腹满，或令人暴不知人，或至半日远至一日乃知人者，何也？岐伯曰∶阴气
盛于上则下虚，下虚则腹胀满，阳气盛于上则下气重上而邪气逆，逆则阳气乱，阳气乱则不知人
也。帝曰∶善。愿闻六经脉之厥状病能也。曰∶巨阳之厥，则肿首头重，足不能行，发为 （音县）
仆。阳明之厥，则颠疾欲走呼，腹满不得卧，面赤而热，妄见而妄言。少阳之厥，则暴聋颊肿而
热，胁痛， 不可以运。太阴之厥，则腹满 胀，后不利，不欲食，食则呕，不得卧。少阴之厥，
则口干溺赤，腹满心痛。厥阴之厥，则少腹肿痛，腹胀泾溺不利，好卧屈膝，阴缩肿， 内热。
盛则泻之，虚则补之，不盛不虚，以经取之。
此六经之说厥状，皆有盛衰虚实，实则泻之，虚则补之，不盛不虚，只以本经留呼多少而取之。
太阴厥逆， 急挛，心痛引腹，治主病者。（经脉行有左右，候其有过者取之，故云治主病
者。）少阴厥逆，虚满呕变，下泄清，治主病者。厥阴厥逆，挛腰痛，虚满前闭，谵语，治主病
者。三阴俱逆，不得前后，使人手足寒，三日死。太阳厥逆，僵仆呕血善衄，治主病者。少阳厥
逆，机关不利者，腰不可以行，项不可以顾，发肠痈不可治，惊
Chapter Zhi Zhen Yao Da Lun (The Most Essential and Important Treatise)
The Yellow Emperor asked: The origin of all diseases lies in wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire, arising from their normal transformations or pathological variations. The classics state: "For excess conditions, use draining methods; for deficiency conditions, use tonifying methods." May I ask about this skillful and divine medical art? Qibo replied: Carefully examine the pathogenesis without neglecting the appropriateness of Qi according to climatic conditions; this is what is meant. The Yellow Emperor said: I wish to hear about the pathogenesis. Qibo said: All cases of wind-induced tremors and dizziness belong to the Liver. All cases of cold-induced contraction and pulling belong to the Kidney. All cases of Qi stagnation and depression belong to the Lung. All cases of dampness-induced edema and fullness belong to the Spleen. All cases of heat-induced visual obscuration and mental confusion belong to Fire. All cases of pain, sores, and itching belong to the Heart. All cases of Jue (reversal) and constipation or diarrhea belong to the Lower Jiao. All cases of Wei (withering) syndrome, asthma, and vomiting belong to the Upper Jiao. All cases of locked jaw, shivering, and loss of spiritual control belong to Fire. All cases of spasms and neck stiffness belong to Dampness. All cases of rebellious Qi rushing upward belong to Fire. All cases of abdominal distension and enlargement belong to Heat. All cases of restlessness, mania, and unruly behavior belong to Fire. All cases of sudden stiffness and rigidity belong to Wind. All cases of internal sounds, with drum-like percussion, belong to Heat. All cases of swelling, painful soreness, and fright belong to Fire. All cases of twisting, opisthotonos, and turbid urine belong to Heat. All cases of clear and cold excretions belong to Cold. All cases of vomiting acid water, sudden violent diarrhea with tenesmus belong to Heat. (This passage states that all diseases arise from the Five Zang organs, and diseases of the Five Zang organs are not outside the scope of the six excess pathogens: wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire. Various diseases encompass all these factors, and the general principles of pathogenesis are contained herein.)
Therefore, the essential principle states: Be cautious in adhering to the pathogenesis, and assign each condition to its respective category. Investigate what exists and what does not; address excess by draining and deficiency by tonifying. First, understand the dominance of the Five Movements (Wu Yun), unblock the Blood and Qi, ensure their smooth flow, and achieve harmony. This is what is meant.
(This summarizes the previous text: "Investigating existence and non-existence" refers to investigating the presence of the Five Zang organs and the six excess pathogens; "Addressing excess and deficiency" refers to addressing the excess or deficiency of the Five Zang organs and the six excess pathogens, such as tonifying deficiency and draining excess. "Five Movements' dominance" refers to the dominance of the Five Movements.)
Chapter Feng Lun (Treatise on Wind)
The Yellow Emperor asked: When Wind pathogen attacks humans, it may cause cold-heat syndrome, heat-center syndrome, cold-center syndrome, li-feng (leprosy/severe wind), pian-ku (hemiplegia), or other wind diseases. (The character "huo" here should be interpreted as "jun," meaning uniformly or generally.) The diseases vary, and their names differ; some penetrate internally to the Five Zang and Six Fu organs. I do not understand this; I wish to hear your explanation. Qibo responded: Wind pathogen hides between the skin and hair follicles; it cannot communicate internally nor be excreted externally. Wind is agile and changes frequently. When the pores open, one feels chilly and cold; when they close, one feels hot and stifled. If it manifests as cold, it diminishes appetite; if as heat, it consumes muscle tissue. Thus, it causes shivering and inability to eat, named Han Re (Cold-Heat) syndrome. If Wind enters the Stomach via the Yangming channel, traveling up to the inner canthus: if the person is fat, Wind cannot be excreted externally, leading to Re Zhong (Heat-Center) syndrome with yellow eyes; if thin, Wind is excreted externally causing cold, leading to Han Zhong (Cold-Center) syndrome with tearing. If Wind enters with the Taiyang channel, moving through various acupoints and dispersing between the muscle intervals, interfering with Wei Qi (Defensive Qi), obstructing the pathway, it causes muscle swelling and ulcers. Since Wei Qi coagulates and fails to circulate, the flesh becomes insensate.
Li-feng occurs when Ying and Wei Qi are heated, causing turbid Qi, resulting in a collapsed nasal bridge, discolored complexion, and ulcerated skin. When Wind-Cold lodges in the meridians and does not depart, it is called Li-feng.
(This indicates Wind entering the meridians. Ying flows within the vessels; thus, Wind entering the vessels combines with Ying Qi, generating heat and rotting blood. "Turbid Qi" implies disorder. However, with vessel and blood disorder, Ying carries Wind. Yang meridians ascend to the head; the nose is the passage for respiration, hence the nasal collapse and foul complexion, and skin ulceration. The classic says: "Excess Wind in vessels leads to leprosy and ulceration.")
Wind injury on Jia-Yi days in Spring affects the Liver, called Liver Wind. On Bing-Ding days in Summer, it affects the Heart, called Heart Wind. On Wu-Ji days in Late Summer, it affects the Spleen, called Spleen Wind. On Geng-Xin days in Autumn, it affects the Lung, called Lung Wind. On Ren-Gui days in Winter, it affects the Kidney, called Kidney Wind. Wind entering the Shu points of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs also creates Zang-Fu Wind. Entering through various portals, it becomes Pian Feng (Partial Wind). Wind ascending via Fengfu (GV16) becomes Nao Feng (Brain Wind). Wind entering the head connections becomes Mu Feng (Eye Wind) with cold eyes. Wind after drinking alcohol becomes Lou Feng (Leaking Wind). Wind during post-coital sweating becomes Nei Feng (Internal Wind). Wind after washing hair becomes Shou Feng (Head Wind). Long-term Wind entering inward becomes Chang Feng (Intestinal Wind) with undigested stool diarrhea. Wind remaining at the exterior becomes Xie Feng (Escaping Wind). Therefore, Wind is the chief of all diseases. Its transformations lead to other diseases without fixed forms, yet always originating from Wind.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How do the manifestations of Wind in the Five Zang organs differ? I wish to hear about diagnosis and pathology. Qibo said: Lung Wind presents with excessive sweating, aversion to wind, pale complexion, intermittent cough, and shortness of breath. Symptoms improve during the day and worsen at night. Diagnosis is observed above the eyebrows, showing white color.
(Lung Wind causes whiteness in the glabella area. Pale white is the thin color of the Lung. Intermittent cough and shortness of breath occur because Yang Qi is at the exterior during the day, improving symptoms; at night, Yang Qi enters the interior, resonating with Wind, worsening symptoms.)
Heart Wind presents with excessive sweating, aversion to wind, dried lips, irritability, red complexion. Severe cases involve slurred speech. Diagnosis is at the mouth, showing red color.
(Dried lips indicate severance of texture. Wind affecting the Heart disturbs Shen, causing irritability. The tongue is the sprout of the Heart; severe cases cause tongue stiffness and slurred speech.)
Liver Wind presents with excessive sweating, aversion to wind, slightly blue complexion, dry throat, irritability, and occasional aversion to women. Diagnosis is below the eyes, showing green color.
(Irritability and aversion to women reflect the nature of Wood, which bends and straightens.)
Spleen Wind presents with excessive sweating, aversion to wind, lethargy, desire to move limbs less, pale yellow complexion, and poor appetite. Diagnosis is on the nose tip, showing yellow color.
(The Spleen governs the limbs, hence the lack of desire to move. The nose is central and governs Earth, reflecting Spleen status with yellow color.)
Kidney Wind presents with excessive sweating, aversion to wind, facial edema, back pain preventing upright standing, and difficulty with urination/defecation. Diagnosis is on the muscles, showing black color.
("Pang ran" means swelling. The Kidney meridian starts at the sole, ascends along the inner thigh posteriorly through the spine, causing back pain. "Yin qu" refers to private areas; Kidney Wind depletes essence, causing dysfunction in private matters.)
Stomach Wind presents with neck sweating, aversion to wind, dysphagia, chest obstruction, frequent abdominal fullness, bloating when underdressed, and diarrhea from cold food. Diagnosis shows emaciation with a large abdomen.
(Underdressing causes external cold and internal heat, leading to bloating. The Stomach combines with the Spleen and governs flesh; insufficient Stomach Qi leads to emaciation.)
Shou Feng (Head Wind) presents with head/face sweating, aversion to wind. Symptoms worsen one day before the wind arrives, with headache preventing going out or in. Symptoms improve slightly on the windy day.
Lou Feng (Leaking Wind) presents with excessive sweating, inability to wear single clothes, sweating while eating, severe whole-body sweating, panting, aversion to wind, wet clothes, dry mouth, thirst, and inability to labor.
(Leaking Wind results from wind exposure after drunkenness. Symptoms include dry mouth/thirst, feeling hot like fire near clothes, profuse sweating while eating, joint laxity, and reluctance to labor.)
Xie Feng (Escaping Wind) presents with excessive sweating soaking clothes, dry mouth, upper body moisture, inability to labor, and generalized body pain with chills.
(Excessive sweating depletes fluids and Yang Qi, causing dry mouth and chills. This is Xie Feng.)
Chapter Bi Lun (Treatise on Bi Syndrome)
The Yellow Emperor asked: How does Bi syndrome arise? Qibo replied: Wind, Cold, and Dampness mix and combine to form Bi syndrome. Predominant Wind causes Xing Bi (Moving Bi); predominant Cold causes Tong Bi (Painful Bi); predominant Dampness causes Zhuo Bi (Fixed Bi). The Yellow Emperor asked: Why are there five types? Qibo said: Encountering these in Winter causes Gu Bi (Bone Bi); in Spring, Jin Bi (Tendon Bi); in Summer, Mai Bi (Vessel Bi); in Late Summer, Ji Bi (Muscle Bi); in Autumn, Pi Bi (Skin Bi). The Yellow Emperor asked: What allows internal transmission to the Zang-Fu? Qibo said: Each Zang has an associated tissue. Prolonged disease transmits to the associated organ. Unresolved Gu Bi transmits to the Kidney; Jin Bi to the Liver; Mai Bi to the Heart; Ji Bi to the Spleen; Pi Bi to the Lung. Bi syndrome arises from re-exposure to Wind-Cold-Dampness in the corresponding seasons.
Transmission to the Five Zang: Fei Bi causes irritability, fullness, asthma, vomiting. Xin Bi causes vessel obstruction, palpitations upon irritation, sudden qi rebellion with asthma, dry throat, belching, and fear from rebellious qi. Gan Bi causes nocturnal fright, polydipsia, frequent urination, and upper qi sensation resembling pregnancy. Shen Bi causes frequent bloating, walking on buttocks instead of heels, and spinal curvature replacing the head. Pi Bi causes limb lethargy, coughing with saliva, and severe upper obstruction. Chang Bi causes frequent drinking but inability to urinate, intestinal rumbling, and sporadic undigested stool diarrhea. Bao Bi causes lower abdominal/bladder tenderness, sensation of hot liquid pouring, dysuria, and clear nasal discharge.
(Twelve Bi syndromes result from external Wind-Cold-Dampness. Pathogens lodging in Zang-Fu manifest organ-specific symptoms; practitioners must examine carefully.)
Dyspnea indicates Bi gathering in the Lung; sorrow/thought indicates Bi gathering in the Heart; enuresis indicates Bi gathering in the Kidney; exhaustion indicates Bi gathering in the Liver; muscle atrophy indicates Bi gathering in the Spleen. Unresolved Bi progressively moves inward.
(This involves internal injury combined with external pathogens forming Bi.)
Cases with predominant Wind heal easily. The Yellow Emperor asked: Why does Bi sometimes cause death, sometimes chronic pain, and sometimes easy healing? Qibo said: Invasion of Zang leads to death; lingering in sinews/bones causes chronic pain; staying in skin heals easily. The Yellow Emperor asked: What about the Six Fu? Qibo said: Diet and lifestyle are the root. Different regions have varying climates and diets. The classics say: "Cold and hot foods harm the Six Fu."
The Six Fu have Shu points. Wind-Cold-Dampness attacking these points, combined with dietary responses, enter via the points and lodge in the Fu. The Yellow Emperor asked: How to treat with acupuncture? Qibo said: Zang have Shu points, Fu have He-sea points. Follow meridian distributions, treat affected areas, and adjust according to excess/deficiency to cure. The Yellow Emperor asked: Can Ying and Wei Qi cause Bi? Qibo said: Ying Qi is the refined essence of food/drink, harmonizing Zang and distributing to Fu, entering vessels to circulate through Zang and Fu. Wei Qi is the fierce Qi of food/drink, rapid and slippery, unable to enter vessels. It circulates in skin and muscle intervals, fumigating Huangmo and dispersing in chest/abdomen. If reversed, disease occurs; if smooth, health returns. Without combining with Wind-Cold-Dampness, it does not cause Bi.
(The refined essence of food strengthens Ying and Wei; pathogens cannot enter, so no Bi occurs.)
The Yellow Emperor asked: Why does Bi present with pain, numbness, cold, heat, dryness, or dampness? Qibo said: Pain is due to excess Cold. Numbness without pain results from prolonged disease, stagnant Ying/Wei flow, and empty meridians, leaving skin un-nourished. Cold results from deficient Yang and excess Yin reinforcing the pathogen. Heat results from excess Yang and deficient Yin, where pathogenic Yang overcomes Yin. Sweating and dampness result from severe Dampness exposure, where deficient Yang and excess Yin interact, causing sweat.
Why is there no pain? Bi in bone causes heaviness; in vessels, blood stasis; in sinews, flexion inability; in flesh, numbness; in skin, cold. Having these five features results in no pain. Bi aggravated by Cold causes spasm; by Heat, flaccidity.
Chapter Wei Lun (Treatise on Wei Syndrome)
The Yellow Emperor asked: How do the Five Zang cause Wei syndrome? Qibo said: Lung governs skin/hair; Heart governs vessels; Liver governs sinews; Spleen governs muscles; Kidney governs bones/marrow. Lung heat with scorched leaves causes weak, thin skin, leading to Wei Bi (foot weakness). Heart heat causes lower vessel reversal upward, depleting lower vessels, leading to Mai Bi (vessel Wei) with joint failure and flaccid calves. Liver heat causes bitter taste, dry sinews, leading to Jin Wei (tendon Wei) with spasms. Spleen heat causes dry stomach/thirst, numb muscles, leading to Rou Wei (muscle Wei). Kidney heat causes inability to raise waist/spine, dry bones, reduced marrow, leading to Gu Wei (bone Wei).
The Yellow Emperor asked: How is it acquired? Qibo said: Lung is the chief of Zang, cover of Heart. Loss or unfulfilled desires cause Lung resonance, leading to Lung heat and scorched leaves. Thus, all Zang Wei stem from Lung heat.
(Zang Wei stems from Lung heat, but each Zang's ministerial fire contributes.)
Excessive grief severs Bao Luo (pericardium collaterals), causing internal Yang movement and bleeding. Large vessels become empty, causing Ji Bi transmitting to Mai Bi. Endless thoughts and unfulfilled desires, plus excessive intercourse, relax Zong Jin (general sinews), causing Jin Wei and Bai Yin (white discharge). The *Xia Jing* states: Jin Wei originates from Liver strain.
Gradual dampness exposure, water work, or damp living conditions cause muscle maceration and numbness, leading to Rou Wei. The *Xia Jing* states: Rou Wei comes from damp places. Fatigue from travel combined with heat/thirst causes internal Yang attack, lodging heat in the Kidney. Water fails to overcome Fire, drying bones and reducing marrow, causing Gu Wei. The *Xia Jing* states: Gu Wei comes from extreme heat.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How to distinguish them? Qibo said: Lung heat shows white face and hair loss; Heart heat shows red face and overflowing collaterals; Liver heat shows blue face and brittle nails; Spleen heat shows yellow face and twitching muscles; Kidney heat shows black face and dry teeth.
The Yellow Emperor asked: Classics say treating Wei focuses solely on Yangming. Why? Qibo said: Yangming is the sea of Zang-Fu, moistening Zong Jin, which binds bones and facilitates joints. Chong Mai is the sea of vessels, irrigating valleys, combining with Yangming at Zong Jin. Yin/Yang converge at Zong Jin, meeting at Qichong (ST30), led by Yangming, connected to Dai Mai and Du Mai. Yangming deficiency causes Zong Jin relaxation and Dai Mai failure, leading to foot Wei.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How to treat? Qibo said: Tonify Ying and unblock Shu points, regulate excess/deficiency, harmonize reversal/smoothness. Treat sinews, vessels, bones, and flesh in their respective seasonal months.
("Shi shou yue" refers to the month of Qi reception, e.g., Liver dominant in Jia/Yi days.)
Chapter Jue Lun (Treatise on Jue Syndrome)
The Yellow Emperor asked: What causes cold and heat in Jue? Qibo said: Yang deficiency in the lower part causes Han Jue (Cold Jue); Yin deficiency in the lower part causes Re Jue (Heat Jue). (Yang refers to Foot Three Yang meridians; Yin to Foot Three Yin meridians.)
The Yellow Emperor asked: Why does Re Jue heat start from the feet? Qibo said: Yang Qi starts at the dorsal aspect of the five toes; Yin meridians gather at the sole. Excess Yang causes plantar heat.
The Yellow Emperor asked: Why does Han Jue cold start from toes and rise to knees? Qibo said: Yin Qi starts at the palmar aspect of the five toes, gathers below and above the knee. Excess Yin causes cold from toes to knees. This cold is internal, not external.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How does Han Jue occur? Qibo said: The anterior yin is the gathering of Zong Jin, where Taiyin and Yangming meet. In winter, Yin is abundant, Yang is scarce. Strong individuals who overexert in winter deplete lower Qi, causing Qi struggle and essence leakage. Pathogens follow upward. Qi stagnates mid-body, Yang declines, failing to nourish meridians. Daily Yang loss leaves only Yin, causing cold extremities.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How does Re Jue occur? Qibo said: Wine enters the Stomach, filling collaterals and emptying vessels. Spleen transports fluids; Yin deficiency allows Yang entry. Stomach disharmony leads to essence depletion, failing to nourish limbs. Frequent drunken intercourse causes Qi accumulation in Spleen, wine/grain Qi conflict, and internal heat. Wine Qi is fierce, depleting Kidney Qi daily. Yang dominance causes hot extremities.
(Cold/Heat Jue both damage Yang and deplete essence. Limb Qi deficiency causes reversal. Though cold/heat differ, deficiency is the same.)
The Yellow Emperor asked: Why does Jue cause abdominal fullness or sudden unconsciousness lasting half a day to a day? Qibo said: Excess Yin above causes lower deficiency, leading to fullness. Excess Yang above causes lower Qi to rebel upward, disturbing Yang Qi, causing unconsciousness.
The Yellow Emperor asked: Describe Jue patterns of the Six Meridians. Taiyang Jue causes head swelling, heaviness, inability to walk, and fainting. Yangming Jue causes mania, running/crying, abdominal fullness, insomnia, red face, fever, hallucinations, and delirium. Shaoyang Jue causes sudden deafness, swollen hot cheeks, hypochondriac pain, and immovable eyes. Taiyin Jue causes abdominal fullness, constipation, anorexia, vomiting, and insomnia. Shaoyin Jue causes dry mouth, red urine, abdominal fullness, and heart pain. Jueyin Jue causes lower abdominal swelling/pain, abdominal distension, dysuria, preference for lying with bent knees, genital shrinkage/swelling, and inner thigh heat.
Drain excess, tonify deficiency, and treat the affected meridian if neither excess nor deficiency.
(Six Meridian Jue patterns show excess/deficiency. Treat accordingly. For Taiyin Jue with spasms and heart pain radiating to abdomen, treat the primary affected meridian. For Shaoyin Jue with fullness, vomiting, and clear diarrhea, treat the primary affected meridian. For Jueyin Jue with spasms, back pain, urinary retention, and delirium, treat the primary affected meridian. Simultaneous Three Yin Jue with bowel/bladder obstruction and cold extremities is fatal in three days. Taiyang Jue with stiff falling, hematemesis, and epistaxis requires treating the primary affected meridian. Shaoyang Jue with joint dysfunction, inability to walk or turn the neck, intestinal abscess, and fright...)