总括
小儿气血未充，肌肤最是柔脆。偶触风寒，则邪气入于腠理，其病在荣卫。轻者为感冒，而病易痊。重者为伤寒，
而证难退。或有夹食夹热，或夹惊之辨，或宜疏散，或宜和解，临证之时，宜体会焉。
伤风
卫主皮毛，内合于肺，肺感受邪风，故令身体发热，憎寒，头疼痛，有汗嚏涕，其脉浮缓，鼻塞身重，咳嗽频频。
宜杏苏饮解散外邪，同金沸草散开通逆气，此疏风解表，若从容也。
伤寒
小儿伤寒，乃荣分表感寒邪也。其证发热无汗而恶寒，头疼身痛，其脉浮紧，呕逆烦渴，此病邪盛欲传经也。初用
九味羌活汤，如热盛者，以双解通圣汤治之。服此药后，已汗下不解，而邪传经者，用柴葛解肌汤；兼里证者，用大柴
胡汤，以解表通里煎服。
感冒夹食
小儿平日饮食不节，内伤停滞，外复感受寒风。其证发热憎寒，头痛疼，恶食嗳臭，吐出酸物，便闭尿涩，腹热膨
胀。热盛者，用双解通圣汤两解之。内无热者，用藿香正气饮和解之。表邪已解，然后调理其脾，用平胃散斟酌而行。
感冒夹热
小儿脏腑，平日素禀有热，今复感伤风寒，风热相搏，则火邪愈盛。故见证面赤唇焦，口鼻干燥，憎寒壮热，口渴
饮冷，心神烦躁，谵语狂妄，二便多艰。治宜散其风寒，更宜兼泻其热，先宜用双解通圣汤两解之。若服药后汗出便利，
病须少减，热犹不退者，治宜清热为主，用凉膈散合天水散煎服，则表里清而病愈矣。
感冒夹惊
小儿感冒风邪未解，复为惊异所触。故见心惊胆怯，睡卧不安，身热烦躁，面色青赤之证。先以疏解散疏散之，复
与凉惊丸清镇之。如病虽退，尚觉心惊不寐者，再以柴胡温胆汤之剂和解之，则宁神定志，其效如仙矣。
General Overview
Children's Qi and Blood are not yet fully developed, and their skin and muscles are extremely tender and fragile. When occasionally exposed to Wind-Cold, pathogenic factors invade the Couli (pores and interstitial spaces of the skin), and the disease manifests in the Ying and Wei (Nutritive and Defensive Qi). Mild cases are termed Ganmao (Common Cold) and are easily cured; severe cases are termed Shanghan (Cold Damage), and symptoms are difficult to resolve. Differentiation may involve concurrent Food Retention (accumulation of undigested food), Heat (internal heat), or Jing ( fright/shock). Some require dispersing methods, while others require harmonizing methods. Clinicians should carefully consider these aspects during diagnosis and treatment.
Wind Injury
Wei Qi governs the skin and hair and is internally connected to the Lung. When the Lung is affected by pathogenic Wind, it causes fever, aversion to cold, headache, sweating, sneezing, and runny nose. The pulse is floating and moderate. Other symptoms include nasal congestion, heaviness of the body, and frequent coughing. It is appropriate to use Xingsu Yin (Apricot Kernel and Perilla Decoction) to disperse external pathogens, combined with Jinfeicao San (Boiling Water Grass Powder) to unblock rebellious Qi. This constitutes a method of dispersing Wind and releasing the exterior, executed with composure.
Cold Damage
Pediatric Shanghan refers to the invasion of Cold pathogenic factors at the exterior level affecting the Ying aspect. Symptoms include fever without sweating, aversion to cold, headache, body pain, and a floating-tight pulse. There may also be vomiting, rebellious Qi, irritability, and thirst. This indicates that the pathogenic factor is strong and likely to transmit through the meridians. Initially, Jiuwei Qianghuo Tang (Nine-Ingredient Notopterygia Decoction) is used. If heat is excessive, Shuangjie Tongsheng Tang (Double-Resolving Universal Salvation Decoction) is employed. If, after taking these medicines, sweating or purgation fails to resolve the condition and the pathogen transmits into the meridians, Chaige Jieji Tang (Bupleurum and Pueraria Muscle-Releasing Decoction) is used. If there are concurrent interior syndromes, Daxiehu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction) is used to release the exterior and unblock the interior via decoction.
Ganmao with Concurrent Food Retention
If children have irregular eating habits leading to internal injury and stagnation, and subsequently contract external Cold-Wind, symptoms include fever and aversion to cold, headache, anorexia, belching with foul odor, vomiting of sour substances, constipation, dysuria, abdominal heat, and distension. In cases of excessive heat, Shuangjie Tongsheng Tang is used for simultaneous exterior-interior resolution. If there is no internal heat, Huoxiang Zhengqi Yin (Agastache Qi-Regulating Decoction) is used for harmonization. Once the exterior pathogen is resolved, the Spleen is then regulated using Pingwei San (Stomach-Pacifying Powder), adjusted according to circumstances.
Ganmao with Concurrent Heat
Children whose Zang-Fu organs possess inherent heat predisposition, when contracted with Wind-Cold, experience a struggle between Wind and Heat, causing Fire pathogenic factors to intensify. Manifestations include red face, cracked lips, dry mouth and nose, aversion to cold with high fever, thirst for cold drinks, mental restlessness, delirium, and difficulty in urination and defecation. Treatment should focus on dispersing Wind-Cold while simultaneously purging Heat. First, Shuangjie Tongsheng Tang is used for dual resolution. If, after medication, sweating occurs and bowel/bladder functions normalize, but heat persists, the primary treatment should be clearing heat. Liangge San (Cooling Diaphragm Powder) combined with Tianshui San (Heavenly Water Powder) is decocted and administered. This clears both exterior and interior, resulting in recovery.
Ganmao with Concurrent Fright
If the Wind pathogen from Ganmao has not yet resolved, and the child is additionally triggered by fright, symptoms include heart palpitations, timidity, restless sleep, fever with irritability, and a bluish-red complexion. First, Shusan San (Dispersing Powder) is used to disperse the pathogen, followed by Liangjing Wan (Cooling Fright Pill) to clear and calm. If the illness subsides but the child remains startled and suffers from insomnia, Chaihu Wendan Tang (Bupleurum and Warm Gallbladder Decoction) is used for harmonization, thereby calming the spirit and stabilizing the will, yielding miraculous effects.