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On Goiters and Tumors (Ying and Liu) "Ying" (goiter-like swelling) and "Liu" (tumor) are different. "Ying" grows attached to the flesh, with a large root and a large body; "Liu" has a small root but a large body. Among tumors, there are various specific names: bone tumor (Gu Liu), fatty tumor (Zhi Liu), fleshy tumor (Rou Liu), purulent tumor (Nong Liu), blood tumor (Xue Liu), powder tumor (Fen Liu), tendon tumor (Jin Liu), and object tumor (Wu Liu). Tendon tumors cannot be cured and need not be treated; over ten years or a lifetime, they will not grow larger than a peach pit. If a fatty tumor ruptures, removing the fatty powder leads to healing, so no special treatment is needed. Fleshy tumors are easiest to treat: use Huangbai (Phellodendri Cortex, 5 qian), Ercha (Catechu, 3 qian), Xuejie (Dragon's Blood, 3 qian), Shuiyin (Mercurius, 1 qian), Pengsha (Borax, 1 qian), Shexiang (Moschus, 3 fen), and Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum, 3 fen). Grind these into a fine powder and apply it to the root of the tumor; as you apply it, the tumor falls off. Those with small roots will invariably detach. Object tumors have large roots and are hardest to treat; they move intermittently and make noises without cause, sounding like insects or birds. One must use a knife to cut open the central cavity, causing the foreign matter to naturally exit. Afterwards, apply the Divine Drug for Regenerating Flesh (Shengji Shen Yao); the tumor will liquefy and return to normal. This condition arises from disrespecting deities and offending the Tai Sui (Grand Duke Jupiter). The pathology is unpredictable and irrational, which is why it is not mentioned in the *Neijing* (Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor) (Source: *QiTianshi Biezhuan*).

Appendix: Formula for the Divine Drug for Regenerating Flesh (Shengji Shen Yao) Qilin Xuejie (Draconis Sanguis Resina, 3 qian), Sanqi Gen Mo (Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma Powder, 3 qian), Qiannian Duanshi (Calx Haematitae Preparata, 3 qian), Ercha (Catechu, 2 qian), Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, 1 qian), Xiangpi (Corium Corii Asini, 1 qian), Rushi Quyou (Olibanum Deoiled, 1 qian), Moyao (Myrrha, 1 qian), Guangmuxiang Mo (Aucklandiae Radix Powder, 1 qian), Qingfen (Calomelas, 5 fen), Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum, 3 fen). Grind all ingredients into an extremely fine powder until no sound is heard during grinding. Preparation must be done on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month (Duanwu Festival); no one should witness the process, and chickens and dogs must be kept away (Same source).

Method for Applying Medication to Goiters (Dian Ying) Sangtan Hui (Ash of Mulberry Charcoal, 2.5 sheng), Zaimu Hui (Ash of Jujube Wood, 2.5 sheng), Huangjing Hui (Ash of Vitex Negundo, 2.5 sheng), Tongqiao Hui (Ash of Tung Nut Shell, 2.5 sheng), Qiaomai Hui (Stir-fried Buckwheat Hull Ash). Pour boiling water over these ashes to extract approximately five bowls of liquid. Add Banmao (Mylabris, 40 individuals), Chuanshanjia (Manis Pentadactyla Scale, 5 slices), Rushi (Olibanum), and Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum, appropriate amount, added later). Decoct until two bowls remain. Store in a porcelain vessel. Before use, add freshly calcined Duanshi (Calcined Hematite) and mix into a paste for application. If it dries, moisten with clear water. This yields miraculous effects (Source: *Chishui Yuanzhu*).

Method for Cauterizing and Shrinking Pedunculated Goiters (Zhui Ying Jiao Fa) Prepare a paste from Gancao (Licorice Root) decoction. Use a brush to apply it around the periphery of the tumor. After three applications, prepare a powder from equal parts Yuanhua (Genkwa Flos), Daji (Euphorbiae Humifusae Radix), and Gansui (Kansui Radix). Mix with vinegar and use a separate brush to apply this mixture to the center of the tumor, ensuring it does not touch the licorice paste. The tumor will shrink by the next day. Apply the licorice paste to the shrinking area three times again, repeating the previous steps, resulting in natural cauterization and shrinkage (Source: *Weishi Dexiao Fang*).

Tumors on the Head Large ones are fist-sized, small ones chestnut-sized; they may be soft or hard, painless. Use one large Nanxing (Arisaema Cum Bile) tuber, finely ground into a sticky consistency. Add six or seven drops of rice vinegar to form a paste. If fresh rhizomes are unavailable, use dried powder mixed with vinegar to form a paste. First, prick the affected area with a small needle to allow qi penetration. Then, spread the paste on paper and apply it to the site according to the size of the tumor (Source: *Tongshou*).

Tumors on the Eyelids Grind cherry pits with water and apply the solution (Source: *Lanshi Micang*).

Throat Tumors Pengsha (Borax, 3 qian), Bingpian (Borneolum Syntheticum, 3 fen), Danfan (Alumen, 3 fen). Grind into a fine powder. For use, dip the tip of a chopstick into the medicine and dab it onto the lesion for immediate effect (Source: *Yixue Jiicheng*).

Blood Tumors These may rupture spontaneously after a long duration. Sprinkle hair ash (Fa Hui) on the wound and cover with a plaster to promote healing and closure (Source: *Cuishi Zuanyao*).

Powder Tumors Jingdai Huageng Hui (Ash of Bauhinia Variegata Stem), Dou Geng Hui (Ash of Bean Stems), Qie Geng Hui (Ash of Eggplant Stems), Luhu (Stove Ash) in equal parts. Mix uniformly and adjust with hot wine to a mud-like consistency. Apply around the perimeter of the tumor, leaving a small apex uncovered. After several applications, the tumor gradually softens and disappears, leading to recovery (Source: *Jianyao Jizhong*).

Red Tumors (Also known as Dan Liu) A cherry-like protrusion under the chin that is red and shiny is called a Red Tumor. Grind sheep brain with Puxiao (Mirabilite) until smooth and apply to the lesion for immediate effect. Alternatively, grind castor seeds (Bimazi) with flour and apply (Source: *Yijing*). Another method: Crush Colocasia esculenta leaves (Cigu Ye) and apply for two or three applications to reduce the swelling (Source: *Bencao Faming*).

Fan Hua Tumors Burn one jin (approx. 500g) of Machixian (Portulaca Oleracea) to ash, grind finely, and mix with pig fat (Zhuzhi) for topical application (Source: *Jijian Fang*).

Plaster for Encasing Tumors (Gu Liu Gao) For newly formed tumors, encasing can eliminate them. For established tumors, encasing prevents further growth. Use Haizao (Sargassum, 2 qian), Kunbu (Ecklonia, 2 qian), and Wanhua (Adonis Amurensis, 2 qian). Decoct in water made from green charcoal ash until a paste forms. Add one bowl of rice-measured vinegar. Then, add Sheng Nanxing (Raw Arisaema, 1 liang), Sheng Banxia (Raw Pinellia, 1 liang), and Wubeizi (Galla Chinensis, 1 liang), grinding them into a fine powder. Add Liuhua Duanshi (Weathered Calcined Hematite, 2 liang), stir-fried until red, and Dahuang Mo (Rhubarb Powder, 2 liang). Form into a plaster for encasing. The course lasts 100 days. If newly formed tumors do not fully resolve after 100 days, continue encasing until resolved. Established tumors will stop growing after 100 days of encasing and require no further treatment (Source: *Zisong Jingyan Fang*).

Lumps at the Back of the Neck Regardless of size or duration, whether red, hard, swollen, or painful. Use one raw Shanyao (Dioscorea Rhizome, peeled) and ten Bimazi (Castor Seeds). Grind evenly, spread on cloth, and apply as a plaster for divine efficacy (Source: *Qifang Leibian*).