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Sweet in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats five labors and six extremes caused by overstrain, emaciation, metrorrhagia (uterine bleeding), pulselessness (extremely faint pulse), tonifies deficiency, and benefits qi. Clears water-qi from the lungs, stops hemoptysis (coughing up blood), relieves heat-induced thirst, edema, abdominal fullness, cranial distension, promotes urination, expels Taenia saginata (pork tapeworm/Inch-white worm), and can be used for suturing wounds. Harvesting time is unrestricted. However, the part of the root above the soil is toxic and can cause death. Duanxuan (Radix Dipsaci), Guixin (Cortex Cinnamomi), and Maziren (Semen Cannabis) are its guiding herbs. The leaves primarily treat chills and fever, and induce sweating. The juice detoxifies centipede venom.

Sang'er (Fomes Officinalis growing on Mulberry), sweet in taste, toxic. The black variety primarily treats leukorrhea with red and white discharge in women, blood disorders, zheng jia ji ju (masses and accumulations), abdominal pain, infertility due to yin-yang imbalance and alternating chills and fever, treats chronic diarrhea, benefits qi, and prevents hunger. The golden variety treats bi syndrome (painful obstruction) and fluid retention, accumulations, abdominal diseases, and traumatic injuries.

Also known as Sangyin or Mai. Among the five types of wood ear mushrooms, one type named "Ke" benefits qi, prevents hunger, lightens the body, and strengthens willpower. It grows in the valleys of Jianwei. Harvest the wood ear mushrooms during the rainy season in June, then dry them in the shade.

Mulberry roots growing towards the east are easier to obtain, while those by the river often have exposed upper parts; their medicinal value should not be readily trusted. Regarding Sang'er, the *Duan Gu Fang* states that wood fungus is also called "parasite on mulberry." Here it refers to the five types of wood ear mushrooms but does not specify which four others. According to records, dry fungi growing on old mulberry trees come in yellow, red, and white varieties, and soft, wet ones grow during heavy rains. People harvest these to make pickles, and they are no longer used medicinally.

[Editor's Note] Ning'er is commonly eaten; Huai'er is used to treat hemorrhoids; Yu'er, Liu'er, and Sang'er constitute the "five ears," all of which are edible if soft. Sangshen (Mulberry Fruit), sweet in taste, cold in nature, non-toxic. Consumed alone, it treats xiao ke (wasting-thirst syndrome). The leaves, bitter and sweet in taste, cold in nature, slightly toxic. Ash from water-boiled preparations can remove nevi and dark spots, and cauterize malignant flesh. Boiling adzuki beans effectively reduces water swelling. Applied to traumatic injuries, it stops bleeding and promotes tissue regeneration.

Bitter and sweet in taste, neutral in nature, non-toxic. Primarily treats pathogenic qi arising from anger, stops spontaneous sweating, dispels wind-heat, treats cold painful swelling in the female genitalia, resolves phlegm-heat, treats warm malaria, can be used as an emetic decoction, and promotes urination. Also known as Nuluo. It grows on pine trees in the valleys of Xiong'er Mountain. Harvest in May and dry in the shade.

It is abundant in the eastern mountains, growing on various trees, but those on pine trees are considered authentic. The *Classic of Poetry* states: "Niao and Nuluo spread upon the pine." Niao is a parasitic plant. Currently, the variety growing on mulberry trees is considered authentic, while the pine-growing variety is not used. This reflects differences between the two traditions.