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[Xue Ji] The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The eyes are the gathering place of the essence of the five zang organs and six fu organs; they are where Ying (Nutritive) Qi, Wei (Defensive) Qi, Hun (Ethereal Soul), and Po (Corporeal Soul) frequently circulate, and where Shen (Spirit) frequently governs. It further states: All meridians and collaterals connect to the eyes; the eyes can see only when nourished by blood. The essence of the five zang organs and six fu organs all ascend and pour into the eyes to form visual function. Therefore, the sclera (white part of the eye) belongs to the Lung, the cornea/iris area (black part of the eye) belongs to the Liver, the pupil belongs to the Kidney, the upper and lower eyelids belong to the Spleen, the two canthi (corners of the eyes) belong to the Heart, and the inner deep tissues belong to the Bladder. The five fu organs and five colors each have their specific domains: The Heart governs red; intense red indicates Excess Heat in the Heart, treated with Daochi San (Coptis Decoction); slight red indicates Deficiency Heat in the Heart, treated with Shengxi San (Raw Rhinoceros Horn Decoction). The Liver governs green/blue; intense blue/green indicates Liver Heat, treated with Xieqing Wan (Drain the Green Pill); pale blue/green indicates Liver Blood Deficiency, treated with Dihuang Wan (Rehmannia Pill). The Spleen governs yellow; intense yellow indicates Spleen Heat, treated with Xiehuang San (Drain the Yellow Powder); pale yellow indicates Spleen Qi Deficiency, treated with Yigong San (Extraordinary Power Powder). Lack of luster in the eyes, or a sclera that is large relative to the iris/pupil, indicates insufficiency of both the Liver and Kidney, treated with Dihuang Wan (Rehmannia Pill) plus Lu Rong (Deer Antler). Clear vision during the day but blurred or absent vision at night is due to congenital weakness of Yang Qi; when Yin Qi becomes dominant at night, Yang Qi becomes even weaker, thus impairing vision, treated with Chonghe Yangwei Tang (Harmonizing and Stomach-Nourishing Decoction). Red vessels and nebulae growing from top to bottom belong to the Foot-Taiyang Meridian, treated with Dongyuan Xuanqi Tang (Dongyuan's Selective Marvel Decoction). Those growing from bottom to top belong to the Foot-Yangming Meridian, treated with Liuqi Yin (Flowing Qi Decoction) from the *Jufang*. Generally, nebulae formation results from internal accumulation of Wind-Heat. When pathogenic factors are unsettled, it is called "Hot Nebula" (Re Yi), floating externally; when settled, it is called "Ice Nebula" (Bing Yi), sinking internally; when deeply entrenched, it is called "Sunken Nebula" (Xian Yi), requiring ascending and dispersing herbs assisted by nebula-dispelling agents. If black and white nebulae appear beneath the upper eyelid, it belongs to Taiyang Cold-Water syndrome; progressing from outside to inside belongs to Shaoyang Wind-Heat; progressing from bottom to top with a green hue belongs to a combined disease of the Foot-Yangming Meridian, Lung, and Kidney. Gan Eye (Kwashiorkor-related Ophthalmopathy) arises from Liver Fire and Damp-Heat rushing upward, coupled with Spleen Qi deficiency failing to ascend clear Yang, resulting in white nebulae, eyelids glued shut unable to open, discharge resembling paste, which over time suppurates and damages the eye, treated with Yiqi Congming Tang (Benefiting Qi and Brightening Eyes Decoction), Fuling Xieshi Tang (Poria Draining Dampness Decoction), and Siwei Fei'er Wan (Four-Ingredient Fat-Nourishing Pill). Eyes closed and unable to open result from irregular breastfeeding/diet or excessive intake of cold-cooling medicines causing Yang Qi to sink and fail to rise, treated with Chaihu Fusheng Tang (Bupleurum Restoring Life Decoction). If inability to open eyes is due to Stomach Qi deficiency and weak eyelids, treat with Buzhong Yiqi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Benefit Qi Decoction). Sudden redness, swelling, and pain indicate blazing Liver Fire, treated with Longdan Xiegan Tang (Gentian Drain Liver Decoction). Excessive tearing and photophobia indicate accumulated Heat in the Liver and Heart, treated with Shengxi San (Raw Rhinoceros Horn Decoction). Cases due to Deficiency Heat in the Liver and Kidney are treated with Dihuang Wan (Rehmannia Pill). Marginal blepharitis (Wind-edge rotting eye) indicates accumulated Heat in the Diaphragm, treated with Qingwei San (Clear Stomach Powder). Intermittent itching indicates suppuration and parasitic infestation, treated with topical Zisu Gao (Perilla Ointment). Eyelid twitching/spasms indicate Wind-Heat in the Liver Meridian, treated with Chaihu Qinggan San (Bupleurum Clearing Liver Powder). If an infant presents with jaundice, high fever, constipation of urine and stool, refusal to feed, flushed face, and closed eyes at birth, these are caused by maternal heat-toxins contracted in utero; the infant takes Xiehuang San (Drain the Yellow Powder), and the mother takes Dihuang Wan (Rehmannia Pill). If the nursing mother's consumption of rich/greasy foods causes accumulated heat leading to infant jaundice, the mother should take Qingwei San (Clear Stomach Powder). If limbs, face, eyes, and nails are all yellow, and urine resembles house-dust color, the prognosis is difficult. Another condition involves residual toxins from smallpox/rash not fully cleared, ascending to invade the eyes, belonging to Liver-Kidney Deficiency, treated with Ziyin Shenqi Wan (Nourishing Yin and Kidney Qi Pill). For the above conditions, it is often advisable to carefully treat the mother while simultaneously regulating the infant.

Newborn Eyes Not Opening
Fetal Redness (See Section on Newborns)