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In the *Suwen* (Basic Questions) of the *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), it is stated: "All febrile diseases belong to the category of Shanghan (Cold Damage); furthermore, among those suffering from Shanghan, those who fall ill before the Summer Solstice are diagnosed with Wenbing (Warm Disease), and those who fall ill after the Summer Solstice are diagnosed with Shubing (Summerheat Disease)."

Later generations misinterpreted the intent of the classics, mostly believing that febrile diseases are identical to Shanghan, and that Warm Disease and Summerheat Disease are also latent manifestations of Shanghan, differing only in their timing of onset, hence their distinct names.

Only the *Nanjing* (Classic of Difficult Issues) states: "Shanghan encompasses five types: Zhongfeng (Wind Strike), Shanghan, Shiwen (Damp-Warmth), Rebing (Febrile Disease), and Wenbing." This clearly indicates that "Shanghan" serves as a general term for various exogenous pathogens. Consequently, common terminology includes Shiwen Shanghan, Shushi Shanghan (Summerheat-Dampness Cold Damage), and Rezhen Shanghan. In essence, the term "Shanghan" functions as a synonym for "disease," akin to referring to Shiwen Bing, Shushi Bing, or Rezhen Bing. If disease nomenclature is not clarified, treatment becomes confused. It is distressing to see practitioners applying Mahuang Tang (Ephedra Decoction), a formula for treating Shanghan, to patients with Warm Disease or Summerheat Disease, thereby treating human life as if it were grass or weeds. An examination of Zhang Zhongjing’s *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage) reveals that it was originally a text covering both Warm Disease and Summerheat Disease, merely using "Shanghan" as a generic label for exogenous conditions. Conversely, some doubt whether Zhang Zhongjing was solely an expert in Shanghan, arguing that his book specifically treats Shanghan and that formulas from his work should not be used for Warm Disease or Summerheat Disease. Wu Keyou authored *Wenyi Lun* (Treatise on Plague-Quelling) to compare with the *Shanghan Lun*; Ye Tianshi authored *Wenre Lun* (Treatise on Warm-Heat) also in comparison to the *Shanghan Lun*; and Wu Jutong, building upon Ye’s work, wrote *Wenbing Tiaobian* (Systematic Differentiation of Warm Diseases). In its preface, Wu states: "This book imitates the methodology of Zhang Zhongjing’s *Shanghan Lun*," implying that *Wenbing Tiaobian* is intended as a counterpart to the *Shanghan Lun*. This stems from a misunderstanding that the *Shanghan Lun* inherently includes Warm Disease, as evidenced by passages such as "Taiyang disease presenting with fever, thirst, and aversion to cold absent is termed Warm Disease." Therefore, I argue that these authors’ works actually expanded upon parts of the *Shanghan Lun*. *Wenyi Lun*, *Wenre Lun*, and others belong to the pathological and therapeutic system of the *Shanghan Lun*, rather than running parallel to it. As for *Wenbing Tiaobian*, it is neither parallel nor part of the *Shanghan Lun* system; rather, it serves as an annotation to *Wenre Lun*. Thus, regarding the *Shanghan Lun*, there is the original treatise followed by later commentaries. Although pathological changes are infinite and principles subtle, we students should regard the *Shanghan Lun* as the outline for exogenous diseases caused by the Six Qi (Wind, Cold, Summerheat, Dampness, Dryness, Fire). Having specialized texts for each of the Six Qi, analyzed systematically like the discussions on Warm-Heat by various masters, serves as a guide for junior scholars and a merit to our sages.

Over the past twenty years, through reading and clinical practice, I have observed many cases of Warm Disease, but even more cases of Summerheat Disease. It is peculiar that junior scholars do not recognize Summerheat as one of the Six Qi, and that ancient sages left no dedicated monograph on Summerheat. Wu Jutong even claimed that Summerheat is a subtype of Warm Disease, which is analogous to the ancient misconception that Warm Disease is a subtype of Cold Disease—a conflation of terms. If Shanghan and Warm Disease are fundamentally different, how can Warm Disease and Summerheat Disease be without distinction? The character "Shu" (Summerheat) is composed of "Ri" (Sun) and "Zhe" (person/one), clearly indicating illness caused by the intense heat of the summer sun. Hence, the *Neijing* states: "Illness occurring after the Summer Solstice is called Summerheat," because ailments contracted after this date largely belong to Summerheat. The *Shanghan Lun* specifically dedicates a chapter to Zhongxie (Heatstroke/Mid-summer Heat), known in Japan as "Nichusha-byo" (Sunstroke). Both ancient and modern traditions regard Summerheat as a specific disease category. When the scorching sun hangs high, or when intermittent rains mix with water splashed by humans, creating an unbearable miasma rising from the ground, this is the Qi of Summerheat. This is more severe than what Japanese physicians attribute solely to solar radiation. Illnesses caused by solar radiation are termed Maoshu (Light Summerheat), which hygienists can avoid. Illnesses caused by steaming earthy heat are termed Zhongshu (Severe Summerheat), which are harder to avoid. Zhang Jiegu noted that seeking coolness in deep halls and large buildings, or using fans and windmills, results in Yin-Shu syndrome obtained through stillness, demonstrating the difficulty of avoiding Summerheat pathogenic factors. If medical practitioners recorded all consultations over a year, Summerheat symptoms would undoubtedly constitute the majority. Physicians specializing in exogenous diseases find their doors crowded during summer and autumn, but empty afterward, further proving that Summerheat is the most prevalent among the Six Qi exogenous diseases. Consequently, terms such as Shuwen (Summerheat-Warmth), Shushi (Summerheat-Dampness), Shudu (Summerheat-Toxin), Zhongshu, Maoshu, and Fushu (Latent Summerheat) are household words. Yet, the only dedicated book on Summerheat is Zhang Fengkui’s *Shangshu Quanshu* (Complete Book on Injury by Summerheat). The original edition dates to the Tianqi era of the Ming Dynasty; within just a few centuries, it has become lost and unfindable. Readers of medical texts, after studying the *Shanghan Lun*, only encounter *Wenre Lun*, leading to the false impression that beyond Shanghan, only Warm Disease exists. They recite names like Shuwen, Shushi, Shudu, Zhongshu, Maoshu, and Fushu daily but fail to deeply seek out texts discussing their diagnosis and treatment. Alas! The gravity of Summerheat concerning human life is immense, yet the neglect of literature on it is profound. I often lament this regret in the medical field.

This autumn, Mr. Ye Zhongjing of Yangzhou mailed several manuscripts from his father, Mr. Ziyu, including unpublished drafts of *Zengding Shangshu Quanshu* (Revised and Expanded Complete Book on Injury by Summerheat) in two volumes. I was overjoyed and opened them for reading. Zhang’s original text comprehensively covers Summerheat syndromes, rightfully earning the title "Complete Book." Ye’s revisions further clarify principles and correct errors, reinforcing its status as a definitive work. In Ye’s original preface, he writes: "Among the principles of the Six Qi in the *Suwen*, only Zhang Changsha (Zhang Zhongjing) penetrated their subtleties." He adds that *Zengding Shangshu Quanshu* aims to help beginners grasp the essentials of Summerheat syndromes, and calls Zhang a "meritorious figure of the *Suwen*." These words reflect the author’s intent to support sages and guide learners. My position is that the *Shanghan Lun* is the outline for Six Qi diseases, and *Wenre Lun* expands upon the Warm-Heat aspect. Similarly, this book expands upon the Summerheat aspect of the Six Qi in the *Shanghan Lun*. Is Zhang not also a meritorious figure of the *Shanghan Lun*? If learners adopt Ye’s spirit of revision and grasp the essentials of Summerheat, they will surely regard this book as equal in importance to *Wenre Lun*. Given the initiative to publish "One Hundred Masters of National Medicine," I urgently submit this manuscript for printing to ensure wide dissemination. I believe that with the publication of *Wenre Lun*, the differentiation between Warm Disease and Shanghan became clear; with this book, the differentiation between Warm Disease and Summerheat Disease will also become clear. Thus, physicians gain another method, and patients suffer fewer premature deaths. Ye’s contribution in preserving and revising this book extends far beyond merely supporting sages and guiding learners.

Prefaced respectfully by Qiu Qingyuan (Jisheng) of Shaoxing, Winter Month of the 6th Year of the Republic of China (1917).