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The male (silkworm moth) has slight toxicity. It primarily tonifies essence and qi, strengthens sexual function, prevents fatigue during intercourse, and also consolidates the essence to stop seminal emission. Ri Hua-zi stated: The late-season silkworm moth promotes yang energy, treats seminal emission, hematuria, and warms the lower jiao organs. It is also said to treat sudden wind (acute wind pathogen invasion), metal wounds (trauma from sharp instruments), frostbite, and scalds/burns. Additionally, paper made from silkworm moths: nature is neutral. It treats hematemesis, epistaxis, intestinal wind with bloody stool, metrorrhagia and leukorrhea in women, dysentery with red and white discharge, and is applied externally for carbuncles and sores. It is also stated that silkworm feces (Can-Sha) treats wind-bi causing numbness and paralysis of limbs, and borborygmus.

It primarily treats blood-wind disease, benefits women, and treats strangling throat wind (severe sore throat with difficulty breathing).

Taste is bitter, nature is neutral, with slight toxicity. It primarily treats evil qi in the heart and abdomen, impotence, tonifies essence, strengthens willpower, facilitates procreation, improves libido, tonifies the middle jiao, makes the body light and agile, treats lower back pain, directs rebellious qi downward, strengthens the yin organ, and increases semen production. Habitat: Grows on the leaves of the Ailanthus tree (Bitter Tree) in the rivers and valleys of Henei; harvested in July and dried in the sun. The commentary in *Bencao Tang* notes: There are two types of this substance. Those with complete five colors are male and have good efficacy. Those with a blue-black body and white spots are female and are not used medicinally; they are currently produced in Qizhou.

Taste is pungent, nature is cold, with toxicity. It primarily treats evil qi, breaks up masses and hard accumulations, resolves blood stasis, treats abscesses and genital sores, treats genital erosion, gangrene, leprosy, malignant sores, and dog bites; it can fuse with jade stones. *Yaoxing Lun* states: It repels various evil spirits and demons, is applied topically to treat abscesses, and treats heat-induced swelling. It is also stated as a minister herb. It kills pinworms and treats scrofula and malignant sores. Ri Hua-zi stated: Cold nature, non-toxic. Treats dog bites and manic heat, applied to malignant sores, relieves irritability and heat. Also known as Toad, slightly toxic. Breaks up masses, treats childhood malnutrition (gan syndrome), abdominal masses, treats coldness of the waist and kidneys, and assists yang energy.

Cold nature, non-toxic. Brightens the eyes, treats polydipsia (wasting-thirst), eliminates irritability, resolves heat toxins, tonifies deficiency bleeding in women due to consumptive disease, hemorrhoids, metrorrhagia, and leukorrhea, and suppresses the toxicity of alchemical pills. By placing powder of Coptis chinensis (Huanglian) inside, extracting the juice, and applying it to red or dim-sighted eyes, the effect is excellent. Powdered rotten shells taken orally treat regurgitation and phlegm-fluid retention. It is also stated: Clam powder: Cold nature, non-toxic. Treats gan syndrome, stops dysentery and vomiting/regurgitation, treats abscesses. Mixed with vinegar for topical application, it can also counteract the properties of Shitingzhi. *Shiliao Bencao* states: Greatly cold. Primarily treats excessive heat, resolves alcohol toxicity, stops thirst, removes redness of the eyes, and may disturb cold and hot qi dynamics.