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Shenfu Tang (Cinnamon Twig and Aconite Decoction) [indicated for tonification at age 37] Wuzi Wan (Five-Seed Decoction) [indicated for tonification at age 49, treating panting and thirst] Shiquan Dabu Tang (Complete Great Tonifying Decoction) [indicated for tonification at age 20, treating deficiency-type panting] Misu Jian (Honey and Butter Decoction) [indicated for tonification at age 65] Baihe Tang (Lily Decoction) [indicated for harmonization at ages 13, 35, and others, treating edema with panting] Renshen Hetao Tang (Ginseng and Walnut Decoction) [indicated for tonification at age 59, treating panting preventing supine position] Suzi Jian (Perilla Seed Decoction) [indicated for harmonization at age 41, moistening the Lung to treat panting] Dingchuan Tang (Panting-Stopping Decoction) [indicated for harmonization at age 33, treating wind-cold panting] Renshen Dingchuan Tang (Ginseng Panting-Stopping Decoction) [indicated for harmonization at age 34, treating cough and panting due to cold pathogen] Huangguawa Wan (Yellow Trichosanthes Pill) [indicated for harmonization at age 80, treating phlegm-panting] Shenmi Tang (Mysterious Decoction) [indicated for harmonization at age 38, treating water-qig panting] Suchen Jiubao Tang (Perilla and Chenpi Nine-Treasures Decoction) [indicated for dispersal at age 5, treating asthma] Xiebai San (Draining White Powder) [indicated for clearing heat at stage 42, treating Lung fire] Shuangyu San (Double Jade Powder) [indicated for clearing heat at stage 71, treating fire-type panting] Anmian San (Sleep-Calming Powder) [indicated for consolidating at stage 7, treating intractable panting] Tingli Dazao Xiefei Tang (Descurainia Seed and Jujube Decoction to Drain the Lung) [indicated for harmonization at age 40, treating edema with panting]

The *Kouwen* Chapter of the *Lingshu* states: The Yellow Emperor asked Qibo, "What qi causes hiccups (anciently termed 'yue')?" Qibo replied, "When food enters the stomach, Stomach qi flows upward into the Lungs. If old cold qi and new food qi both return to the stomach, the new and old interfere with each other, true qi and evil qi clash, qi merges and reverses, and re-emerges from the stomach; thus, hiccups occur." The Lungs govern hiccups; treatment should select points from the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian and Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian.

The *Xuanming Wuqi* Chapter of the *Suwen* states: "Stomach qi rebellion leads to qi reversal, hiccups, and fear."

The *Zabing* Chapter of the *Suwen* states: "For hiccups, prick the nose with grass to induce sneezing; once sneezed, it stops. Alternatively, hold the breath and quickly guide the qi downward, and it will stop immediately. Sudden fright can also cure it."

The *Zhiyao Dalun* Chapter of the *Suwen* states: "When Yangming qi rebounds, vomiting, coughing, and hiccups occur. When Taiyang qi rebounds, spitting clear fluid and hiccups/belching occur. All rebellious qi rushing upward belongs to Fire."

The *Baoming Quanxing* Chapter of the *Suwen* states: "In severe disease, the voice manifests as hiccups."

The *Xieqi Zangfu Binxing* Chapter of the *Lingshu* states: "A very small Heart pulse indicates a predisposition to hiccups."

The *Sanbu Jiuhou* Chapter of the *Suwen* states: "If one suffers from diseases indicated by the 'Seven Diagnoses' and the pulse is also depleted, death is imminent, accompanied by hiccups and belching."

The syndrome of hiccupping was not named as such in ancient times; in the *Neijing*, it was originally called 'yue'. Because it produces continuous 'e-e' sounds, it is now called 'ehni' (hiccup), which is semantically appropriate. Observing the methods for treating 'yue' in the *Neijing*, such as pricking the nose to induce sneezing, regulating breath to guide qi downward, and using sudden fright, these are all methods for treating hiccups. This confirms that 'yue' is indeed hiccupping, requiring no distinction. Since Sun Simiao stated, "I have searched all formulas and theories but found no such name," he equated 'yue' with 'ke ni' (cough-reversal), leading to later errors where 'ke ni', dry retching, and belching were confused. From the Tang Dynasty to the present, this confusion has persisted. This nomenclature must be investigated and corrected.

First, the term 'ke ni' originates from the *Neijing*, originally referring to coughing with qi rebellion. For example, the *Jiaobi Daolun* states: "When Metal Qi is excessive, severe cases involve panting, coughing, and qi rebellion." This refers to qi rebellion caused by panting and coughing, hence 'ke ni qi'. It further states: "Severe ke ni leads to blood溢 (overflow)." This means when ke ni does not cease, blood overflows with qi, which is the normal progression of the disease; there is no record of bleeding caused by hiccups. Similarly, the *Liuyuan Zhengji Dalun* states: "When Metal Depression occurs, people suffer from ke ni," indicating that ke ni is clearly not hiccups. Yet modern physicians all equate 'yue' with 'ke ni'. Have they not examined this carefully? Zhu Danxi, in his *Zuanyao*, stated: "Sun Simiao mistakenly equated yue with ke ni," implying yue is not ke ni. However, in the *Xinfa Fulu*, he wrote: "Ke ni, in ancient times called yue, in recent times called e," implying yue is ke ni. In the Vomiting section, he said: "Sound with matter is vomiting; sound without matter is yue," equating yue with dry retching. These statements are inconsistent and self-contradictory. Zhang Yuansu (Haizang) and Liu Wansu (Hejian) also erred, some equating yue with dry retching, others with belching. Vomiting and spitting differ only by the presence of matter; belching ('yi') is gas from fullness or rising qi. These four have distinct names and should not be confused. I analyze and judge thus: 'Yue' is hiccupping, not ke ni. 'Ke ni' is severe coughing, not hiccupping. 'Dry retching' is vomiting without matter, not 'yue'. 'Yi' is belching after eating, not ke ni. Let future generations take this as a warning, so that doubts regarding these differing theories may be resolved.

Second, hiccupping syndromes include those from Cold-Damage and those from miscellaneous diseases. Ancients generally attributed them to deficiency-cold. Only Zhu Danxi cited the *Neijing*: "All rebellious qi rushing upward belongs to Fire." Patients presenting this might seem to face a fatal prognosis, but excess patterns exist and must be known. I previously doubted this view, thinking it contradicted ancients and that hiccups must be deficiency-cold, lacking excess-heat. However, through extensive verification in my later years, I formed a definitive opinion and realized Zhu Danxi was correct. Although cold, heat, deficiency, and excess vary, the cause of hiccups is always qi rebellion. Qi rebelling below rushes directly upward; without qi, there are no hiccups; without Yang, there are no hiccups. Thus, the source of hiccups lies in qi. To understand its nature, observe thunder in rain or bubbles in water. Yang obscured by Yin creates thunder; the roaring sound stems from Fire, which is Qi. Qi covered by Water creates bubbles; the bubbling stems from Qi, which is Yang. Disease in the Qi aspect is not limited to one end. The main types of hiccups are three: Cold Hiccup, Heat Hiccup, and Collapse Hiccup. Cold Hiccups can be treated with warming and dispersing methods; removing cold allows qi to relax. Heat Hiccups can be treated with descending and clearing methods; calming fire allows qi to level out. Collapse Hiccups are truly critical conditions; survival is rare. Treatment methods should be differentiated as follows.