（附咽喉）
胃足阳阴之脉，循喉咙。胃足阳明之别，上络头项，合诸经之气，下络喉嗌。其病气逆则喉痹卒喑。
肝足厥阴之脉，循喉咙之后，上入颃颡。其病咽干。
小肠手太阳之脉，循咽下膈。病则咽痛。
脾足太阴之脉，夹咽，连舌本，散舌下。病则舌本强痛。
心手少阴之脉，从心系上夹咽，病则咽干。心手少阴之别，系舌本。其病虚则不能言。
肾足少阴之脉，循喉咙，夹舌本，其病舌干咽肿。
膀胱足太阳之筋，入结舌本。肾足少阴之筋，结于枕骨，与足太阳之筋合。（按∶合则亦入结舌本
矣。上出《内经》。）
舌者，心之窍也。凡病俱见于舌。舌尖主心，舌中主脾胃，舌边主肝胆，舌根主肾。（江笔花）
舌之尖属心经，中心至根属肾经，两旁肝胆，四边脾经。（四边谓中心之四围，平面之处也。两旁，
谓极边两侧，向外之处也。）铺面白苔是肺经。（此谓本来自有之白苔也。）满舌皆是胃经。又舌尖是上
脘所管，中心是中脘所管，舌根是下脘所管。此舌上一定之部位也。（胡玉海《伤寒一书》。）
至论颜色，黄苔胃经，黑苔脾经，红苔胆经，紫红苔肾
经，苔上起杨梅刺焦干，黑中有红点者是肝经。再纯黑亦是脾经，鲜红有刺，亦是胆经，此各经一定之颜
色也。其或黑与黄间，红与紫呈，白与黄杂，红与黑形。此兼经互呈之颜色也。（同上。）
按∶苔无红色，是舌质也。前人皆苔质不分，今特辨之如下。
(Attached: Throat and Pharynx)
The Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian (Zú Yángmíng Wèi Jīng) follows the throat. The Luo-connecting vessel of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian ascends to connect with the head and nape, combines with the Qi of all meridians, and descends to connect with the laryngopharynx. When its pathogenic Qi rebels, it causes Bi-throat syndrome (throat obstruction and pain) and sudden aphonia (loss of voice).
The Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian (Zú Juéyīn Gān Jīng) follows the posterior aspect of the throat and enters the Ying-sang (nasopharynx). Its disease manifests as dryness of the pharynx.
The Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian (Shǒu Tàiyáng Xiǎocháng Jīng) follows the pharynx and descends through the diaphragm. Its disease manifests as pharyngeal pain.
The Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian (Zú Tàiyīn Pí Jīng) flanks the pharynx, connects to the root of the tongue, and scatters under the tongue. Its disease manifests as stiffness and pain at the root of the tongue.
The Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian (Shǒu Shàoyīn Xīn Jīng) ascends from the heart system to flank the pharynx; its disease manifests as dryness of the pharynx. The Luo-connecting vessel of the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian ties to the root of the tongue. In deficiency conditions, it leads to an inability to speak.
The Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian (Zú Shàoyīn Shèn Jīng) follows the throat and flanks the root of the tongue; its disease manifests as a dry tongue and swollen pharynx.
The Sinew-Meridian of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder (Zú Tàiyáng Pángguāng Jīn) enters and knots at the root of the tongue. The Sinew-Meridian of the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney (Zú Shàoyīn Shèn Jīn) knots at the occipital bone and combines with the Sinew-Meridian of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder. (Note: By combining, it also enters and knots at the root of the tongue. This is derived from the *Neijing*.)
The tongue is the orifice of the Heart. All diseases manifest on the tongue. The tip of the tongue corresponds to the Heart, the center to the Spleen and Stomach, the edges to the Liver and Gallbladder, and the root to the Kidney. (Jiang Bihua)
The tip of the tongue belongs to the Heart Meridian; from the center to the root belongs to the Kidney Meridian; the two sides belong to the Liver and Gallbladder Meridians; the four sides belong to the Spleen Meridian. ("Four sides" refers to the flat area surrounding the center; "two sides" refers to the extreme lateral edges extending outward.) A white coating spread over the surface indicates the Lung Meridian. (This refers to the natural white coating present originally.) A full-tongue coating indicates the Stomach Meridian. Furthermore, the tip of the tongue is governed by the Shang-wan (Upper Epigastrium), the center by the Zhong-wan (Middle Epigastrium), and the root by the Xia-wan (Lower Epigastrium). These are the fixed locations on the tongue. (Hu Yuhai, *Shanghan Yi Shu*)
Regarding color: Yellow coating belongs to the Stomach Meridian; Black coating belongs to the Spleen Meridian; Red coating belongs to the Gallbladder Meridian; Purple-red coating belongs to the Kidney Meridian. Coating that becomes scorched, dry, and prickly like bayberry thorns, with red spots within the black, belongs to the Liver Meridian. Pure black coating is also indicative of the Spleen Meridian; fresh red with prickle sensation is also indicative of the Gallbladder Meridian. These are the fixed colors of each meridian. Alternatively, combinations such as black intermixed with yellow, red presenting with purple, white mixed with yellow, or red forming with black, represent colors presented mutually by multiple meridians. (Ibid.)
Note: There is no red color in the coating itself; this is the color of the tongue body (substance). Ancients often did not distinguish between coating and substance; here we specifically clarify as follows.